"Mabelu anga, maluwa opondera ..."

Dongosolo la botanical kwa Campanula belu ndi kuchepa kwa mawu omaliza achi Latin ndi Italy akuti campana, belu lopangidwa ngati corolla la maluwa. Chifukwa chake Russian belu dzina belu, lozikika mu Russian botanical nomenclature.

Anthu amakonda duwa nthawi zonse, monga zimawonekera ndi mayina achikondi omwe adapereka malo osiyanasiyana: mbadwa, kabichi, belu, chenille ... Ndipo malinga ndi chikhulupiriro chodziwika bwino, amangoitana kamodzi pachaka - usiku wamatsenga usiku wa Ivan Kupala.

Campanula cochleariifolia. © Hans Hillewaert

Bell (Campanula) - mtundu wazomera za herbaceous zokha kuchokera ku banja la Bellflower (Campanulaceae).

Zimayambira ndi zosavuta kapena nthambi kuchokera 5 mpaka 150 cm wamtali. Masamba amakonzedwa motsatizana, nthawi zina amatenga sokosi. Mantha inflorescence, nthawi zambiri mtundu wa genemose, m'mitundu ina, maluwa amakhala amodzi. Corolla-ofanana ndi belu, wooneka ngati belu, woboola pakati, wowoneka ngati belu, wosachepera - lathyathyathya ndipo pafupifupi owoneka ngati gudumu. Zipatsozo ndi bokosi. Mbewu zambiri, zazing'ono, zikumera mpaka zaka 4. Mu gramu imodzi mpaka 6000 mbewu.

Mothandizidwa ndi mabelu kuti masamba azitha kusunga nthawi yakula, mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imatha kukhala yobiriwira nthawi yotentha, ndiye kuti, masamba awo (masentimita regrowth) amayamba nthawi yotentha pamtunda wa + 5 ° C, ndipo umatha chisanu choyamba.

Gulu lina la mitunduyi ndilobiriwira nthawi yachisanu, izi ndi mbewu zomwe zimatha kusunga masamba pachaka chonse, ndiye kuti, kuyambira chipale chofewa mpaka matalala. Ngati mbewu zotere zimasunthidwa m'chipinda chofunda kugwa, ndiye kuti amasunga masamba obiriwira nthawi yonse yozizira, ndikuphuka mu Epulo. Izi ndi, mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya ku Mediterranean - ma buluu, pakati, wankhondo, gargan; - kapena mitundu ya Caucasus - mabelu a Kemularia ndi Radde. Mitunduyi imatha kutsimikiziridwa ngati chipinda chosungika, ndipo belu lapakati limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholimira ndikudula.

Kukula

Mabelu sakuchepetsa dothi, koma amakula bwino akamalima bwino, kukhetsedwa, komanso chakudya chokwanira m'zakudya kapena dothi lamchere pang'ono. Ndizofunikira kuti malowa adasungidwa bwino mothandizidwa ndi ngalande zamadzi kapena mapaipi amadzi, chifukwa mabelu samaloleza kusayenda kwamadzi nthawi yachisanu, mizu yawo imavunda ndikuwundana. Simungawabzalire m'malo omwe anasefukira ndi mvula kapena madzi akumwa.

Campanula persicifolia peach tsamba. © Takashi .M

Dothi lodzala mbewu limakonzedwa pasadakhale, kukumba masentimita 30 mpaka 40 ndikuchotsa namsongole mosamala. Mchenga ndi peat zimawonjezeredwa ndi dongo lolemera komanso dothi loamy. Ma dothi awa ali ndi michere yokwanira, kotero feteleza amayenera kuyikamo zochepa. Dothi lomasuka koma lonyowa losauka, dothi lamtundu wa peat, peat, humus kapena dothi lazinyalala liyenera kuwonjezeredwa. Peat yatsopano ndi manyowa sizitha kuyambitsidwa, chifukwa izi zingayambitse matenda obwera.

Pankhani yacids acid, mitundu yambiri imamera bwino pamtundu komanso pang'ono zamchere, ndi mitundu yokhala ndi ndevu ndikudula mabulosi - m'nthaka ya acidic pang'ono. Mitundu yamapiri yomwe imamera mwachilengedwe pamiyala yamiyala imafunika dothi lamchere, motero ndibwino kupangira malo musanabzalire (mabelu atatu a mano, Osh, Kemularia ndi ena).

