Kuti masamba akhazikike bwino ndikupereka zipatso zodzaza, kusamalira bwino ndi kudziwa njira zothanirana ndi matenda ndi tizirombo ndizofunikira. Tsoka ilo, kudulira sikokwanira kungochotsa, kuvala pamwamba komanso kuthirira. Nkhaka ilinso ndi adani ake. Ngati mumawadziwa “panokha”, vuto limatha kuthana ndi gawo loyambirira, ndipo mukakonzekera misonkhano isanakwane, zovuta zambiri zitha kupewedwa.
Duwa la nkhaka.
Matenda A nkhaka
Nkhaka zimakhala ndi matenda omwewo ngati mavwende onse. Kwenikweni, uyu ndi Fusarium wilt, anthracnose, powdery ndi downy mildew, bacteriosis, nkhaka zithunzi, imvi ndi zola zowola. Nthawi zambiri, chotupa chimawonedwa nthawi yayitali yachilimwe, mukabzala mbewu osayang'ana kuzungulira kwa mbeu ndikuthilira pafupipafupi ndi madzi ozizira.
Fusarium
Kuuma ndi kufa kwa zilonda za nkhaka kukuwonetsa matenda oyamba ndi fungus - fusarium. Ndizowopsa chifukwa zibowo za Fusarium oxysporum zitha kusungidwa m'nthaka mpaka zaka 15 ndikuwonjezera mbewu pam nyengo yovuta. Mvula ikakhala yayitali, kuzizira kwa nthawi yayitali (pansi pa 10 ° C), mtundu wa bulauni umawoneka pakhosi la tsinde la nkhaka, pomwe utoto wofiirira kapena yoyera umayamba pakapita nthawi.
Zotsatira zake, misempha imodzi kapena zingapo zimafota, mbewu yonseyo imafa pambuyo pawo. Nthawi zambiri, zizindikirozi zimawonedwa nthawi ya maluwa, komabe, matendawa nthawi zina amapezeka pambewu.
Pofuna kupewa fusarium kufuna kwa nkhaka, ndikofunikira kuwona kusinthana kwa mbewu, sankhani mbewu zobzalidwa ndi fungicides kuti mubzale (kapena kununkhirani nokha), onetsetsani kuti mukuchotsa zotsalira za mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa pamabedi, ndikuthilira ndi madzi ofunda.
Mu gawo loyambilira la kufalitsa matendawa, masamba azinthu zamasamba amatha kuthandizidwa ndi Fundazol kapena Fitosporin-M. Mukayamba matendawa - kuthandiza nkhaka ndizosatheka.
Fusarium pa nkhaka.
Anthracnose
Malo omwe amakhala ndi matalala achikasu otuwa ndi timakhalidwe ting'onoting'ono pamasamba a nkhaka amawonetsa kuti matenda amatchedwa anthracnose. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika pakunyentchera kapamwamba kwambiri kuphatikiza kutentha kwambiri ndipo zimakhudza osati masamba okha, komanso tsinde, petioles, ndi zipatso. Potsirizira, zimatha kuwonedwa ngati zilonda, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa mawonekedwe a nkhaka, kuwola, kuthyoka ndi kufa.
Ma bowa omwe amayambitsa anthracnose (Gloeosporium, Kabatiella, Colletotrichum) amawopa mpweya wouma komanso kuwala kwa dzuwa. Chifukwa chake, mukamakula nkhaka, ndikofunikira kuwunika makulidwe awo, komanso namsongole mabedi anthawi yake.
Ngati kuwonongeka kwakubzala kumakula msanga, ndipo palibe kusintha pakumakula (mwachitsanzo, kumagwa mvula yambiri), gwiritsani ntchito Bordeaux osakaniza, Burgundy madzi kapena fungicides iliyonse yolimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito motsutsana ndi anthracnose.
Anthracnose pa nkhaka.
Powdery mildew
Masamba oyera a ufa pamtunda pamtunda wa masamba a nkhaka amawonetsa kuti mbewuyo ikhudzidwa ufa wowuma. Nthawi zambiri, nthendayi “imagwira” nkhonya mabedi kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndipo, ngati itasiyidwa, pang'onopang'ono imatembenukira kumiyeso ya mbewuyo ndi zipatso zake. Choopsa cha powdery mildew ndikuti pang'onopang'ono chimapha tchire la nkhaka.
