Mitundu ya geninidia ndi ya banja la Actinidia ndipo ndi mtengo wamphesa wopatsa ulemu. Masamba a mbewu ndi chifukwa chachikulu chokulira kwake: imakhala ndi mtundu wosangalatsa wa motley. Maluwa, nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera, amapanga magulu atatu, m'mitundu yambiri samanunkhiza, koma ena a actinidia amakhala ndi fungo labwino.
Popeza actinidia ndi maluwa okongola, pakufalikira kwake, mbewu ziwiri za amuna ndi akazi ndizofunikira. Mutha kumvetsetsa kuti duwa lanu ndi lotani pakuwunika - akazi ali ndi pistil yayikulu pakati pa duwa, pomwe amuna alibe. Actinidia amabala zipatso zomwe ndizoyenera kudya anthu.
Mitundu ndi mitundu
Mwa mitundu yambiri ya mbewuyi, zitatu zimalimidwa. Imani ndekha interspecific Actinidia, mitala ndi hybrids.
Mlandu wa Actinidia kuthengo limakula mpaka kukula kwakukulu kwa mamiliyoni angapo mamita. Kunyumba ndiocheperako. Imakhala ndi maluwa opindika, oyera, oyera, onunkhira bwino. Zipatso zake ndi chakudya, koma zimakhala ndi zofatsa.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri: Actinidia wodziyesa, kunyanja, yayikulu zipatso.
Actinidia colomictus zimalekerera kuzizira nthawi yozizira kuposa mitundu ina iliyonse. Masamba ake ndi ozungulira, opendekera, mkati mwa chitukuko amasintha mtundu wake. Maluwa aimuna amaphatikizidwa mu inflorescence, ndipo akazi ndi amodzi.
Zosiyanasiyana: Chinanazi, Dr. Shimanovsky, Gourmet.
Actinidia mitala chikufanana ndi colomict. Masamba ndi opaka, owaza, wokutidwa ndi mawanga oyera. Nthawi zina ma spmphrodite okhala ndi maluwa okongola amapezeka.
Zosiyanasiyana: apurikoti, kukongola, kutengera.
Actinidia purpurea limakula bwino ndikukula mumithunzi. Kawirikawiri sikulima m'dziko lathu chifukwa chodana kwambiri ndi chisanu.
Actinidia wosakanizidwa adawonekera pakuwoloka mkangano wa Actinidia ndi Actinidia Purpurea. Chifukwa cha njirayi, mitundu yopanda zipatso komanso yolimbana ndi kuzizira yapangidwa.
Zosiyanasiyana: Kiev yayikulu-zipatso, maswiti, chikumbutso.
Kubzala ndi kusamalira Actinidia
Actinidia ayenera kubzala kumayambiriro kwa kasupe kapena yophukira. Popeza chomerachi chimakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri, chimayenera kusankha malo abwino oti ikulidwe. Mtengo uwu umakula bwino mumtengowo, koma zipatso zake zimatha kupepuka pokhira pakuwunikidwa ndi dzuwa. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kusankha tsamba lomwe lidzayake mpaka masana, ndipo pakati pausana kutentha kumakhala mumthunzi.
Simungathe kudzala Actinidia pafupi ndi mitengo ya apulo, popeza malo oyandikana nawo amakhudza moipa. Chomera sichimamera bwino dothi. Kuti mupeze, muyenera kusankha dothi lotayirira ndi ngalande zabwino, ndikothekanso kuti ndi zamchere.
Ndikwabwino kubzala actinidia paphiri kapena potsetsereka, chifukwa mwinanso mizu ya mbewuyo imawola chifukwa chadzimiririka ndimadzi.
Kubzala mu April kuyenera kuchitika kuti timadziti tisanayambe kusuntha. Anthu pawokha sayenera kubzalidwa osachepera mita mosiyana. Ngati ikamatera ikuchitika pafupi ndi khoma, ndiye kuti mutha kuyika makope mtunda wa 50 cm.
Musanabzale, mizu ya mbewu imayendera ndikutsukidwa kwa zowola ndi zina zouma. Kenako amawaika m'dothi.
Kubzala Actinidia
Masiku 15 asanafike, muyenera kukonzekera malowa. Mabowo theka lamitimawo amakumbidwa, ngalande zimayikidwamo (chilichonse, kupatula zida zokhala ndi mandimu, chifukwa zimazimitsa nthaka). Kenako dzenjelo limadzazidwa ndi dothi losakanikirana ndi kavalidwe ka peat ndi mchere wapamwamba (magalamu 120 a ammonium nitrate, magalamu 250 a superphosphate ndi magalamu 35 a phulusa la nkhuni).
Pankhaniyi, simungagwiritse ntchito kuvala ndi chlorine. Pakatha milungu iwiri, dothi lingakhazikike, ndipo muyenera kudzaza dothi popanda feteleza. Tsopano mutha kubzala actinidia; imayikidwa kotero kuti khosi la mizu ili pamlingo wapamwamba pamtunda, kenako mizu imagona tulo kuti bowo limadzaza.