Chisamaliro

Chapakatikati, masika asanayambike, mbewu zimafunikira kudyetsedwa ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni, ndibwino kutsanulira manyowa ndi phulusa pansi pa tchire (kutengera 400 g pa 10 m²). Asanakhale mphukira, kuphatikiza feteleza wa NPK wocheperako (10-15 g / m2²) ndizothandiza. Mu theka loyambirira la chilimwe (maluwa asanakhale), kudula pang'onopang'ono ndikumasulira nthaka ndikofunikira.

Mabelu ambiri mumsewu wapakatikati amatha kuthirira popanda kuthirira; nthawi zowuma, amathiridwa madzi pang'ono. Chosiyana ndi mitundu yamtchire ndi ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja (ma bulugulu, malo obisika, okhala, Takeshima). Mabelu onse samalolera kusayenda kwamadzi. Mukachotsa maluwa osweka ndi maudzu owuma, mutha kukulitsa maluwa.

Mphukira zokhala ndi maluwa osiyidwa kuti zisonkhanitsidwe zimadulidwa pomwe mabataniwo amabooka, koma mapepalawo asanatsegulidwe (apo ayi mbewuzo zimatsikira pansi). Chakumapeto kwa Seputembala - koyambirira kwa Okutobala, zimayambira zonse zimadulidwa.

Mabelu amawaika mu kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira. Kumayambiriro kwamasamba (chipale chofewa chikasungunuka), ndikotheka kusamutsa mabelu ndi mizu yamphamvu (mabelu otambalala, odzaza, ndi zina). Mabelu okhala ndi mizu yopanda mizu bwino amatengedwa bwino mu Meyi pamene nthaka ikula. Mu nthawi yophukira, ndibwino kuti muchite izi kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - koyambirira kwa Seputembala, kuti mbewu zikhale ndi mizu isanayambe chisanu.

Mitundu ina yokhala ndi compact, mizu yopanda mphamvu imatha kutsegulidwa mu nthawi yonse yokulira, ngakhale maluwa. Zomera ziyenera kulowetsedwa ndi dothi lalikulu lapansi kuti livulaze mizu pang'ono momwe mungathere, ndipo ndibwino kuthira bowo lokonzedweratu musanabzike (mabelu a Carpathian, ozungulira, polymorphic, luciferous, Gargan, medium, etc.).

Bell Carpathian (Campanula carpatica). © daryl_mitchell

Mitundu ya kumwera kokha (mabelu Gargan, piramidi, pakati, etc.) amafunika malo okhala okhala ndi nthambi za spruce kapena masamba owuma. Mutha kuwaza mbewu zazitali ndi peat youma kapena humus yokhala ndi masentimita 15-20, koma osapitirira apo.

Kuswana

Kufalikira kwa njere, kugawanika kwa tchire, magawo a mizu, mizu, mbadwo wobiriwira. Njira zakulera zimatengera zikhalidwe za mtunduwu, mawonekedwe ake. Chifukwa chake, mitundu ya pachaka imabereka kokha ndi njere, zamitundu mitundu - mwa mbewu ndi masika odula. Pakati pa zipatso zosatha, pali zina zosasunthika mosakhazikika - izi ndizomera zokhazikitsidwa ndi mizu yomwe imabereka kokha mwa njere. Vegetatively osagwira - lalifupi-rhizome, kufalitsidwa ndi mbewu, kugawanika kwa chitsamba ndi kudula wobiriwira. Vegetatively motile - yaitali-rhizome, stolon kupanga ndi mizu yophukira, kufalikira ndi mbewu, kugawanika kwa chitsamba, muzu ana, zigawo za ma rhizomes, kudula wobiriwira.

Kufalitsa mbewu. Zipatso (mabokosi) a mabelu amasonkhanitsidwa zikakhala zofiirira, koma mpaka ma pores atsegulidwa. Pambuyo pometsa mabokosi, mbewu zimadzitulutsa yokha kudzera m'matumba otseguka. Mbewu za mabelu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono, choncho asanafesere zimatha kusakanikirana ndi mchenga wosambitsa kapena choko chophwanyika. Mbewu zingafesedwe mwachindunji mu nthaka (kasupe kapena nthawi yophukira) kapena mbande zokhazikitsidwa kwa iwo ndikubzala m'munda wamaluwa ndikutentha. Mabedi okhala pansi ayenera kukonzekereratu. Pofesa masika, zitunda ziyenera kukonzekereratu. Dziko lapansi liyenera kukhala lovomerezeka komanso lokwanira bwino.