Zinthu zotsatirazi ndi zabwino pa matendawa: Kusintha kwakuthwa masana ndi usiku, kuthilira ndi madzi ozizira, mpweya wabwino waazomera (zomwe zimayamba chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa malo osungira), kuzizira kozizira, komanso kudya kwambiri ndi nayitrogeni. Mu magawo apambuyo a chitukuko cha matendawa, ndizosatheka kuthandiza chomera chomwe chakhudzidwa, chifukwa chake, mu Ogasiti, mukamatenga zipatso, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana zikwapu zake kuti ziwonongeke ndi matendawa, komanso poyambira chithandizo.
Choyambirira kuchita ndikung'amba masamba owonongeka. Chachiwiri ndi kuphatikiza feteleza wa potaziyamu. Chachitatu - yesani kupopera mbewuzo ndi kulowetsedwa kwa mullein kapena kuwaza ndi ufa wa sulufule. Ngati zina zonse zalephera, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwa fungicides yolimbikitsidwa bowa Erysiphe cichoracearum ndi Sphaerotheca fuliginea, mwachitsanzo, Bayleton kapena mkuwa Chloride.
Powdery mildew pa tsamba la nkhaka.
Downy mildew, kapena peronosporosis
Masamba a nkhaka yokutidwa ndi masamba ang'ono achikasu - awa thonje kapena peronosporosis (wothandizira wake wa causative ndi Pseudoperonospora cubensis Rostowz). Pakupita masabata ochepa, mawanga ang'ono adzachuluka, tsamba laimvi litawonekera pansi (chizindikiro cha kumera kwa bowa), masamba amasandulika bulauni ndikuyamba kupukuta ndi kuwonongeka.
Matendawa amakhudza mbewu zamatango pamagawo osiyanasiyana. Kuyambitsa kufalikira kwake kumatha kuchuluka chinyezi ndikumwetsa ndi madzi ozizira. Kuti muthandize nkhaka kukhalapo zikangopezeka zizindikiro zoyambirira za udzu, muyenera kusiya kaye kudyetsa ndikuthilira, ndikuchotsa mabedi ndi madzi a Bordeaux. Ngati njira zoyambira kukonza mabedi a nkhaka sizinabweretse bwino - mutha kuyesa kukonza nkhaka ndi "Ridomil".
Downy mildew, kapena peronosporosis pa tsamba la nkhaka.
Bacteriosis
Mabowo awonongeke pamasamba ndi zilonda zofiirira paz zipatso za nkhaka - chizindikiro choti mbewuzo "zaukira" bacteriosis. Matenda oyambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya (pathogen - bacteria Pseudornonas, Erwinia) amafalikira kudzera pakukhudzana: kudzera tizilombo, kukhudza kwa matenda a mbewu, ndi madontho amadzi. Monga momwe zidalili kale, nthawi yabwino kwambiri kuti idutse ndikusiyana kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi chadothi komanso mlengalenga.
Kuti muthane ndi bacteriosis, ndikofunikira kufesa nkhaka ndi mbewu zosankhuli, kusinthasintha kwa mbewu (osabweza mbewuyo pamalo ake kale kwa zaka zosachepera 4), ndikuchotsa amadyera omwe anakhudzidwa ndi nkhaka nthawi. Popewa, m'malo ofala kufalikira kwamatendawa, tikulimbikitsidwa kukonza mabedi a nkhaka ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi, 0,4% mkuwa chloride kapena Phytosporin-M.
Bacteriosis pa tsamba la nkhaka.
Zojambula zamtundu wobiriwira za nkhaka ndi zoyera za nkhaka
Ngati masamba ang'onoang'ono a nkhaka aja atakutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira achikasu, kenako nkugundika, kukula kwa mbewuyo kumachepera, mapangidwe a maluwa amayamba kuchepa, ndipo zipatsozo zinkakhala zosiyanasiyana komanso zowuma - izi zimadziwonetsa utoto wobiriwira wamtchirechifukwa cha nkhaka zobiriwira za nkhaka zobiriwira za mosaamovirus.
