Maula - kusankha mitundu ndi mawonekedwe aulimi

Chipatso chilichonse chimakhala ndi malo m'munda. Nthawi zonse pamakhala ma plamu. Kununkhira kwake kosanunkhira bwino ndi kununkhira kwake sikungasiye aliyense kuti akhale wopanda chidwi. Kukongola kwa mitengo ya maula sikunasinthidwe nthawi yamaluwa ndi zipatso. Autum plum imafanana ndi msuzi wokongoletsedwa holideyo, wokhala ndi maluwa achikasu, abuluu, pinki, ofiirira, ofiira ofiira amitengo. Chifukwa cha kukongola ndi kukongola kwake pakamasamba ndi kutulutsa zipatso, ma plamu amayamikiridwa ndi opanga ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawonekedwe.

Chipatso cha Plamu. © Anna Verdina

Makhalidwe amitundu mitundu ya maula apanyumba

Mwa mitundu 2000 ya plamu yakunyumba, wolima m'munda aliyense amatha kusankha chomwe amakonda komanso chodzala mphatso yamtengo wapataliyi kuyambira zaka za zana la 4 BC m'mundamo.

Mitundu yamakono yamapulogalamu, kutengera mawonekedwe akunja, maonekedwe ndi mtundu wazipatsozo, amagawika m'magulu anayi.

Anthu aku HungaryMonga lamulo, ali ndi zipatso zamtundu wakuda wamtundu kukula, mawonekedwe. Siyanitsani ndi shuga wamkulu wazipatso. Kuguza kwake ndi kotanuka, ndi kununkhira kwa mchere. Mitundu yambiri imadzilimbitsa yokha, safuna kuti ma satellita opukutira mungu. Zosiyanasiyana zimalola kuzizira kwazizira kum'mwera, koma zimakonda kuzizira nthawi yayitali.
Greenbacks - gulu la mitundu yokhala ndi zipatso zobiriwira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi zipatso zowoneka bwino. Ubwamuna ndiwotsekemera komanso wowutsa mudyo kotero kuti zipatsozo sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kupukuta, mosiyana ndi anthu aku Hungary. Kwenikweni, mitundu yobiriwira imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano pokonzekera ma compotes ndi timadziti. Mukamaweta mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu, samalani. Amakhala opanda chonde ndipo amafunika kupukutira mungu. Siyanitsani otsika kutentha kwa dzinja. Pakati pa njira yaku Europe ya Russia, iwo samakula chifukwa cha nyengo.
Mazira ambiri yokhala ndi zipatso ngati dzira. Mtundu wa zipatso ndi wachikasu mumthunzi wosiyanasiyana, wokutidwa ndi wokutira wakuda waxy. Posachedwa, mitundu yokhala ndi zipatso zamtambo wabuluu, mithunzi ina yawonekera. Izi zamkati mwa zipatso zimakhala yotsekemera, yofatsa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndiyolimba yozizira, yodzilimbitsa. Zosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kovuta kusamalira, komanso kusakhazikika pamatenda.
Mirabeli - gulu la mitundu yodziwika ndi kufananiza pang'ono-zipatso (zofanana ndi maula a chitumbuwa). Kukoma kwa zipatso kumakhala kowawasa komanso kokoma komanso wowawasa. Kulima dimba panokha sikofala. Mitundu ya Acidic imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera yozizira m'malo mwa viniga.

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1900, obereketsa, kupanga mitundu yatsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito mitanda yolowera (mwachitsanzo: maula ndi apurikoti, etc.), yomwe imalola kuti mbewu zamtundu wokhazikika zikhale zosachedwa kuzizira, kukana chilala cha chilimwe ndi kutentha kwambiri, ndizabwino komanso mawonekedwe a zipatso . Kulima mitundu yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano kunatilola kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwecho osati m'chigawo chapakati Russia, komanso zigawo zakumpoto.

Malamulo pakusankha mitundu ya maula popereka

Mukamagula mbande za plums kuti muzikhala chilimwe, muyenera kuphunzira kuchokera kwa ogulitsa zizindikiritso zazikulu za mitunduyo. Ayenera kukhala patsamba lotsatsa kapena zotsatsa zotsatsa. Mutha kudzidziwa bwino ndi mitunduyo kudzera pa intaneti pasadakhale kenako mugule yosankhidwa. Pofuna kuti musapusitsidwe, simungagule zinthu zodzala m'mbali mwa misewu yayikulu kapena pamsika. Ndikofunika kugula m'mafakitale azachilimidwe pomwe mbande zadzala kale kuti zizigulitsidwa.

