Matenda oyamba ndi ma virus a mitengo ya maapulo

Gawo 1 1. Fungal and virus virus of apple apple
Gawo 2. Kuteteza mtengo wa maapulo ku matenda oyamba ndi bakiteriya
Gawo 3. Tizilombo ta Apple - njira zoyendetsera

Mitengo ya Apple imaphuka - chozizwitsa bwanji. Zowonadi, ndibwino kuti palibe mtundu pomwe mitengo ya maapozi imaphuka ndipo ikunyoza misozi ngati dimba limasungika pachilimwe. Wofesedwa ndi matenda zipatso kuvunda pansi korona wa mitengo. Mu zaka zowonongeka kwa mitengo ya epiphytotic, mpaka 90% ya mbewu imafa.

Mitengo ya Apple, monga mbewu zina zam'munda, imakhudzidwa ndi mitundu itatu yamatenda: fungal, bacteria ndi viral. Kuphatikiza apo, chaka chilichonse mitengo yochulukirachulukira m'minda imavutika ndi ukadaulo waulimi wogwiritsa ntchito feteleza, madzi ndi kutentha kwa nyengo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo ku matenda ndi tizirombo. Mdani amayenera kudziwika payekha, pokhapokha kulimbana kwa mbewuyo kudzapatsidwa chisoti chachifumu popanda kuwononga thanzi la banja ndi nyama. Mdani wamba wamaluwa ndikuphwanya njira zosamalira nyama.

Bakiteriya amawotcha pamtengo wa apulo. © Sebastian Stabinger

General agrotechnical miyeso posamalira horticultural mbewu

Mundawo uyenera kusungidwa pansi pa utsi kapena wowotedwa. Muwonongeratu udzu momwe matenda ndi tizirombo timadzisonkhanitsa.

Chaka chilichonse pakulima ndi nthawi yophukira, ndikofunikira kuyeretsa madera omwe ali pafupi ndi masamba kuchokera masamba, zipatso, ndi zinyalala zina. Zipatso zodwala zimawononga. Masamba a mitengo yathanzi nthawi zambiri amayikidwa m'maenje a kompositi kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito mulching.

Mitengo ya Apple imayambukiridwa ndi dzimbiri kuchokera ku juniper wamba. Chifukwa chake, mitengo ya juniper siyingayikidwe pafupi ndi munda.

Mukugwa, masamba atagwa, ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa mables ndi nthambi za chigoba. Kudulira mwaukhondo, kumasula korona ku odwala, owuma, omwe akukula nthambi zamkati. Kuti muchepetse tsinde ndi nthambi zamatumbo zakale.

Ndikofunikira kutseka mabowo, ming'alu yokhala ndi nyimbo zapadera komanso kuwonjezera kwa kukonzekera kwachipatala. Kupaka utoto waukulu wa macheka ndi utoto kapena mankhwala ena oteteza.

Kudulira kumachitika kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Marichi, pomwe mbewuzo zikupuma (palibe madzi otuluka).

Kangapo pachaka (osati mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira) kuyeretsa matope ndi nthambi za mafupa okhala ndi njira yatsopano yokonzedwa ya laimu yatsopano yosakanizidwa ndi dongo, sulfate yamkuwa, guluu, fungicidal ndi bactericidal.

Mukugwa, musanakumba, gwiritsani feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu ndikuthira dothi pogwiritsa ntchito mkuwa sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Ngati dimba lophimbidwa (losakokedwa), ndiye kukumba zitsime 5-10 m'mphepete mwa korona, mudzaze osakaniza feteleza, kuphimba ndi kamba ndi madzi.

Nthawi yakula mchaka, dyetsani mitengo ya maapulo ndi nitroammophos, pamlingo wa 50-100 g pa korona. Feteleza microfertilizer pachaka.

Pa chilimwe (makamaka chouma) kuthirira kumafunika kawiri. Mukathirira, mulch nthaka kapena pamwamba ndi khasu.

Kuteteza Matenda a Fungal

Kugonjetsedwa kwa mtengo wa apulo kumayambitsidwa ndi bowa wa pathogenic. Mycelium ndi spores nthawi yozizira m'm masamba agwa, zipatso zamatenda, ming'alu ndi m'maenje. Zomera zambiri, gawo la mycelium nyengo yadzuwa yotentha imayamba kuchulukirachulukira, kulanda malo okhala zipatso ndi zobala zipatso. Matenda oyamba kwambiri komanso owopsa a fungal ndi zipatso zowola, ufa wa ufa, wakuda ndi mitundu ina ya khansa, nkhanambo, dzimbiri, khungu la bulauni.

