Zowunikira zomera.
- Gawo 1: Chifukwa chiani kuunikira mbewu. Zopepuka Zodabwitsa ndi Suites
- Gawo 2: Nyali zopangira nyale
- Gawo 3: Kusankha Njira Younikira
Gawoli, timalankhula za kuwerengera mphamvu zamafuta, muyeso wothandiza waunikira, etc.
M'magawo am'mbuyomu, tidalankhula za malingaliro oyambira komanso mitundu ingapo yama nyali yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunikira mbewu. Gawoli likufotokoza za njira yanji yomwe ingasankhe, magetsi angati omwe angafunikire kuwunikira chomera china, momwe angayiritsire kuwunikira kunyumba, ndi chifukwa chake zowunikira zikufunika mu kachitidwe kazowunikira.
Kuwala ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakukula bwino kwa chomera. Mwa photosynthesis, mbewu "zimadzipangira zokha chakudya." Kuwala kwakung'onoting'ono - mbewuyo imafooka ndipo imafa ndi "njala" kapena kusavuta nayo tizirombo ndi matenda.
Kukhala kapena kukhala
Chifukwa chake, mwasankha kukhazikitsa njira yatsopano yowunikira mbewu zanu. Choyamba, yankhani mafunso awiri.
- Bajeti yanu ili ndi malire? Ngati ndalama zochepa zaperekedwa kuzinthu zonse zowunikira, zomwe mudachotsa pa maphunziro, ndipo muyenera kusunga mkati mwake, ndiye kuti nkhaniyi sikukuthandizani. Upangiri wokha ndikugula zomwe mungathe. Osataya mphamvu zanu ndikusaka nthawi. Tsoka ilo, njira yowunikira mbewu kapena aquarium siyotsika mtengo. Nthawi zina njira ina yabwinoko ndikusintha mbewu zokomera m'malo mwa zina zomwe zimakonda kuwala - ndibwino kukhala ndi spathiphyllum yokonzekereratu yomwe sikufuna kuwala kwambiri kuposa kungolira chifukwa cha dimba lomwe latsala pang'ono kufa, lomwe limasowa kwambiri.
- Kodi mungangotuluka nyengo isanathere, pamalingaliro akuti "osanenepa, ndikadakhala wamoyo"? Kenako mungogula nyali yosavuta kwambiri ya fluorescent. Ngati mukufuna kuti mbewu yanu ikule bwino komanso kuphuka pansi pa nyali, ndiye kuti muyenera kuwononga mphamvu ndi ndalama pazoyatsa. Makamaka ngati mukukula mbewu zomwe zimakula chaka chonse muzowala, monga ma aquarium.
Ngati mwaganiza mayankho a mafunso awa ndi kusankha kukhazikitsa dongosolo lokwanira, ndiye werengani.
Kodi kuyatsa kwabwino ndi chiyani?
Zinthu zitatu zazikuluzomwe zimatsimikizira ngati njira yowunikira ndiyabwino kapena yoipa:
- Kukula mwamphamvu. Kuwala kuyenera kukhala okwanira mbewu. Kuwala kofowoka sikungasinthidwe ndi kuwala kwa tsiku lalitali. Palibe kuwala kochuluka mchipinda. Kukwaniritsa zowunikira zomwe zimachitika patsiku lowala (dzuwa loposa 100,000) ndizovuta.
- Kutalika kwa magetsi. Zomera zosiyanasiyana zimafunikira nthawi yayitali masana. Njira zambiri, mwachitsanzo, zamaluwa, zimatsimikizika ndi kutalika kwa maola masana (Photoperiodism). Aliyense adawona poinsettia wofiira (Euphorbia pulcherrima) wogulitsidwa Khrisimasi ndi Chaka Chatsopano. Chitsamba ichi chimamera pansi pazenera la nyumba yathu kumwera kwa Florida komanso chaka chilichonse m'nyengo yozizira, popanda kuchita zachinyengo, "chimachita zonse chokha" - tili ndi zofunikira kupanga mapangidwe ofiira - mausiku amdima komanso masiku owala.
- Kuwala bwino. Munkhani zam'mbuyomu, ndidakhudzapo za nkhaniyi, ndikuti chomera chimafunikira kuwala kumadera onse ofiira ndi abuluu. Monga tanena kale, sikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito ma phytolamp apadera - ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito nyali zamakono zokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, ma compact fluorescent kapena nyali za halide zitsulo, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe anu adzakhala "olondola".