Bzalani mwapamwamba kapena bwino kwambiri. Mbewu zofesedwa imakutidwa ndi mchenga wowonda. Chapakatikati, mbewu zimafesedwa mu Meyi, m'dzinja - theka lachiwiri la Okutobala. Mbewu zofesedwa kasupe zimamera m'masiku 10-12. Zomera za nthawi yozizira zimaphukira masika otsatirawo, patadutsa milungu iwiri nthaka itasokonekera ndikuwotha. Mphukira imadulidwa, ndipo chitawoneka chachitatu, amatsika ndikuwunika patali la 10cm kuchokera patali. Kufesa mbewu nthawi yachisanu isanachitike osati m'mabedi, koma m'mabokosi okhala ndi nthaka yachonde. Kwa nyengo yozizira, mabokosiwo amakumbidwa m'mundamo, yokutidwa ndi zojambulazo. Chapakatikati, filimuyo imachotsedwa, ndipo mabokosi amawombera dzuwa lowala. M'mwezi wa June, mbande zimakhazikika m'mabedi, pomwe zimakula mpaka nthawi yotsatira masika, zikabzalidwa pamalo osatha m'munda wamaluwa.

Kukula mbande mu wowonjezera kutentha, njere zofesedwa mu Marichi mumabokosi a dive. Mabokosi ali ndi zosakaniza zamasamba azaka ziwiri kapena malo a sod ndi mchenga ndi kuwonjezera kwa ma peated, peat wabwino. Feteleza zachilengedwe siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mphukira nthawi zambiri amawonekera patatha masiku 10-15, amakwiriridwa, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa June, mbande zimabzalidwa pansi.

Belu limayenda ngati chimanga (Campanula latifolia). © peganum

Kufalitsa kwamasamba imakupatsani mwayi kuti mudze mbewu zomwe zimabwereza molondola zinthu zonse za amayi. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa mitundu iwiri ndi ya terry yomwe sinabala zipatso, ndi mitundu yakumwera ya mabulosi, mbewu zomwe sizipsa munthawi zathu. Zomera zimagawika ndikuziika nthawi zambiri mchaka cha 3-5 zamasamba, komabe, mabelu ena, mwachitsanzo, tsamba la pichesi, mangamanga, Takeshima, mabelu odzala, rapuncoel, amatha kugawidwa mu yophukira chaka choyamba cha maluwa.

Tchire limagawidwa kumayambiriro kwa Meyi kapena mu Ogasiti, kuti mbewu zimakhala ndi nthawi mizu isanayambe chisanu. Gawani chitsamba: chophukacho chimakumbidwa, nthambi za mlengalenga zimadulidwa, ndipo ndi mpeni kapena fosholo amadulidwapo magawo ogawanika. Gawoli lirilonse liyenera kukhala ndi mizu komanso kubadwanso kwatsopano kwa impso. Umu ndi momwe mabatani ambiri, glaucoma, masamba osagwirizana ndi mabelo ena amagawika. Gizome kugawanika: Rhizome wakumbidwa: kabowo kamakumba kogawika kamakhala kogawika ndi masamba angapo opangidwanso ndikubzala m'mipanda yopanda malire kuti masamba opatsidwanso ali pamlingo wa nthaka (mabelu a rapunceiform, scaphoid, peach-leaved, Kemu). . Ana obzala amapatulidwa ndi mayi chomera limodzi ndi mizu ndikuziika m'munda wamaluwa. Umu ndi momwe mabelu am'mene amafalira, Takeshima ndi ena. Mphukira zazing'ono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podula.

Mitundu

Belu la Carpathian (Campanula carpatica) yogawidwa pamiyala yopanda kanthu mu lamba wapamwamba wa rop ya Europe. Ili ndi mizu yoyera. Zimayambira 20 mpaka 40 cm, zambiri, zowongoka, zopangika, zimapanga chitsamba. Masamba ataliitali, owumbika mtima; basal - mpaka 5 cm, tsinde - yaying'ono. Maluwa ndi amodzi, akulu, mpaka 3 cm mulitali ndipo mulifupi mwake, abuluu. Limamasaka kuyambira kumapeto kwa Juni - koyambirira kwa Julayi mpaka pakati pa Seputembala. Maluwa ndi ochulukirapo. Mbewu zipsa mu Ogasiti - Okutobala, zimakhala ndi kumera kwakukulu (mpaka 90%). Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodzilimbitsa.

Bell Carpathian (Campanula carpatica). © Pony Lauricella

Campanula trachelium Amakula makamaka m'nkhalango zopanda mitengo. Kugawidwa ku Europe, Western Siberia, North Africa. Belu la tsamba la nettle limatchulidwanso kuti belu lalikulu, boron, khosi la pakhosi, zilonda zapakhosi ndi udzu wothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito pochiritsa zilonda zapakhosi. Masamba ndi mizu yake amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu saladi, ndipo masamba achichepere amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga msuzi wa kabichi.