Ngati mawanga omwe ali pam masamba a nkhaka akufanana ndi nyenyezi, ali ndi utoto woyera kapena wachikaso, dzalitsani tsamba loterowo (ndikusiya masamba obiriwira okha komanso gawo la minofu pafupi nawo), ndipo palibe kuwoneka kwa masamba owoneka, ndipo utoto wa zipatsowo umakhala ndi mizere yoyera ndi yachikasu. ndi utoto woyera wa nkhakachifukwa cha Cucumis virus 2A virus.
Kwenikweni, awa ndi matenda obisa masamba, koma amapezekanso malo otseguka, makamaka m'malo otentha. Popewa kufalikira, mbewu za nkhaka ziyenera kuyeretsedwa musanabzike, kuphatikiza zida zam'munda nyengo yatsopano isanakhazikike, kulimbitsa mbewu povala bwino, ndikuthandizira gawo lakelo mkaka wambiri wa 10%.
Wobiriwira wamtundu wamtundu wa nkhaka.
Zovunda
Masamba a nkhaka amawonda pamoto, muzu wamizu umayamba utoto, mizu ya mbewu zakufa imakhala yofiyira njerwa - - kuvunda kwa mizuchifukwa cha majeremusi oyaka omwe amakonda kukhazikika pazomera zopanda mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri, imapezeka m'malo obisalamo ndipo ndi amodzi mwa matenda oopsa azomera. Zomwe zimatulutsa zimatha kuthilira ndi madzi ozizira, kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali kapena chinyezi chambiri.
Ndikovuta kuthana ndi mizu zowola. Choyamba, muyenera kuyesetsa kuti mbewuzo zikapange mizu ina yakutsogolo: kukhota zitsamba kapena kuzikhomera pansi ndikukumba zikwapu. Kuphatikiza apo, yambani kuthirira nkhaka ndi madzi otentha okha (osachepera 22 ° C). Ndipo pamapeto, siyani kuthira madzi mwachindunji pansi pa muzu, ndikuyesera kutero patali.
Kuchokera paz mankhwala azachilengedwe, mutha kuyesa Trichodermin. Mankhwala othandiza, kupatula "Previkur", mpaka pano, malingaliro ake kulibe.
Zovunda.
Gray zowola
Kuola kwa zipatso za nkhaka kumawonetsa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda omwe ali ndi dzina lomweli - imvi (wothandizila wa causative - Botrytis cinerea F.). Zimachitika pakusintha kwadzidzidzi mu kutentha ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa mpweya ndi nthaka. Itha kumera osati pazipatso zokha, komanso masamba a mbewu, pomaliza pake imapita kumunsi. Pang'onopang'ono masamba ophatikizika amasintha chikasu kwathunthu ndi maonekedwe.
Kufalikira kwa imvi zowola kumachitika kudzera pakumalumikizana kwa zomera ndi tizilombo komanso anthu, komanso mlengalenga. Malo abwino pamenepa ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndikubzalira kapena kuwumitsidwa ndi namsongole.
Njira zowongolera zakudyazi zimayenderana ndi kupewa kuposa mankhwala. Popewa kufalikira kwa matendawa, ndikofunikira kuchotsa ndi kuwononga masamba ndi zipatso zomwe zakhudzidwa, chotsani zinyalala za mbewu m'munda mukugwa, osabzala mbewu dzungu pafupi. Mwa mankhwalawa, mutha kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito "Euparen Multi" kapena "Rovral."
Grey zowola pamphaka.
Zola zowola, kapena sclerotinia
Kuphika koyera kunatulukira pamachaka - izi zinayamba matenda otchedwa zola yoyera, kapena sclerotiniachifukwa cha bowa - Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mothandizidwa ndi iye, kuwonongeka kwa tinthu timene kumachitika, zotsatira zake zimakhala zofewa, zofowoka ndikuyamba kuwola.
Pofuna kupewa sclerotinia, ndikofunikira kuti mabedi azikhalapo nthawi zonse ndikuonetsetsa kuti nkhaka zimakhala ndi mpweya wokwanira - bowa amakonda mpweya wonyowa chifukwa chake, ndiukadaulo woyenera waulimi, sangafalikire. Ngati zowola zoyera zawonekera, ndikofunikira kuyimitsa kanthawi kochepa kuthirira ndi kuvala bwino kwa mbewu (pafupifupi sabata), kenako, ndikudula kwa masiku 7, kutsanulira nkhokwe ndi Topaz.
Zola zowola, kapena sclerotinia.