Kuphatikiza pazinthu izi, zina ndizofunikira. Kukula kwa photosynthesis kumachepetsedwa ndi zomwe zikusowa. Kuwala kotsika - izi ndi zopepuka, pomwe pali kuwala kwambiri, ndiye, mwachitsanzo, kutentha kapena kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa, etc. Pakakulitsa michere ya aquarium, nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti pansi pa kuwala kwamphamvu, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa m'madzi m'madzi kumatha kukhala kosachepera ndipo kuunika kwamphamvu sikumakulitsa kuchuluka kwa photosynthesis.
Zomera zimafunikira zochuluka motani
Zomera zitha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo malinga ndi zofunika pakuwala. Ziwerengero zam'magulu onsewa ndizofanana, chifukwa mbewu zambiri zimatha kumva bwino pang'onopang'ono komanso mumthunzi, kutengera kuwunikira. Mtengo womwewo, kuwala kosiyanako ndikofunikira malinga ndi kukula kwamaluwa, pachimake kapena kubereka zipatso. Kuchokera pakuwona mphamvu, maluwa ndi njira yomwe ikuwononga mphamvu yayikulu. Chomera chimafunika kukula duwa ndikuchipatsa mphamvu, ngakhale kuti duwa lokha silikhala ndi mphamvu. Ndipo kupukula zipatso ndi njira yowononga ndalama. Kuwala kochulukirapo, mphamvu yochulukirapo "kuchokera ku babu wopepuka" yomwe chomera chitha kusungira maluwa, maluwa anuwo adzakhala okongola kwambiri, maluwa ambiri amakhala pachitsamba cha jasmine.
Pansipa pali mbewu zina zomwe zimakonda kuyatsa. Milingo yakuwala imawonetsedwa mu lux. About lumens ndi suites zanenedwa kale gawo loyamba. Pano ndibwereza zokhazo zomwe zikufanizira momwe mbewu "zilili", ndikuwunikira zimayatsa nyali zomwe mumayatsa mbewuzi.
- Kuwala kowala. Zomera zotere ndizomwe zimamera poyera - mitengo yambiri, mitengo ya kanjedza, supulents, bougainvillea, munda, hibiscus, ixora, jasmine, plumeria, tunbergia, crotons, maluwa. Zomera izi zimakonda kuyatsa kwambiri - osachepera 15-20 masauzande, ndipo mbewu zina zimafuna 50 kapena kupitirira maluwa kuti zitheke bwino. Zomera zambiri zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri zimafuna kuwunikira kwambiri, apo ayi masamba amatha "kubwerera" ku mtundu wofanana.
- Kuwala koyenera. Zomera zoterezi zimaphatikizira mbewu zopanda kanthu - bromeliads, begonias, ficus, philodendron, caladium, chlorophytum, brugmanzia, brunfelsia, clerodendrum, crossander, medinilla, pandorea, rutia, barleria, tibuhin. Mulingo wofunikira wowunikira kwa iwo ndi 10-20 masauzande.
- Kuwala kofooka. Lingaliro la "mbewu zokonda mumthunzi" silowona konse. Zomera zonse zimakonda kuwala, kuphatikizapo dracaena yemwe wayima pakona yakuda kwambiri. Kungoti mbewu zina zimatha kukula (m'malo mwakepo) pamtundu wotsika. Ngati simutsata kukula, ndiye kuti adzamva bwino. Kwenikweni, awa ndi mbewu za m'munsi tier - chameorrhea, whitefeldia, anthurium, diphenbachia, philodendron, spathiphyllum, echinanthus. Ndikokwanira kwaiwo kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 10000 lux.
Miyezi yopatsidwa kuwala ndiyokwanira ndipo imatha kukhala poyambira posankha njira yoyatsa. Ndikutsimikizanso kuti ziwonetserozi ndikukukula kwathunthu komanso maluwa, osati chifukwa cha “nyengo yachisanu,” pamene chiwalitsiro chotsika chimatha kugawidwa.
Muyeso wopepuka
Mamita opepukaChifukwa chake, tsopano mukudziwa kuchuluka kwa mtengo womwe mbeu yanu ikufuna ndipo mukufuna kuwona ngati ipeza chilichonse chomwe chikufuna. Kuwerengera konse kwaubwino ndi kwabwino, koma ndibwino kuyesa kuwunikira komwe mbewuzo zili. Ngati muli ndi mita yopepuka, ndiye kuti muli ndi mwayi (wojambulidwa kumanzere). Ngati palibe mita yopepuka, ndiye musataye mtima. Mtengo wowonekera wa kamera ndi yemweyo kuwala, koma m'malo mwa kuwunikira kumapereka mawonekedwe othamanga a liwiro, i.e. nthawi yomwe imatsegulidwa yotseka kamera. Kutsitsa kuwunikira, nthawi yayitali. Chilichonse ndichopepuka.