Mutabzala mbewuzo, zimathiriridwa madzi, ndipo chiwembucho chimakutidwa ndi masentimita 4 a peat mulch. Ndikofunikanso kupanga mpanda kuti amphaka asakafike kumtunda, chifukwa fungo la actinidia limawakopa.
M'dzinja, duwa limabzalidwa masiku 15-20 lisanachitike chisanu. Pali chikhalidwe chobzala nthawi ino - mutha kubzala mbewu zazing'ono zokha, zosapitirira zaka zitatu. Ma anemones a nyanja amatha kubzala bwino pafupi ndi nyumba ndi gazebos, popeza alibe mizu ya mlengalenga.
Ngati simuthandizira mitengo ya mpesayo, imasokoneza ndipo zimavuta kuyisamalira, komanso kuchuluka kwa zipatso kudzachepa. Mukukula ndikukula kwa mbuto, ifunika kumangirizidwa ndi chithandizo kuti ipitirize kupindika.
Ndikwabwino kuthira madzi a actinidia, mwa kuchita izi m'mawa ndi madzulo. Pazomera zonse muyenera kumasula dothi losaya, ndikuwononga namsongole.
Actinidia wowonjezera
Manyowa a liana ndi mchere omwe angathandizire kukula kwa zimayambira, kuthandizira kuyendetsa nyengo yozizira ndikuwonjezera zokolola. Pofika kumapeto kwa masika, muyenera kupanga magalamu 35 a nayitrogeni ndi magalamu 20 a potaziyamu-phosphorous feteleza pa lalikulu mita.
Kachiwiri muyenera kuthira duwa nthawi yopanga mazira. Muyenera kupanga 20 gm ya nayitrogeni ndi 10 potashi ndi phosphorous pa mita lalikulu.
Mu theka lachiwiri la Seputembala, feteleza wachitatu amachitika. Pakadali pano, magalamu 20 a potaziyamu-phosphorous amavala pamwamba pa mita imodzi. Pambuyo feteleza, mbewu ziyenera kuthiriridwa bwino.
Kuchepetsa Actinidia
Kuti zimayambira zisapereke nthambi zowonjezereka, ndipo zomwe zikakula, zimayenera kudulidwa. Dziwani kuti mipesa yayikulu yokha yomwe wafika zaka 4 ndiyo yomwe ingadulidwe motere.
Njirayi iyenera kuchitidwa nthawi yachilimwe, pambuyo pake zimayambira pothandizidwa. Komanso, kutsina malekezero a zimayambira kumakhudza mbewuyo bwino.
Pamene actinidia ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, ndikofunikira kuchita kudulira kokonzanso - izi zikutanthauza kuti 40 cm chitsa chotsalira chomera.
Osamachepetsa masika kapena kugwa koyambirira. Izi ndizokwawa ndi kufa kwa chomera chifukwa chakumwa madzi.
Pambuyo pa Seputembara, kudula zimayambira pakati ndikudula nthambi. Izi zimachitidwa zachiyero. Ngati chisoti chachifumu ndichachikulu kwambiri, mbewuyo siyilekerera nyengo yachisanu. Ndikwaniritsa zaka zakubadwa 3-4, actinidia ayamba kubala zipatso.
Actinidia akukonzekera yozizira
M'nyengo yozizira, mbewu zazing'ono zimafunika kuchotsedwa pamathandizo ndikuzisunga ndi masamba. Konzani mpira wopatsa chidwi wazokometsera - pafupifupi masentimita 20. Amalangizidwanso kuwonjezera poyizoni wa mbewa pansi pake. Old actinidia nyengo yachisanu sangathe kubisala.
Kubala kwa Actinidia
Kufalikira kwa Actinidia ndikosavuta. Chachikulu ndikukumbukira kuti njira zamasamba zimatengera chikhalidwe chobadwa nacho.
Njira yambewu siyabwino chifukwa ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, zilembo zamitundumitundu zimasowa, komanso ndizosatheka kudziwa kugonana kwa mbewu. Koma kufalikira kwa mbewu kumakhala ndi kuphatikiza: mbewu zopezeka mwanjira imeneyi zimapirira kwambiri.
Zipatso za Actinidia zopezeka mwa njira yazomera zimawonekera mchaka chachitatu, ndi mbewu - yachisanu kapena yachisanu ndi chiwiri.
Kufalitsa kwa Actinidia ndi kuyala
Kufalikira kwa actinidia ndi ma arc mwina ndi njira yosavuta kwambiri komanso yodalirika yopezera chomera chatsopano. Mapeto a kasupe akamatha ndipo masamba achichepere amatuluka, tengani phesi lamphamvu ndikuligwirizira pansi.
Ndiye kuwaza mphukira ndi dothi, ndikupanga mulu pamwamba pake, koma onetsetsani kuti nsonga ya tsindeyo imakhala yotseguka. Kenako, yesani kuthirira magawo ndikusintha madera ozungulira namsongoleyo, ndipo pofika nthawi yophukira chomera chadzayamba kukolola.
Kufalikira kwa Actinidia podulidwa
Kudula ndiyo njira yachangu kwambiri yofalitsira Actinidia. Chitani njirayi kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, pomwe zimayambira zimakhala zofiirira.