Mukamagula mmera pachikuto chizikusonyeza:

dzina la osiyanasiyana kapena osakanizidwa,
kugawa
kufunikira kwa oponyera mungu,
Gulu lakucha (koyambirira, pakati, mochedwa),
chaka chopatsa zipatso,
zokolola
kukana chisanu
kukana matenda ndi tizilombo toononga (iti)
kusunga bwino
kulekanitsa zamkati kuchokera fupa.

M'dzikomo, ndikokwanira kukhala ndi mtengo umodzi wamagulu osiyanasiyana osacha kuti apatsidwe zipatsozi kuti azigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yonse yotentha ndikukonzekera nyengo yachisanu.

Mitundu yoyambirira ya maula

Nthawi yakucha ya mitundu yoyambirira imakhudza zaka khumi zapitazi za Julayi - khumi zoyambirira za August. Amasiyana pakapangidwe kazokolola zambiri. Mitundu yoyambira yatsopano ingalimbikitsidwe M'mawa, Opal, Zomera zonse pamodzi. Zopatsa chidwi mitundu Mgwirizano, Zarechnaya molawirira, Mpira wofiira, Highscore, Oyambirira ndi ena.

Mitundu yapakatikati ya maula

Magiredi apakatikati alowa m'malo. Nthawi yakucha kwawo imayamba kuyambira khumi zapitazo kwa Ogasiti mpaka theka loyamba la Seputembala. Zipatso za mitundu yakucha yakucha ndizonunkhira kwambiri ndi kukoma kwambiri. Pokonzekera nyengo yozizira, amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokonzekera zosunga ndi ma minyewa. Zokonda zapamwamba komanso zokolola zimadziwika ndi mitundu yatsopano yomwe yadziwitsidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa: Mphatso ya buluu, Kusangalatsa, Sukhanovskaya. Mitundu yokhazikika bwino yabwino Masha, kukumbukira Vavilov, Romain, Souvenir wa Kummawa ndi ena.

Madzulo maula mitundu

Nthawi yakucha yakumapeto imayamba kumapeto kwa Ogasiti ndipo imapitilira mpaka chaka chachitatu cha Seputembala. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imadziwika ndi kukhudzana kwa chisanu ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poisunga. Mitundu yatsopanoyi ikhoza kukhala yolimbikitsidwa Greenclod Tambov, kukumbukira kwa Timiryazev. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kufalikira kwa mitundu yambiri ya maula m'minda yaumwini Bogatyrskaya, Lada, Svetlana, Purezidenti ndi ena.

Zachidziwikire, m'nkhaniyi ndizosatheka kulemba mitundu yonse (ilipo yoposa 2000) ndikupereka mawonekedwe awo. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti muzolowere chizindikirocho ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosanja yamipatso, mawonekedwe awo ndikusankha mitundu yomwe mumakonda. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pa kumira imodzi imodzi mutha kubzala bwino mitundu ingapo yamitengo yamafupa ndikupeza munda wonse pamtengo umodzi. Kuphatikizika kwotsatira ndi zofunikira za zipatso za maula kumatsimikizira kufunikira kwa kukula kwachikhalidwe ichi m'munda wanyumba.

Chipatso cha Plamu. © sgaravattiland

Ulimi Plum

Mitundu ya plum yodziwika bwino imakhala yotchuka kwambiri ku Europe. Kuzindikirika kwa maula ndi nthawi yayitali yopumira, yomwe imalola chikhalidwecho kuvomereza kusintha kwa kutentha kuchokera kuzitentha kuti ibwererenso chisanu popanda kuwonongeka. Chilimwe chozizira cha ku Europe, nthawi zina chimvula champhamvu, sichimalepheretsa chikhalidwecho kupanga zipatso zapamwamba zabwino kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, kubzala ndi kusamalira mbande za maula kumakhala ndi zochitika, osayang'anira zomwe zimatsogolera ku kufa kwa mtengowu ndikupanga zipatso zopanda pake.