Ngati muli ndi mita yowonekera kunja, ikanipo pamalo omwe mumayesa kuwunikira, kotero kuti mawonekedwe a photosensitive ndiwowonekera molunjika pakuwonekerako kowonekera.
Makamera amakono ambiri amakono amakhala osalala komanso othamanga, amasinthitsa njira zowunika
Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito kamera, ndiye kuti pepala loyera la matte loyera molunjika pakuwonekerako (musagwiritse ntchito glossy - lipereka zotsatira zolakwika). Sankhani kukula kwa chimango kuti pepalalo lizikhala pazonse. Kungoyang'ana pa iye ndi koyenera. Sankhani makonda amakanema amitundu 100 (makamera amakono a digito amakupatsani "kutengera" kukhudzika kwa mafilimu). Pogwiritsa ntchito liwiro la shutter ndi mapiritsi okhathamiritsa, onani kuwunikira pagome. Ngati mukukhazikitsa mtengo wamavuto amakanema ku mayunitsi 200, ndiye kuti maubulogu pazoyenera kuyimitsidwa, ngati mtengo wake utayikidwa kumaunitsi 50, ndiye kuti mfundozo zimachulukitsidwa. Kupita kukaphika kotsatira komwekonso kumawonjezera phindu. Mwanjira imeneyi, mutha kuwerengera mulingo wakuwala komwe mbewu zanu zili.
Kupewa | Chosimbidwa | Kuwala (Lx) kwa kanema wamayunitsi zana | |
Mamita akuwala kwakunja | Kamera poyimilira pepala | ||
| 2.8 | 1/4 | 70 | 8 |
| 2.8 | 1/8 | 140 | 15 |
| 2.8 | 1/15 | 250 | 30 |
| 2.8 | 1/30 | 500 | 60 |
| 2.8 | 1/60 | 1000 | 120 |
| 2.8 | 1/125 | 2100 | 240 |
| 2.8 | 1/250 | 4300 | 1000 |
| 2.8 | 1/500 | 8700 | 2000 |
| 4 | 1/250 | 8700 | 2000 |
| 4 | 1/500 | 17000 | 4000 |
| 5.6 | 1/250 | 17000 | 4000 |
| 5.6 | 1/500 | 35000 | 8000 |
| 5.6 | 1/1000 | 70000 | 16000 |
| 8 | 1/250 | 35000 | 8000 |
| 8 | 1/500 | 70000 | 16000 |
| 8 | 1/1000 | 140000 | 32000 |
Kugwiritsa ntchito chosonyezera
Kugwiritsa ntchito chosonyezera kumakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera kuwunikira kambiri kangapoNgati mugwiritsa ntchito nyali ya fluorescent popanda chosonyezera, ndiye kuti mumachepetsa kuwunika kothandiza kangapo. Ndiosavuta kumvetsetsa kuti kuwala komwe kumayendetsedwa kumunsi kumalowa ndikomwe kumalowa m'minda. Kuwala komwe kumayendetsedwa kumwamba kulibe ntchito. Kuwala komwe kumachititsa khungu maso anu mukayang'ana nyali yotsegukiranso kulibe ntchito. Kuwonetsera kwabwino kumawongolera kuwala, kumapangitsa khungu maso, kutsikira mbewu. Zotsatira zakufanizira nyali ya fluorescent zimawonetsa kuti kuwunikira pakatikati, mukamagwiritsa ntchito chosonyezera, kumawonjezera pafupifupi katatu, ndipo kuwunikira pamwambako kumakhudzidwa kwambiri - nyali imawunikira mbewu, osati chilichonse chozungulira.
Zosintha zambiri zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'masitolo azinyumba sizikhala ndi zowongolera kapena zomwe siziyenera kutchedwa zowonetsa. Makina apadera opangira zida zowunikira kapena aquarium yokhala ndi zowonetsera ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri. Kumbali ina, kupanga zowonetsera zopanga sikovuta.
Momwe mungapangire zowonetsera zopanga nyali ya nyali yayikulu
Mawonekedwe akuwonetsa, makamaka kwa nyali imodzi kapena ziwiri, zilibe kanthu - mawonekedwe aliwonse abwino Chiwonetserochi chikuwonetsa gawo lachiwonetsero. Titha kuwona kuti kutalika kwake kuyenera kukhala kotero kuti maimidwe onse pamwamba pa malirewo (ray 1 mu chithunzi) amalumikizidwa ndi chowunikira - mwanjira iyi nyali singachititse khungu maso anu.