Zizindikiro za matendawa

Mtundu uliwonse wa bowa uli ndi zizindikilo ndi zinthu zake, zomwe zimatha kuphatikizidwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe akunja. Kuwonongeka kwa bowa kumawonekera mu mawonekedwe osiyana ndi mafuta otapira kapena ozungulira ofiira, achikasu, malo owuma, madontho oyera oyera, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosanja pamaso masamba. Amasanduka achikasu, kupindika, kusiya kukula. Malo opatula ozungulira amawoneka pazipatso, zomwe zimakula. Minofu ya chipatso imayamba kuvunda kapena kukhala yamitengo, yokutidwa ndi ming'alu. Zipatso zimanyowetsa panthambi ndikugwa. Malo abwino kwambiri kufalikira kwa matenda a fungal ndi nyengo yofunda, yanyontho.

Kunyumba, nthawi zonse mumafuna kulima mbewu yabwino mwachilengedwe, kotero kuti alimi ena amakhulupirira kuti ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa konse. Koma njirayi ndiyolakwika, chifukwa patapita zaka zochepa palibe chomwe chidzatsalira m'mundamo kupatula mbewu zouma kapena zodwala. Njira zoteteza m'mundamu ndizofunikira. Masiku ano, kukonzekera kwachilengedwe komwe kumapangidwa mwachilengedwe - microflora yofunikira yomwe imawononga bowa wa pathogenic imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza m'munda. Mankhwalawa alibe vuto lililonse ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito tsiku litatsala tsiku lokolola.

Mtengo wa Apple unakanthidwa ndi nkhanambo.

Ukadaulo wazoteteza pakompyuta

Mu nthawi yophukira, pa chisoti choyera cha mtengo wa apulo komanso kasupe musanadzuke kupuma nyengo yachisanu, timakwaniritsa kupopera buluu ndi njira ya 2-3% yamkuwa.

Chapakatikati, musanaphuke, nthanani ndi dothi ndi 7% urea yankho kapena 10% ammonium nitrate yankho. Pukutirani bwino dothi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ndipo masiku 2-3 timakumba 10-15 cm.

Mu gawo la pinki ndipo pakatha masiku onse asanu ndi awiri, timapanga mitengo ya apulo malinga ndi malingaliro a imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe Fitosporin-M, Gamair, Integral, Mikosan, Haupsin, Agat-25, Planriz . Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulima dimba mpaka nthawi yokolola, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mapulani a Plriz kumakulitsa moyo wa alumali pazinthuzo. Pofuna kuti zisamayike chizolowezi cholakwika cha microflora kukonzekera, chinthu chachilengedwe chimasinthidwa nthawi zonse pokonza mbewu.

Kumbukirani! Zachilengedwe sizichotsa matendawa kamodzi. Kukonzekera mitengo mwadongosolo kumafunika. Zotsatira zazikulu zimapezeka kwa zaka 2-3.

Njira zamankhwala zoteteza mtengo wa apulo ku matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi

Nthawi zina minda imakhudzidwa ndi matenda mwakuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe sizikhala ndi phindu pamitengo yomwe ikukhudzidwa. Pankhaniyi, njira zoteteza pakompyuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, onetsetsani kuti mukutsatira njira zaumoyo (zofunda, magolovu, magalasi, pamutu). Mukatha ntchito, sambani nkhope yanu ndi manja ndi sopo kapena kusamba.

Ntchito Zaukadaulo

Timayamba zodzitchinjiriza pakugwa. Tikatha kukolola namsongole, masamba ndi zipatso zomwe zinagwa, timagwiritsa ntchito kupopera utoto wamitengo ya apulo ndi 3% yankho lamkuwa.

Chapakatikati, masamba asanatsegule pokongoletsa korona, mutha kubwereza kupopera mbewu zakumaso kapena kugwiritsa ntchito yankho la 1% la DNOC.

M'malo mwa mkuwa wa sulfate ndi DNOC, ndizotheka kuwaza korona, komanso tsinde ndi nthaka ya mitengo ikuluikulu, ndikuthira feteleza wa mchere pazinthu zodzitetezera. Timasamalira korona mosamala ndi yankho la 5% urea, ndi nthaka yankho la 7% ndende. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito yankho la 10% ya ammonium nitrate kapena yankho la 15% la ammonium sulfate pochotsa nthambi. Pakupita masiku angapo, dothi logwiridwalo liyenera kukumbidwa ndi kuya kwa 10-15 cm.