Zofunikira zachilengedwe

Mbewu za Plum ndizabzalidwe bwino mchaka. Mizu yama plamu imakhala ndi nthambi za zikopa za 1-2 za ukulu, zomwe zimagwira makamaka ochititsa ndi opanga mizere, zomwe zimayambitsa mizu yake. Amachita ntchito yofunafuna ndipo amakhala pamalo okwera 40 cm. Mbewu za Plum, zobzalidwa mu Epulo, nthawi yayitali kutentha zimatha kukhazikitsa mizu ndikusinthasintha ndi malo akumera. M'nthawi yophukira, nthawi zambiri amaundana kapena kuyanika ndipo satulutsa masika.

Kusankha malo oti muchotse

Maula sangabzalidwe m'malo otsika ndikumapezeka kwamadzi pansi. Ngati dothi lamadzi likuwonongeka ndi 1.4-1,5 mamita kuchokera panthaka, maula adzafa kale, ngakhale malo amodzi amatha kubereka zipatso kwa zaka zopitilira 20-25.

Ngati malowa ndi otsika, madzi apansi ali pafupi, ndipo palibe malo ena, ndiye kuti mutha kukonzekera phiri lotayirira. Limbani ndi msondodzi ndodo malo okhala ndi mulifupi mwake mpaka 3 m ndi kutalika kwa mamita 1.0 Kuchokera pamiyala ndi miyala, kutsanulira wosanjikiza wa 10-15 masentimita kukhetsa madzi ambiri ndikuwadzaza ndi msanganizo wa dothi wamba landale. Dothi liyenera kukhala lamadzi- komanso lopumira, lopepuka. Kulemera kuyenera kusakanikirana ndi humus yambiri, peat ndi zosakaniza zina.

Pamalo athyathyathya kapena malo okwezeka, ngati dothi lili loonda, lolemetsa, ndikofunikira kuti mudzaze dzenjelo ndi chisakanizo cha dothi lowala. Kuonjezerapo dothi lamasamba, humus, peat, dothi la mchenga komanso kuchuluka kokwanira feteleza. Dzenje loterolo liyenera kukhala ndi mainchesi osachepera 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0. Pansi ndi mbali za dzenje ziyenera kulekanitsa nyemba zanu ndi dothi lolemera. Popita nthawi, mtengowo udzuza mozizwitsa ndipo udzakula ndi kubereka zipatso kwanthawi yayitali. Kupanda kutero, ma plamu amawoneka oponderezedwa moyo wake wonse, ndipo zipatso zimataya mawonekedwe awo.

Kuti muchotse nthaka acidization, iyenera kupangidwa. Mulingo wa laimu ndi:

pa dothi-podzolic dothi 500-800 g lalikulu. m
pamadothi opepuka, kwanthawi yayitali kulandira zinthu zochepa zamankhwala (mchere wa tuks acidify nthaka pambuyo poti agwiritse ntchito), 300-400 g lalikulu. m
pa dothi lolemera (dongo ndi loamy) kuyambira 0,8 mpaka 1.0 kg / sq. m lalikulu.

Zopanga tokha maula. © davisla

Kubzala Mbewu za Plum

Maenje akuluakulu, makamaka m'malo otsika kapena paphiri lochita kupanga, amakonzedwa kugwa (onani malongosoledwe pamwambapa). Ngati malowa asankhidwa molingana ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimafunikira malowo, ndiye kuti chipale chofewa chikasungunuka, amakumba maenjewo mtunda wa 2,5 mpaka 2003. Kukuya ndi kutalika kwa dzenjelo kuyenerana ndi mizu ya mmera. Nthaka yokumbidwayo (nthawi zina kokha pamwamba kwambiri) imasakanikirana ndi zidebe za 1-2 za organic, 300-400 g ya nitrophoska amawonjezeredwa, ndikuphatikizidwa bwino. Mtengo wakuthandizira umayendetsedwa pakatikati pa dzenjelo, pomwe umadzala maula ambiri. Gawo la osakaniza laphimbidwa ndi knoll mu dzenjelo. Mizu imafalikira pamwamba pa chitunda ndipo amaphimbidwa ndi dothi lotsalira. Thirani ndowa 0,5 za madzi, onjezani dothi m'mphepete mwa dzenjelo, yaying'ono. Ndikofunika kuti khosi la muzu ndiloyambira masentimita 3-5 kuchokera pamtunda wa dothi. Mukachoka pamadzi, dothi limakwiriridwa ndi peat kapena chilichonse chamoyo, kupatula singano kapena mawonekedwe a utuchi. Plum sapling imamangirizidwa kudzera pa chithunzi eyiti kuti ichirikize.