Tizilombo ta nkhaka
Muzikonda nkhaka ndi tizirombo. Zoyipa kwambiri mwa izi ndi ma slgs, mavwende ndi ma gourds, ma whiteflies, ndi nthata za akangaude.
Soko kapena nkhono
Ngati usiku wina adya masamba ang'onoang'ono a mbande zanu - izi ndizotheka kwambiri aulesi kapena nkhono. Ndi omwe amakonda kuchita zobisirana usiku ndikusilira tating'onoting'ono tating'ono ta zomera. Ndizovuta kuthana nawo, koma mutha kutero.
Choyamba, mitundu yamatendayi iyenera kusungidwa pamanja. Kuti muchite izi, pitani kumabedi usiku ndikugwiritsa ntchito tochi kuyang'ana miyala ndikuwachotsa pabedi.
Kachiwiri, mutha kukonzekera patsamba la msampha. Itha kukhala zidutswa za plywood, kuyimitsa padenga kapena zinthu zina zilizonse zomwe sizimalola kuti kuwala kudutsa ndikusunga chinyontho pansi pake.
Chachitatu, mabedi amafunikira kuti azikhala opandaukhondo, kuwonetsetsa kuti kulimidwa ndikumasulidwa, kuti asokoneze moyo wa "adani" ochepa. Ndipo, munyengo zikuluzikulu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandizira, mwachitsanzo, gwiritsani mabingu a Bingu pansi.
Malo ochepa.
Ma nsabwe
Masamba a nkhaka amapindika, maluwa amagwa, malo okhuthala amawonekera m'malo ena a mbewu - izi zimagwira nsabwe za m'masamba. Nthawi zambiri kugawa kwake kwakukulu kumawonedwa kutalika kwa chilimwe. Tizilombo toyamwa timayamwa madzi, ndikulepheretsa kukula kwawo ndikuthandizira kuchepa kwa zokolola.
Koma choyipa kwambiri ndikuti kuwonjezera pakuwongolera zoipa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zonyamula matenda, motero ndikofunikira kulimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba!
- Chinthu choyamba chomwe mungayesere kugwiritsa ntchito ndi wowerengeka azitsamba. Izi zimaphatikizira kulowetsedwa kwa adyo, mankhusu anyezi, chitsamba, celandine, phulusa ndi sopo ochapira, komanso kufota kwa mbewu ndi phulusa lowuma.
- Lachiwiri ndikuyika kuvala kolondola pamunsi pa pepalalo ndi yankho la potaziyamu wa potaziyamu ndi superphosphate (10 g x 20 g x 10 L yamadzi, kawiri, ndikupuma pa sabata), kapena nitroammophos (10 l lamadzi 3 tbsp kamodzi pakadutsa masiku 7 )
- Chachitatu ndi kudyetsa mbewu ndi feteleza wa phosphorous-potashi.
- Ndipo, pomaliza, gwiritsani ntchito mbewuzo pogwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwa Fitoverm, Strela kapena mankhwala atizilombo Arrivo, Intavir, Tanrek.
Nsabwe za nkhaka.
Whitefly
Ngati tizilombo tambiri tating'onoting'ono taoneka pamatchuthi ambiri - iyi choyera. Nthawi zambiri imakhazikika m'malo obiriwira, koma nthawi yotentha, yotentha imawonongeranso malo otseguka. Ndikosavuta kuteteza motsutsana nayo, chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatengedwa ndi mphepo. Komabe, njira zowongolera ndizofunikabe kuzigwiritsa ntchito.
- Choyambirira chomwe mungagwiritse ntchito ndi misampha ya guluu. Amapangidwa pawokha penti chidutswa cha plywood kapena makatoni achikuda ndi utoto wachikasu ndikuutchingira ndi zomatira zilizonse pang'onopang'ono.
- Chachiwiri ndikuyesa kusokoneza tizirombo pobzala fodya zingapo pafupi ndi nkhaka.
- Chachitatu, zimitsani tizirombo pafupipafupi ndi madzi.
- Ndipo chachinayi - kuchita kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa nthawi zonse ndi kukonzekera "Bud", "Karbofos" kapena "Spark".
