Dzungu limadziwika padziko lonse lapansi ngati mtengo wamasamba wofunika. Zakudya zochokera ku maungu zimakopedwa mosavuta, zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza m'thupi ndipo zimakwanitsa kugula. Koma sangakhale amayi ambiri a nyumba omwe amawonjezera dzungu ku chimanga, amapanga timadzi tokoma kapena mawonekedwe a nyengo yozizira, ndipo osamalira mundawo sadziwa kuti zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyananso ndizosagwirizana pansi pa dzina limodzi.
Komanso, izi sikuti ndizokhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso zokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Gulu la maungu mitundu
Mitundu ya Cucurbita, yophatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maungu, ilipo mitundu 18, yambiri yomwe ilibe phindu, ndipo ina imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, zokongoletsera komanso mbewu za mafakitale.
Pakatikati poyambira ndikugawa mitundu yazomera zamunguzi ndi ku Central ndi South America, kumene mbewuzi zinali zodziwika bwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito anthu kalelo. Komabe, ma subspecies ena amachokera kudera la Asia ndi Africa. Pakadali pano, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ubale pakati pa maiko ndi ma kontrakitara, wamaluwa atha kutengera mitundu mitundu, ndipo mutha kuyesa kukulitsa mbewu zachilendo kwambiri patsamba lanu.
Ndipo odziwika kwambiri mdziko lapansi zamitundu mitundu yazakudya amakonda:
- dzungu lalikulu-zipatso kapena Cucurbita maxima;
- dzungu lolimba kapena Cucurbita pepo;
- nutmeg squash kapena Cucurbita moschata.
Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu iwiri, yomwe ndi yopanga zipatso zazikulu komanso yowiritsa yophika, imakulidwanso kuti izidyetsa ziweto.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zazikulu ndi dzungu lomwe likuwonetsedwa mu chithunzichi m'njira yabwino, yokukumbukira zipewa za ku Turkey ndipo ndakula monga chikhalidwe chokongoletsera. Koma okondedwa ndi ambiri zukini ndi sikwashi, ngakhale amadyedwa ngati amadyera, amakhalanso amunguwa ndipo ndi amtundu wa Cucurbita pepo.
Pokhala ndi zochulukirapo komanso katundu, mitundu ya maungu yolimidwa ndi mitundu, monga chithunzi, ndizosiyana maonekedwe ambiri obiriwira azomera ndi zipatso, komanso monga mtundu wawo.
Ngati tilingalira za zimayambira, ndiye maungu opikula-zipatso, zidzakhala zokuzungulira, komanso zopindika.
Mutha kuzindikira chomera cha mitundu ya Cucurbita maxima pafupi ndi mafululeti a tsamba lathyathyathya, pomwe mu dzungu la nati, mgawo pakati umawoneka bwino pamasamba. Ndipo masamba a dzungu lopindika kolimba amawakutira ndi mulu wowuma, wofumbwa.
- Zipatso za maungu olimba-ndi maungu akulu-zipatso zambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena lalitali, ndipo mbewuzo zimakhala pakati pazipatso.
- Mu dzungu looneka ngati peyala, mnofu umakhala pafupifupi kuchuluka konse kwa chipatso, ndipo pali mbewu zochepa, ndipo ziyandikira kumapeto.
Wopangidwa ku Russia komanso padziko lonse maungu amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe akukwera kapena chitsamba. Komanso, gulu lambiri maungu maungu, monga pachithunzichi, limaphatikizapo zukini, zukini, ndi sikwashi, wodulidwa pachomera zaka 6 mpaka 14 masiku.
Ndiye ichi kapena mtundu wa dzungu wabwino? Kodi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi otani? Kumvetsetsa mitundu yonseyi kumathandiza mitundu ya zithunzi ndi mitundu ya maungu.
Dzungu lalikululo lokhala ndi zipatso (Cucurbita maxima)
Dzina la dzungu lamtunduwu limadzilankhulira lokha.
Maungu osiyanasiyana maungu-akulu-zipatso amakhala otchuka pakati pa akatswiri alimi padziko lonse lapansi, koma makope odziwika bwino amatha kupezeka pokhapokha ngati nyengo yotentha yayitali. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, kulemera kwa maungu kumafika ma kilogalamu mazana angapo, ndipo mitundu ya gourmet imadziunjikira mpaka 15% shuga.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti Cucurbita maxima anali dzungu lofalitsidwa kwambiri m'dziko lakwawo, Peru, komanso kum'mwera kwa USA, Bolivia ndi India, komwe mitundu yambiri yosangalatsa ya komweko idapezeka. Chochititsa chidwi ndi maungu akuluakulu opangidwa ndi zipatso zazikulu, zamtundu womwewo, zimawoneka ndi mawonekedwe, mitundu ndi kukula kwake. Pamodzi ndi mbewu zazikulu, pali mauvuni omwe amapereka zipatso zochepa kwambiri, ngati dzungu lakufotokozeralo, pachithunzichi.