Mavalidwe apamwamba

Mbewu za Plum zimayamba kudyetsa zitatha zaka zitatu. Kufalikira kusanayambike, humus kapena nitrophosphate mu njira yothetsera imayambitsidwa mchaka - 25-35 g / mtengo panthawi yophukira. Ndi chiyambi cha zipatso, maula amapatsidwa chakudya kawiri nthawi yakula. Chapakatikati chakumapeto kwa Epulo - kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, poyambira adakumba m'mphepete mwa korona pomwe adayambitsa feteleza wa nayitrogeni 30-30 g. Feteleza amatsekedwa ndikumasulira nthaka ndikuthirira. Kutsirira kuyenera kuphatikizidwa. Chovala chachiwiri chapamwamba chimachitika mu Seputembara-Okutobala. Kumbani ma grooves opyola 10ccm kupyapyala kwa korona kapena maenje angapo pomwe ndowa za 0.3-0,5 za humus zimawonjezeredwa (kutengera zaka za mtengowo) zosakanikirana ndi superphosphate ndi potaziyamu kapena nitrophos. Tsekani pafupi ndi kumasula. Thirani madzi ndi mulch.

Kuthirira

Zipatso zamiyala yaminda yam'munda sizithiriridwa mopitilira nthawi 3-4 pakukula, koma nthawi zonse ndimadzi okwanira. Kuthirira pafupipafupi, koma osaya mtima kulepheretsa mtengowo kupanga zipatso zabwino.

Pakukhetsa, kuthirira koyamba kumachitika musanaphukire, ngati nyengo ili yowuma komanso yotentha. Ngati pali chinyezi chokwanira, kuthirira kuyenera kudziwidwa. Chinyezi chambiri chimakhudza chikhalidwe chathu.

Kutsirira kwachiwiri kumachitika mu gawo loyambira kukula kwa thumba losunga mazira. Maula amafunika chinyezi chachikulu kuti asunge thumba losunga mazira. Mu nyengo yakwoma pali kugwa kukuru kwa mazira.

Kutsirira kwachitatu kumachitika masabata awiri 2-3 musanakolole, osati kale. Zipatso ziyenera kucha, zakonzekera kukolola. Pa kucha, simungathe kuthirira. Zipatsozo zimasungabe kirimu wowawasa.

Kutsirira komaliza kumachitika pokonzekera mitengo yozizira. Imachitika limodzi ndi nthawi yophukira.

Kupanga kolona korona

Kwa mlimi aliyense wamabala, kupanga korona wa mtengo wazipatso kapena nthambi yayikulu ya chitsamba ndi ntchito yovuta, koma ndiyotheka. Muyenera kusamala ndikutsatira malangizowo. Kudulira kuti mupeze korona wa mtengo wa maula kuyenera kuyambika nthawi yomweyo kuchokera chaka choyamba, koma tengani nthawi yanu ndikusamala.

Tikabzala, sitidula mmera mpaka Marichi chaka chamawa.

1 chaka - timachita kudulira masika ndi chilimwe.

Timachita kudulira kwa masika nthawi yakudzuka kwa impso (amayamba kutupa). Kuchokera pa dothi lomwe timayeza kutalika kwa tsinde lamtsogolo pa 40-45 masentimita ndipo pagawo lino timadula mphukira mbali zonse kukhala mphete. Woyendetsa wapakati amafupikitsidwa kutalika kwa 1,3-1,5 m kupita ku impso yolimba. Ngati nthambi zammbali ndizitali, zifupikitseni ndi 1/3.

Kumapeto kwa Julayi, timachita kudulira kwa chilimwe. Timadula nthambi zonse zam'mbali zomwe zikukula kuchokera pakatikati mpaka 20-25 masentimita. Ngati nthambi yachiwiri idawonekeranso mbali yanthambi, timadula 15 cm. Impso iyenera kuloza pansi. Sitigwira wochititsa wapakati mu Julayi podulira.

Mu chaka chachiwiri, timachitanso kudulira kwa masika ndi chilimwe.

Ndikudzuka kwa impso, timadula wozungulira wapakati ndi 2/3 wa kutalika konse. Kuti thunthu la pakatikati liziwongola, tidula tsinde lapakati mpaka impso yomwe ili kumbali inayo kuchokera kumadulira chaka chatha. Mpaka nthawi yotentha, mtengo wa maula ukupitilira kukula.