Campanula trachelium © Peter Hanegraaf

Campanula cochleariifolia imapezeka pamiyala yamapiri ku Europe. Mtundu wocheperako, wowoneka ngati ulusi wokhala ndi mitsitsi 10 mpaka 18cm umakhala wopindika mosalekeza. Masamba ndi ochepa, obiriwira opepuka. Maluwa ndi oyera, amtambo, othimbirira, mpaka masentimita 1, omwe amasonkhanitsidwa m'makola otayirira. Limamasula kuyambira pakati pa Juni mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, maluwa ndi zipatso zambiri. Kudzidalira kumatha. Zokongoletsa mpaka nthawi yophukira.

Campanula cochleariifolia. © Udo Schmidt

Milkflower Campanula latifolia amakhala m'nkhalango kumtunda ndi kumadera akumapiri a Caucasus ndi Asia Minor. Chomera chotalika (60-100 cm) burashi ndi nthambi yolimba kwambiri kumtunda. Maluwa ndi mainchesi 3 cm, kuyambira oyera mpaka lilac mu utoto, ophatikizika mu inflorescence yotchuka ya piramidi, yowerengetsera mpaka maluwa 100. Limamasula mu June ndi Julayi kwambiri, mu Ogasiti mbewu zambiri zimapangidwa.

Belu limayenda ngati chimanga (Campanula latifolia). © peganum

Campanula persicifolia - Chomera cha mitengo ndi nkhalango m'mphepete mwa Europe, Caucasus ndi Western Siberia. Phesi lamphamvu lokwera 60 mpaka 100 masentimita limakwera kuchokera pachithunzi cha masamba oyambira pakati pa chilimwe, lokhala ndi laling'ono, kuposa rosette, masamba obiriwira okhala ndi masamba obiriwira. Tsinde limatha ndi burashi wamaluwa amtambo kapena oyera. Corolla ya duwa ndi belu lozungulira, 3 - 3,5 cm. Pali mitundu yaminda yamaluwa ndi maluwa a terry. Belu limamasula kuyambira Juni pafupifupi nthawi yonse yachilimwe. Pa mphukira zokha, zipatso zimayikidwa - mabokosi omwe ali ndi mbewu zambiri zakupsa mu Ogasiti-Sepemba. Kudzidalira kumatha. Kutalikitsa nthawi ya maluwa ndikusunga kukongoletsa, mapangidwe a mbewu saloledwa, kuchotsa maluwa okhazikika, ndikusiyanitsa mitundu yotsalira ndikusiyidwa ngati mbewu. Mwana.

Bell Pozharsky (Campanula poscharskyana) - chomera chamiyala yam'mwera ku Europe, Balkan. Amapanga pilo yolimba ndi kutalika kwa 15-20 masentimita kuchokera pamasamba owoneka ngati mtima komanso maulendo angapo. Maluwawo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a belu lozungulira, pafupifupi wooneka ngati nyenyezi, wowala ma buluu. Limamasula kwambiri kuyambira Julayi mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Mu Ogasiti-Sepemba, mbewu zimacha. Pachikhalidwe, mitundu yambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito yomwe imasiyana mu kukula kwake kwakukulu kwa chomera chonse, komanso mtundu wa corolla.

Blauranka - mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, yolimba, 20cm kutalika, ndi maluwa abuluu opepuka omwe sataya kukongoletsa kwawo. Ndizoyenera kumera komanso kumera pamakonde.
Zomera zosiyanasiyana E. G. Frost kukhala ndi kutalika kwa 15 cm, duwa loyera ndi maso amtambo;
Lisduggan - kutalika 20 cm, duwa la lavenda-pinki,
Stella - 15 cm kutalika, duwa ndi lalikulu, looneka ngati nyenyezi, lalac yakuda.

Matenda ndi Tizilombo

Mabelu samawonongeka kawirikawiri ndi matenda ndi tizirombo. Komabe, ndikulima kwanthawi yayitali m'malo amodzi m'nthaka, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono titha kudziunjikira, ndikupangitsa kufa kwa chomera. Bowa lomwe limawononga kwambiri ndi Fusarium, sclerotinia, botritis. Kuthandiziridwanso kawiri (kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira) ya dothi ndi malo a mlengalenga mwazomera ndi 0,2% yankho la baseazole kuthandizira kuchotsa matenda. Mwa tizirombo ta mabelu munyengo yonyowa, ma penbies otsogola amawoneka, ndipo pansi pa mitundu yophatikizidwa ndi masamba ochulukirapo - slugs. Njira yothamanga kwambiri yochotsera slugs ndikuthandizira ochepa superphosphate omwazikana pamunsi pa tsinde, kapena kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi decoction ya kapisamu, komanso kuchokera ku penbbery penny - kulowetsedwa kwa adyo.