Woyimira wamkulu wa mitundu yayikulu-zipatso m'mabedi aku Russia atha kudziwika ngati dzungu lodziwika bwino ngati "Hundred pound", omwe pachithunzichi amakula mpaka makilogalamu khumi ndi anayi mumsewu wapakatikati, ndipo m'malo otentha amakondweretsa nzika za chilimwe ndi zipatso 35-50 kg. Mitundu ya maungu imasiyanitsidwa ndi khungwa loonda la lalanje, zamkaka zachikasu za lalanje ndi kukana matenda wamba azikhalidwe.
Mwa otulutsa zikuluzikulu okhala ndi maungu a mitundu "Titan" ndi "Merchant", omwe sanalole wamaluwa kwa zaka zambiri.
Koma wosakanizira "apongozi anu" adangowonekera kumene m'minda yamasamba, koma adadzikhazikitsa kale ngati mbewu yotulutsa zipatso zambiri yomwe imabala zipatso zolemera 20 kg. Ma zamkati zotumphukira zoterezi ndizopezeka mu carotene, zimakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino ndipo sizitaya nthawi pakusungika kwakanthawi.
Tumpkin Yovuta (Cucurbita Rero)
Dzungu limakulitsa mtunduwu lidapezedwa ndi amitundu aku India ku Central America ndipo lakhala imodzi mwazomera zodziwika bwino kwambiri m'derali.
Chomera cha masamba chaka chilichonse, chomwe masiku ano chikuyimiriridwa ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu ndi mitundu, chimadzalidwa kulikonse kuchokera kumwera kwa Mexico kupita ku zigawo zapakati pa United States. Pachikhalidwechi palinso mbewu zomwe zikukwera komanso zitsamba, ndipo gawo lina la ma subspecies ndi maungu okongoletsa, monga chithunzi, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chokongoletsera mundawo ndi mkati.
Cucurbita pepo, monga mtundu, imagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo yodziyimira payokha, pakati pake: dzungu lowiritsa, zukini ndi squash.
Dzungu lolira lophika lidatchedwa dzina chifukwa cha matalala owala, omata kwambiri, amalimba ngati zipatso zimacha. Uwu ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri m'minda ya ku Russia, koma okonda maungu akuyenera kudziwa kuti zamkati mwa zipatso zamtunduwu ndizovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chake muyenera kusankha mitunduyi kuti muzilima mosamala. Masiku ano, okhalamo a chilimwe amapatsidwa mitundu yambiri yosangalatsa ndi maungu, omwe mwa iwo mumapezeka zachilengedwe komanso mawonekedwe.
Dzungu loyambirira louma lolira la "Spaghetti" limacha masiku 65-80 ndipo nthawi yakula limapanga chomera cholimba kwambiri chomwe chimakhala ndi zipatso zowola za chikasu kapena utoto wa kirimu. Kulemera kwa dzungu kumayambira 800 mpaka 1.5 makilogalamu, koma gawo lalikulu la mitunduyo limabisidwa pansi pa khungwa lolimba. Uku ndi zamkati yowutsa mudyo yomwe imadzisungunula payokha, mawonekedwe ake omwe adapatsa dzinalo mitundu. Kutsekemera kwa dzungu ili, pachithunzichi ndi kocheperako, koma zosiyanasiyana zimakondedwa ndi anthu azomera zamasamba komanso odzipereka zakudya zabwino kuti adye mwayi wodya phwando la "pasitala" wachilendo.
Amazon ndi mtundu wakucha wazungu womwe phindu lake limakhala ndi zipatso zazing'ono zolemera kilogalamu imodzi. Pulogalamu yamawalanje amadzimadzi amadzimadzi ndi shuga ndi carotene, yofunikira kwa chakudya cha ana ndi zakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu yobala zipatso imatha kutchulidwa kuti ndi maungu azitsamba ndi mabowo achidule, osakhazikika bwino.
Dzungu la gymnosperm limayenereranso kusamalira wamaluwa. Ili ndi nyengo yapakatikati, yopanga mbewu yokhala ndi zopweteka zazitali mpaka ma 5 metres. Kulemera kwa dzungu limodzi ndi makilogalamu 3-5, zamkati ndi lalanje, friable.
Chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe ndi mbewu zotsekemera zamafuta wopanda mafuta. Dzungu lomwe lili pachithunzichi ndi lolephera, koma silingasungidwe kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa choopsa cha kumera kwa mbewu mkati mwa chipatso.
Mitundu yamtundu wowuma kwambiri ya maungu "Osekerera" imalekerera chisanu mosavuta, imakololedwa ndipo imakhala yamtengo wapatali monga gwero la zipatso zotsekemera zonunkhira ngati vwende weniweni.
Zitsanzo za mitundu ya maungu zamtchire ndizo squash ndi squash zomwe zimalimidwa m'munda uliwonse, komanso zukini zomwe zimadziwika lero ndi zipatso za mithunzi yonse yachikasu ndi yobiriwira.
Dzungu la Nutmeg (Cucurbita moschata)
Msuzi wa squcat amatha kutchedwa wokoma kwambiri kuposa mitundu yonse yobzala. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti mbewu za chikhalidwe ichi zidapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja pakafukufuku wamakedzana ku South America.
Malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha morphological, mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a masamba, masamba ndi maluwa, dzungu limakhala pakati pa Cucurbita maxima ndi Cucurbita pepo. Koma zamkati yazipatso pakuwoneka ndi kulawa ndizosiyana kwambiri, chifukwa pafupifupi zimakhala ndi shuga 11.5%, zimakhala zonenepa, zamafuta ndipo zimanunkhira kosangalatsa.
Zowona, ndizovuta kwambiri kukulitsa zipatso za dzungu la nutmeg kuposa kukhala ndi zipatso zazikulu kapena kulimba. Zomera zimafunikira kutentha ndi chinyezi, ndipo mitundu ya maungu ndiyapakati pa nyengo kapena mochedwa. Padziko lapansi pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya dzungu la nati. Koma otchuka kwambiri ndi maungu owoneka ngati peyala, chifukwa cha kukoma ndi mawonekedwe a zamkati amatchedwa "butternut" - batala nati.
Kwa okhala chilimwe ku Russia, obereketsa amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yozizira yamtunduwu, kubweretsa zipatso zotsekemera mu masiku 90-120.
Mitundu yoyambirira ya nutmeg squash "Mace a shuga" ikukwera mbewu zomwe zipatso 8 zomwe zimalemera kuchokera pamodzi ndi theka mpaka kilogalamu ziwiri zimatha kukhwima nthawi yomweyo.
Chodabwitsa cha mitundu ya maungu, monga pachithunzichi, ndi mawonekedwe achilendo chipatsocho, ndikucha kwawo posachedwa. Pulamu yotsekemera ndi yowutsa mudyo, yokhala ndi carotene, mavitamini ndipo itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga timadziti, chakudya cha ana ndi mitundu ina ya zofunikira
Wotulutsa dzungu "Pearl" wakucha patatha milungu itatu. Zipatso pamenepa zimakhala ndi dzungu looneka ngati peyala ndikufika kulemera kwa 3-6 kg. Lapulasitiki yotsekemera ya lalanje imakhala ndi shuga ndi carotene yambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale oyenera kwa ana komanso zakudya zamankhwala. Zomera zimalekerera nthawi yabwino, ndipo zipatso zimatha kukhwima muzipinda.
"Pineapple" mtedza wa nati ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa wapakatikati wokhala ndi ziphuphu zazitali ndi zipatso zooneka ngati zipatso za peyala zolemera mpaka 2,5 kg. Makungwa a maungu amitundu iyi, monga pachithunzichi, amakhala ndi zonona kapena chikasu, ndipo thupi limatha kudziunjikira mpaka 10% shuga. Dzungu la mtundu wa nutmeg ndilosinthasintha ndipo limaletsa matenda.
Pumpkin Leafy (Cucurbita ficifolia)
M'nkhalango ya Peru ndi dziko lanyumba ndi mtundu wina wa dzungu, lomwe, mosiyana ndi mbewu zomwe zafotokozedwa kale, ndi chikhalidwe chamuyaya.
Kunja, dzungu lobiriwira, pomwe mawonekedwe oyera ozungulira amatha kuwoneka bwino, amawoneka ngati chivwende chosapsa pamtundu wodula. Chipatso chowola kapena chodumphira cha dzungu lamasamba chimakhala ndi mnofu woyera kapena wamkasu wonunkhira komanso kukoma. Mbewu zimafanana ndi mavwende okhala ndi mawonekedwe komanso chipolopolo chakuda. Zomera ndi zamphamvu, kukwera, mphukira payokha zimafikira kutalika kwa 10 mita.
Maungu obiriwira amtunduwu amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zakudya zam'mbali zam'madzi, omwe amathandizidwa ndi kutentha kwawoko, ndipo okhwima ndi omwe amapanga zida zapa confectionery ndi zakumwa zoledzera. Ngakhale kuli kotentha kotentha, dzungu lamtunduwu, monga chithunzi, limakula mosavuta ngakhale kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo.
Wax Gourd (Benincasa hispida)
Maungu obiriwira amtunduwu amadziwika okha ku Southeast. Koma lero, mitundu yoyamba ya maungu yamtundu wa Benincasa hispida idawonekera ku Russia. Zipatso za mthunzi wobiriwira wakuda zimakhala ndi makungwa owala osawoneka bwino, kukhudza ofanana ndi sera.
Mtundu wamafuta a Chengzhou umabala zipatso zomwe zakonzeka kukolola patatha masiku 125-130 mutabzala. Maungu amapsa pamiyendo yayitali yamphamvu. Kulemera kwa chipatso chilichonse kumafika pa 6-15 kg, ndipo kutalika kwake ndikutali 25 mpaka 50 cm.
Mthunzi waukulu wamkati wa dzungu lamtunduwu ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamafuta owiritsa, othandizira kapena okazinga. Pazifukwa zofunikira kwambiri, amagwiritsa ntchito maungu onse obiriwira omwe sanapeze zipatso zakupsa. Pakucha, dzungu limapeza shuga wambiri, koma silingafanane ndi dzungu la nati. Koma phala la sera ndi cholembera chifukwa cha moyo wa alumali. Popanda kutaya mtundu, zipatso zimatha kukhala zaka 2-3.