Popeza kutsogoleredwa kwa mtengo wozungulira (mwachitsanzo, pansi kapena pakona), titha kupanga lingaliro loyang'ana pansi pa chosonyezera (gawo 1 m'chithunzicho), lomwe limagawa mbali pakati pa chochitikacho ndikuwonetsa mulitali pang'onopang'ono - lamulo lounikira. Momwemonso, perpendicular imatsimikiziridwa pazinthu zina (mfundo 2 mu chithunzi).
Pakutsimikizira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mutengepo mfundo zowonjezera zingapo kuti zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pam point 3 zisatuluke, pomwe mtengo woimiridwa sutsika. Pambuyo pake, mutha kupanga pulani ya polygonal, kapena kumanga chopindika ndikukhotetsa chosonyezera malinga ndi template. Osayikanso pamwamba pa chiwonetserocho pafupi ndi nyali, chifukwa chezacho chimabweza mu nyali. Pankhaniyi, nyali idzayaka.
Chawonetserachi chimatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku zojambulazo za aluminium, mwachitsanzo, chakudya, chomwe chimawonetsedwa kwambiri. Mukhozanso kujambula chowonekera pamwamba ndi utoto woyera. Kuphatikiza apo, magwiridwe ake adzafanana ndi owonera "kalilole". Onetsetsani kuti mwapanga mabowo pamwamba pa chowongolera cha mpweya wabwino.
Kutalika ndi mawonekedwe a kuyatsa
Mu chithunzichi: Tomato wamkulu pansi pa kuyatsa kwa nyali zosiyanasiyana. 1 - nyali ya mercury yopanda zosefera, 2, 3 - nyale ya zebo ndi zosefera zomwe zimachotsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za mawonekedwe. 4 - nyali ya incandescent. Kuchokera m'buku la Bickford / Dunn "Kuwala kwa Kukula kwa Zomera" (1972)Kutalika kwa kuyatsa nthawi zambiri kumakhala maola 12-16, kutengera mtundu wa mbewu. Zambiri mwatsatanetsatane, komanso malingaliro pa Photoperiodism (mwachitsanzo, momwe amapangira poinsettia omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa) amapezeka m'mabuku apadera. Kwa mbewu zambiri, pamwambapa ndikokwanira.
Pazabwino za kuyatsa kwanenedwa kangapo. Fanizo limodzi ndi chithunzi cha mbewu zokulira pansi ndikuyatsa nyali ya mercury (chithunzi kuchokera ku buku lakale, pomwe kulibe magetsi ena) ndi nyali yazitsulo. Ngati simukufuna mbewu zazitali komanso zonyansa, ndiye kuti musagwiritse ntchito nyali za incandescent kapena sodium popanda kuwunikira kowonjezera ndi nyali za fluorescent kapena zotulutsa mpweya ndi ma radiation m'chigawo cha buluu chowonekera.
Mwa zina, nyali za mmera ziyenera kuwunikira mbewu kuti ndizosangalatsa kuyang'ana. Nyali ya sodium mu lingaliro ili sichiri nyali yabwino kwambiri kwa mbewu - chithunzicho chikuwonetsa momwe mbewu zimayang'ana pansi pa nyali yotere poyerekeza ndi kuyatsa ndi nyali yoyimira zitsulo.
Kuwerengera mphamvu
Chifukwa chake tinabwera ku chinthu chofunikira kwambiri - nyali zingati kuti titengere zowunikira. Ganizirani njira ziwiri zowunikira: nyali za fluorescent ndi nyali yotulutsa mpweya.
Chiwerengero cha nyali za fluorescent chitha kutsimikizika podziwa kuchuluka kwa kuwunikira pamtunda. Ndikofunikira kuti mupeze kuwunikira kwamphamvu mu lumens (kuchulukitsa kuwunikira mu malo oyandikira ndi malo a mita). Kuchepa kwapafupipafupi ndi 30% kwa nyali yopachika kutalika kwa 30 cm kuchokera kuzomera, ndi 50% ya nyali pamtunda wa 60 cm kuchokera kuzomera. Izi ndizowona ngati mugwiritsa ntchito chosonyezera. Popanda iyo, kutayika kumachulukitsa kangapo. Akatsimikiza kuwunikira kwa nyali, munthu akhoza kupeza mphamvu zawo zonse, podziwa kuti nyali za fluorescent zimapereka pafupifupi Lm 65 pa Watt yamphamvu.
Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti ndi nyali zingati zomwe zimafunikira pakuyatsa shelufu woyezera 0.5 × 1 mita. Malo amalo owala: 0.5 × 1 = 0,5 sq.m. Tiyerekeze kuti tikuyenera kuyatsa mbewu zomwe zimakonda kuwala kwapang'onopang'ono (15,000 Lux). Zikhala zovuta kuwunikira padziko lonse lapansi ndi kuwunikira kotere, kotero tidzapanga kuyerekezera kutengera kuwunikira kwapakati pa 0.7 × 15000 = 11000 Lx, kuyika mbewu zomwe zimafunikira kuwala kambiri pansi pa nyali pomwe kuwunikira kuli pamwamba pafupifupi.
Zambiri, muyenera 0.5x11000 = 5500 Lm. Tauni yotalika masentimita 30 ayenera kupereka kuwala kochulukirapo ndi theka (kutayika ndi 30%), i.e. pafupifupi 8250 lm. Mphamvu zonse za nyali zizikhala pafupifupi 8250/65 = 125 W, i.e. magetsi awiri ophatikizika a 55 W fluorescent okhala ndionyezera amapereka kuwala koyenera. Ngati mukufuna kuyika machubu wamba ku ma watts 40, ndiye kuti adzafunika zidutswa zitatu kapena zinayi, popeza machubu omwe amayikidwa pafupi ndi wina ndi mzake ayamba kutetezana, ndipo kuyendetsa bwino kachitidwe kounikira kumachepa. Yesani kugwiritsa ntchito nyali zamakono zophatikizira magetsi m'malo mwachizolowezi, machubu ambiri. Ngati simugwiritsa ntchito chosonyezera, mu chiwembuchi mudzatenga nyali katatu kapena kanayi.
Kuwerenga kuchuluka kwa nyali za fluorescent
- Sankhani mulingo woyatsa.
- Kufunika koyatsa pang'onopang'ono pamtunda:
L = 0,7 x A x B
(m'litali ndi m'lifupi mwake mita) - Kufunika kwamphamvu kwa nyali, poganizira kutayika (pamaso pa owonetsa):
Nyali = L x C
(C = 1.5 ya nyali kutalika kwa 30 cm ndi C = 2 kwa nyali kutalika kwa masentimita 60) - Mphamvu ya nyali yonse:
Mphamvu = Nyali / 65
Kwa nyali zotulutsa, kuwerengera kumafanana. Nyali yapadera yokhala ndi nyali ya sodium ya 250 W imapereka chiwongolero chapakati pa 15,000 lux pamalo omwe amayesa 1 sq.m.
Chiwembu chowunikira chounikira cha mbewuNgati magawo oyatsa nyali amadziwika, ndiye chosavuta kuwerengetsa kuwunikaku. Mwachitsanzo, chithunzi kumanzere chikuwonetsa kuti nyali (OSRAM Floraset, 80W) imawunikira bwalo lozungulira pafupifupi mita kutalikirana pang'ono kuposa theka la mita kuchokera pa nyali. Mtengo wokwanira wowunikira ndi 4600 Lux. Kuwala m'mphepete kumachoka msanga, chifukwa chake nyali yotereyi ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazomera zomwe sizikufunika kuwala kwambiri.
Chithunzi kumanzere chikuwonetsa kupindika kwamphamvu (nyali yomweyo monga pamwambapa). Kuti mupeze kuwunikira kwakutali ndi nyali, ndikofunikira kugawa mtengo wa kuunika kwakukulu ndi lalikulu la mtunda. Mwachitsanzo, pamtunda wa theka la mita pansi pa nyali, mtengo wowunikira udzakhala wofanana ndi 750 / (0.5 × 0.5) = 3000 Lux.
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri - nyali sizoyenera kupitirira. Ndi kutentha kowonjezereka, kuunika kwawo kumatsika kwambiri. Chowonetsera chikuyenera kukhala ndi mipata yozizira. Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito nyali zambiri za fluorescent, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito fanizi yozizira, monga kompyuta. Nyali zamphamvu zodzitetezera nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi fan.
Pomaliza
Munkhani zino, machitidwe osiyanasiyana a kuyatsa mbewu adalankhulidwa. Nkhani zambiri sizinawonongeke, mwachitsanzo, kusankha kwa magetsi oyendetsera magetsi oyang'ana magetsi. Omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi nkhaniyi atembenukira ku mabuku kapena akatswiri.
Njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira zida zowunikira imayamba ndikuzindikira mtundu wowunikira. Kenako muyenera kuwunika kuchuluka kwa nyali ndi mtundu wawo. Pambuyo pokhapokha - kuthamangira kumalo ogulitsira kuti mugule nyali.
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