Mgawo la masamba obiriwira a masamba, masamba asanakhale ndi maluwa, korona amathandizidwa ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi. Bordeaux madzimadzi amateteza bwino mitengo ku nkhanambo, moniliosis, powdery hlobo ndi matenda ena oyamba ndi fungus. Sichikhala chakukonzekera poyizoni, chifukwa chake amaloledwa kuthira mitengo ndi yankho lake atamasulidwa.

Kuyambira gawo la pinki masamba, mitengo ya maapozi imalandiridwa pakadutsa masabata atatu zilizonse malinga ndi malangizo omwe ali ndi "Chorus", "Flint", "Skor", "Strobi", "Rayek". Pa maluwa, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumayimitsidwa. Chithandizo chomaliza chimachitika mwezi umodzi isanachitike zokolola kapena magawo a zipatso.

Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawo, ndikotheka kusinthira mankhwalawa ndikusakanizika kwa matanki pazotetezero, poyang'ana kale momwe zimakhalira.

Matenda a virus and technology

Ma virus ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri tambiri tomwe timapanga mapuloteni, osawoneka mu microscope wamba, koma owopsa mokwanira pamadzi amoyo. Amanyamulidwa ndi tizirombo tikamagwira ntchito potseka tinthu tating'ono (vaccinations), madzi, ndi mphepo.

Zizindikiro zakunja za matendawa

Kumayambiriro kwa kachilomboka, ntchito yake yowonongeka sikuwoneka ndipo mmera ukupitiliza kugwira ntchito ngati wathanzi. Kuwonekera kwa matendawa ndi zizindikiro zakunja kuli ngati matenda a fungus. Mizere imawonekera pamasamba, zipatso zimapunduka. Popita nthawi, zosiyana zimayamba kutchuka. Masamba osiyana masamba amasakanikirana ndi mitundu yokongola ya mitundu yobiriwira chikaso ndi mithunzi. Magawo okhala ndi masamba osakhwima amakhala osasamba, masamba okhudzika amagwa. Kutsetsereka, kufinya kwa mphukira, kufewetsa nkhuni kumawonedwa. Nthambi zimakhala zofewa modabwitsa, gutta-perchy, zimasweka mosavuta chifukwa cha katundu. Maluwa amodzi payekha ndi inflorescence ali opunduka kwambiri, kukhala ndi mitundu yoyipa. Pakutukuka kwa masika, mitolo yazifupi imakhala ndi masamba kapena masamba okha osawoneka bwino ndi mtundu wosawoneka bwino amapangidwa kumapeto kwa mphukira zazing'ono. Mphukira za mphukira zonenepa (mphete zamatsenga) zimapangidwa panthambi zakale. Zipatso zimasweka, amapanga mawanga-kutumphuka ndi zophuka, amataya kukoma kwawo, ndikugwa.

Mawonekedwe a mottling pa mtengo wa apulo

Mawonetseredwe akunja a matenda a virus adazindikira mayina awo. Matenda ofala kwambiri amtundu wa apulo: zamakhalidwe, nyenyezi kusweka kwa zipatso, mantha

Njira zamakono zodzitetezera ku matenda a virus

Palibenso mankhwala oononga kachilomboka monga gwero la matenda pano. Chifukwa chake, njira zazikulu zowongolera ndiukadaulo wazachikhalidwe wazikhalidwe.

Njira za Agrotechnical ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi matenda a fungus. Samalani kwambiri mukamagwira ntchito yotsatira.

Kudulira kuyenera kuchitika pokhapokha mbewu zikakhala matalala kwambiri (Ogasiti).

Pakudulira, mbali zonse za matenda ndi mtengo wonsewo uzitha kuwonongeka. Palibe chifukwa choti manyowa akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ndi chiwonetsero cha matenda ofala kwambiri a rosette ndi paniculata ya mitengo ya apulosi, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosavuta ya phosphorous ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni. Sinthani feteleza munthaka zovuta, momwe zinthu zomwe zili mu mulingo woyenera wa mbewu zokulidwa.

Lowetsani ma micronutrients, kuphatikiza zinc sulfate, muzovala, makamaka ndikuwonetsa bwino kwa rosette.

Gwiritsani ntchito kupopera mankhwala a ma phytohormones Epin kapena Zircon, omwe amachititsa kuti mbewu zisamayende bwino. Mankhwalawa amagwira ntchito zodzitetezera. Samaletsa matenda omwe akukula.