Kufalitsa Actinidia ndi zodula, kudula masamba angapo achichepere osapitirira chaka chimodzi usana usanachitike. Kenako amagawidwa m'magawo 10 cm kuti aliyense wa iwo ali ndi impso zitatu ndi ma 2 internode. Pansi kudula kumachitika pakona. Amachotsa masamba am'munsi, ndipo kumtunda kumakhala theka kutalika.
Pambuyo pake, zinthuzo zimabzalidwa mu wowonjezera kutentha m'nthaka yokhala ndi acidity yochepa (magawo awiri), osakanikirana ndi humus (2 magawo) ndi mchenga wamtsinje (gawo limodzi), komanso kuphatikiza michere yambiri zovuta kupatula chlorine.
Zodulidwa zimabzalidwa pakona pa 60 °, kusunga 6 cm pakati pa anthu ndi 10 pakati pa mizere. Zitatha izi, kuthiriridwa, dothi limapanikizidwa pang'ono ndikuthiridwanso, kenako mbande zimadzaliridwanso ndikuzunguliza.
Mpaka mizu itatha, odulira adzafunika kuthiriridwa mpaka kasanu patsiku, mwa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, mutha kuchita izi pokhapokha pogona. Pakatha masiku 15, ndoloyo imachotsedwa. Kwa nyengo yozizira, zinthuzo zimatulutsidwa, ndipo mu nthawi ya masika zitha kubzalidwa kale patsamba latsopano.
Kufalitsa kwa Actinidia
Actinidia amathanso kufalitsika ndi zimayambira.
Kuti muchite izi, amafunika kudulidwa kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, kumangirizidwa ndikumangika mchenga pamtunda wa kutentha kwakukulu kwa 5 ° C.
Kubzala zakutizazo kumachitika mu wowonjezera kutentha ndikuthilira kwa masiku angapo. Ndipo kusamalira mbande sizimasiyana ndi zomwe zimadulidwa zobiriwira.
Mbewu Actinidia
Kuti muthe kufalitsa mbewu, muyenera kutola mbewu kuchokera ku zipatso zakupsa. Amayikidwa mu yopyapyala, knead ndikutsukidwa. Zitatha izi, njere zimasankhidwa ndikuwuma papepala pamthunzi.
Kumayambiriro kwa Disembala, njere zimayikidwa kwa masiku 4 m'madzi, kotero kuti madzi amadzaza masentimita angapo. Nthawi yomweyo, madzi amafunika kusinthidwa tsiku lililonse.
Pambuyo pake, zinthuzo zimakulungidwa mu nsalu ya nayiloni ndikusungidwa mumtsuko ndi mchenga waiwisi pamtunda wa 19 ° C. Pakatha masiku 7 aliwonse, nsaluyo imafunikira kuchotsedwa ndikuwapatsa mpweya kwa mphindi 5, pambuyo pake mbewuzo zimatsukidwa, zokutiridwanso ndi nsalu ndikuziyika mumchenga. Chofunika, zinthu zonse zizikhala zonyowa nthawi zonse.
Pakati pa nyengo yozizira, chidebe chamchenga ndi mbewu chimatha kuyikidwa mu chipale chofewa. Ngati chisanu sichinali chisanu, ndiye kuti bokosilo limayikidwa mufiriji mu chipinda chamasamba. Pambuyo pa masiku 60, chidebe chokhala ndi njere chimayikidwa m'chipinda chokhala ndi kutentha kwa dera la 11 ° C.
Monga kale kuzizira, mbewuzo zimayenera kutsukidwa masiku 7 aliwonse, ndipo nyemba zikapezeka, zimabzalidwa m'nthaka kuchokera kumchenga wamchere ndi nthaka yamadzi. Kubala kumachitika ndi 5 mm.
Chidebe chokhala ndi mbewu zobzalidwa mumthunzi wocheperako chimayikidwa, chimafunikiranso kuthilidwa. Ndi kuwoneka masamba atatu owona m'mazomera, amazidulira mu wowonjezera kutentha. Maluwa oyamba adzachitika posachedwa, ndipo chifukwa cha kugonana kwa mbewu mpaka pomwe simungathe kudziwa.
Matenda ndi Tizilombo
Actinidia samakonda kudwala komanso kugonjetsedwa ndi majeremusi, koma ngati mwaphwanya malamulo a chisamaliro, pali milandu ya chomera. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mavuto ndi powdery mildew ndi mafangi angapo. Kupezanso zipatso zowola, imvi.
- Powdery mildew amatayidwa ndi yofooka yankho la koloko phulusa. Matenda omwe atsalawo amamenyedwa pokonza ziwalo zomwe zili ndi kachilombo, komanso prophylactic chithandizo cha Bordeaux madzimadzi pambuyo pakupanga impso komanso masiku 15 pambuyo pa nthawi yoyamba.
Pakati pa tizirombo, kachilomboka masamba omwe amawononga impso nthawi zambiri amamatira ku actinidia. Komanso pali kugonjetsedwa ndi kachikumbu ka kachilomboka ndi zingwe zopota.