Kumapeto kwa Julayi, timayamba kupanga nthambi zotsogola. Kukula kwa chaka chino kumadulidwanso mpaka masentimita 20. Utali wonse wa nthambi yomwe ikukula kuchokera pachimake chapakati suyenera kupitirira masentimita 40-45. Awo ndi nthambi zotsogola. Pali nthambi zotsogola zachiwiri pa iwo, zomwe chaka chatha zidasiyidwa ndi kutalika kwa 15 cm.Julayi, amalimbitsa kukula kwawo ndi masentimita 15. Ndiko kuti, nthambi zotsogola zachiwiri zidzakhala ndi kutalika kokwanira masentimita 30. Impso zokulirapo ziyenera kuzikidwa m'munsi. Nthambi zakuthambo zamtundu woyambirira zimatha kumangidwa bwino pakati ndi twine, ndikugwada ndikumangirira kumunsi kwa tsinde. Musaiwale kuyeretsa chitsa kuchokera ku mphukira zam'mbali.

Pazaka 3, timachitabe ziwonetsero ziwiri.

Chapakatikati, kumayambiriro kwa kufalikira kwa masamba, tidadula mphukira yapakati pa 1/2 kutalika kwa kukula kwa chaka chatha ndikupitilizabe kuikonza zaka zotsatila mpaka kutalika kwa mtengowo kufika kumtunda wa 2.5 m.

Mu Julayi, tidadula mbali zowombera, ndikusiyanso 20 ndi 15 cm kukula kwa chaka cham'mbuyo, motsatana. Tifupikitsa nthambi zadongosolo lachitatu ndi 13 masentimita, kupenda korona mosamala ndikuchotsa nthambi zonse zomwe zimamera mkatikati kwathunthu kapena mbali ina pa masamba ena.

Mu zaka zotsatira, timayang'ana kwambiri kuwombera kwapakatikati. Mwa kukonza kwathunthu kukula kwa chaka cham'mbuyomu, tikuimitsa kukula kwa mtengo. Tidula nthambi zonse zomwe zimakulitsa korona (ma curve akukula mkatikati, kusisita wina ndi mnzake, opanda kanthu, ndi zina). Mu Julayi, tidadula zophukira zina kuti maziko ofalitsika akhale, ndipo nthambi zimafupikitsidwa pamwamba, ndikupanga mawonekedwe a piramidi yonse. Ngati nthambi zam'mwamba sizifupikitsidwa kwambiri, mawonekedwe ake korona amafanana ndi woboola pakati. Musaiwale kudula korona pochotsa nthambi zachabe komanso makulidwe amkati.

Pazinthu zabwino za plums

Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, ma plums ali ndi phindu pa thupi la munthu. Muli ma macro- komanso ma microelements ambiri, kuphatikiza 200 mg wa potaziyamu, 80 mg wamkuwa, 10 mpaka 20 mg wa calcium, sodium, phosphorous, etc. pa 100 g ya kulemera kokwanira.Mapulogalamu ambiri a mavitaminiwa amaphatikizapo E, C "," A "ndi ena.

Ma plums ali ndi malic ambiri, oxalic, citric, presinic, ndi ma organic acids ena, omwe pamodzi ndi mavitamini ndi ma microelement, amatenga nawo mbali pachitukuko cha mtima ndi mantha amthupi atanyamula mwana wosabadwa. Phytocoumarins, kukulitsa mitsempha yamagazi, kuletsa mapangidwe a thrombophlebitis, ndipo madokotala amawona anti-cyanine ngati njira yolepheretsa kuwoneka kwa maselo a khansa. Popewa, zipatso zouma 5-6 patsiku ndizokwanira.

Zinthu zomwe zili mu zipatso za maula zimalimbitsa chitetezo chokwanira, kupewa atherosulinosis, kuyendetsa chimbudzi, kusintha mtima kugwira ntchito, zimapangitsa mapangidwe a maselo ofiira a magazi komanso zimathandizira kuchotsa zinthu zoyipa mthupi. Komabe, zipatso za maula zimakhala ndi zotsutsana zingapo. Ndikofunikira kuchepetsa, ndipo nthawi zina amakana kugwiritsa ntchito plums pa gout, rheumatism, ndi matenda osokoneza bongo.