Gwiritsani ntchito

Yokhazikika, kapena tapeworm (lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chifulenchi - "wosungulumwa, wodzipatula"). Chomera chodzalidwa chokhachokha, kuti chikope chidwi, chizikhala chachikulu, chokhala ndi masamba okongola, maluwa ndi inflorescence, pachimake kwanthawi yayitali ndikukhalabe chokongoletsera. Pa udzu, pafupi ndi dziwe, pa foloko panjira, mutha kudzala zitsamba zobiriwira zokhala ndi mabulosi otambalala okwanira 1.5 m, mabelu amiyala, piramidi komanso pichesi zamiyala yoyera kapena yamtambo.

Kuchokera kumbuyo kwa masamba amdima a mitengo ndi zitsamba, chitsamba choyenda cha mkaka-belu wamaluwa okhala ndi mitundu yambiri yowala ya lilac, maluwa owoneka ngati belu, osonkhanitsidwa mumaluwa obiriwira otumbuluka, belu lapakati, lofanana ndi maluwa a pinki, abuluu, oyera kapena abuluu, omwe masamba amakhala osawoneka. Ndizosangalatsa kutchera kamodzi ndi belu la chithokomiro.

Magulu. Umu ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wamabzala osatha. Mabelu ataliatali otambalala azikongoletsa udzu uliwonse, mbewu zazitali zimatha kukhala mawonekedwe osintha kuchokera kumitengo yopangira mitengo kukhala udzu, komanso mitundu yoleketsa mthunzi, monga belu, ukonde, pichesi, anthu odzala, rapuncoelose, yotakata, yoperewera. Gululi siliyenera kukhala lopangidwa mozungulira, ndibwino kulikonza ngati gawo lachilengedwe lopotoza bwino. Kuchulukana kwa mbeu m'gulululi kumadalira mitundu.

Mabelu apamwamba (buluu-wachiwongola, wobiriwira wamkaka, tsamba loyera, phokoso lalitali, lalitali-lalitali, mabelu a rapunceloid) amawokedwa m'magulu otayirira (mtunda wa 45-60 masentimita) kuti atukuke bwino komanso kuti azikongoletsa kwambiri; wamtali wamtali - 25-30 masentimita kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake kapena mbewu 6-12 pa 1 m², ndikuzunguliridwa - mpaka 20 mbewu pa 1 m². Zomera zamagulu zimatha kupangidwa ndi mtundu umodzi, ndipo mabelu onse ndi oyenera m'magulu okongola a monophonic.

Magulu ochulukirapo amapangidwa kuchokera ku mabelu amitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ili ndi maluwa osiyanasiyana. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mabelu m'magulu osakanizika ndi ma perennials ena (lichenis, trollius, chamomile, ndi zina), koma posankha mbewu, ndikofunikira kuganizira kutalika, nthawi yamaluwa, mtundu wake ndi mawonekedwe a maluwa ndi masamba, chizolowezi.

Kuchotsera kwamaluwa (kuchokera ku Germany. Rabatte - "kama" ndi Mzere wautali kapena "riboni" wambiri) wokhala ndi mbali zofananira). Zomera zobzalidwa m'mizere yayitali yofanana kapena yosasanjika. Ikani rabatki pa udzu, m'njira ndikuwasunga makhoma kapena nsanja. Amatha kukhala amodzi-mbali imodzi komanso mbali ziwiri, amodzi osakwatira komanso osiyanasiyana. Pa mpanda wokhala ndi mbali imodzi, mbewu zazitali zimabzalidwa pambali yakutali (mabelu ndi akulu, Bologna, pyramidal, wideleaf, milky-flowered, nettle-leafed, dahlia, etc.), otsika ali pafupi ndi kutsogolo (mabelu a Carpathian, Altai, Siberian, kupatuka, malire amalire, Gargan ndi ena. ) Mutha kubzala mbewu pang'onopang'ono mpaka kutsogolo, ndiye kuti kuchotsera kumakhala kofikira. Ngati maziko ali zitsamba kapena poyambira mbewu zokwera, ndiye kuti kuchotsera kungakonzedwe ndi mbewu zazitali kwambiri, monga bulibell, adyo-leaved, ooker wotumbululuka, Sarmatia, Hofmann, woboola pakati, wokhala ndi miyala yambiri.