Whitefly
Spider mite
Ukonde wa kangaude unaonekera patsinde lamasamba a nkhaka - unakhazikika akangaude. Izi tizilombo zimagawidwa kwambiri nyengo yotentha. Cholinga chake ndi kuyamwa kwa maselo a mbewu. Ndiye chifukwa chake, pomwe zidawonekera, masamba a nkhaka amapeza mtundu wa nsangalabwi, pang'onopang'ono zimasanduka zofiirira komanso zowuma.
Kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chokhazikitsira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamabedi, ndikofunikira kuwasefa ndi madzi kutentha, ndikutulutsa chinyezi chokwanira, ndikuchita udzu nthawi zonse. Panthawi yowonongeka ndi kangaude wa nkhaka, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala Fitoverm.
Spider mite pa chomera.
Zifukwa zina zosinthira zipatso kapena masamba a nkhaka
Mawonekedwe achilendo pazipatso ndi masamba a nkhaka sikuti nthawi zonse chizindikiro cha matenda kapena kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo. Nthawi zambiri, masinthidwe akunja omwe amawoneka pachinthu chimodzi kapena china cha mbewu amatanthauza kuperewera kwa dothi la chinthu chimodzi kapena china.
Zipatso zoumbwa - zotsatira zakusowa kwa potaziyamu. Kusintha zinthu - ndikofunikira kudyetsa nkhokwe m'minda ya nkhaka ndi phulusa kapena potaziyamu.
Nkhaka zooneka ngati Pitker kapena peyala yolowerera ndikusowa kwa nayitrogeni. Apa, kulowetsedwa kwa nettle, ammonia kapena potaziyamu nitrate ndi koyenera ngati feteleza wopulumutsa.
Zithunzi zosawoneka bwino zam'mphepete mwa nkhakaKuchepetsa masamba otsika, kukula pang'ono kwa mbewu ndi zipatso zazing'ono ndizowonetsanso kufunikira kwa feteleza wa nayitrogeni. Kuphatikiza pa njira zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, mullein, zitosi za mbalame kapena ammophos zitha kuthandiza pano.
Masamba a masamba a nkhaka adakhala ngatiwotchedwa, kupeza brittleness ndi wotuwa wobiriwira kapena chikasu utoto, koma nthawi yomweyo kusunga mtundu wobiriwira wamitsempha ndikusowa kwa magnesium. Komabe, zotsatira za kuzimiririka ndikusintha mtundu wa chomera kuti chiunikire kumatha kukhala chinyezi chowonjezera. Nthawi zambiri izi zimawonedwa mu nyengo yayitali, ndimvula yambiri.
Masamba osalimba amdima nkhaka, m'malo mwake, zimalankhula za kuchepa kwa chinyezi. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kusamalira kuthirira nthawi zonse.
Kutaya kwamtundu, masamba ang'onoang'ono, mafunde amtundu wa bluish-violet - mawonetseredwe a kuchepa kwa phosphorous. Apa tikufunika kuvala mwachangu feteleza wovuta ndi zomwe zili pamalopo. Komabe, maluwa omwe amagwa amatha kuonedwa ndi kuperewera kwa mbeu.Kukopa njuchi (mothandizidwa ndi njira zonunkhira komanso kubzala kwa maluwa) kapena kupukutira kwaumbuli zikuyenera kupulumutsa pano.
Nkhaka
Kupewa matenda ndi tizirombo ta nkhaka
Monga momwe mchitidwe umasonyezera, kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha matenda ndi kuwonongeka kwa nkhaka ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, komanso kuti mbeu zisakhale zathanzi, ndikofunikira kutsatira njira zingapo zodzitetezera:
- Ikani mbewu kuzungulira;
- Sankhani mbewu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yambiri yophatikizana ndi matenda akuluakulu;
- Asanabzale, mbewu za tirigu ziyenera kuzimiririka
- Onani malamulo othirira;
- Makamaka kudyetsa mbewuzo;
- Munthawi yake yambani kuwonetsa zisonyezo zoyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo;
- Chotsani pamabedi omwe anakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zina;
- Menyani namsongole;
- Mukatha kukula, chotsani zotsalira zomera m'munda (masamba obiriwira).
Ngati inu, owerenga okondedwa, muli ndi zinsinsi zanu zoletsa kapena kuthana ndi matenda a nkhaka ndi tizirombo tawo, tidzakhala osangalala kuziwerenga mu ndemanga mpaka nkhaniyi.
