Hazel grouse, kapena fritillaria (Fritillaria) ndi herbaceous perennial chomera, yemwe ndi membala wa banja la kakombo. Mitundu iyi imaphatikiza pafupifupi mitundu pafupifupi 150. Kuthengo, mbewu zotere zimapezeka m'malo otentha a Northern Hemisphere, ku West kapena East Asia. Duwa la fritillary limachokera ku Chilatini kuchokera ku mawu akuti "fritillus", omwe amatchedwa galasi poponya miyala. Chowonadi ndi chakuti maluwa a hazel grouse ndi galasi iyi ndi ofanana kwambiri mawonekedwe. Dzina loti hazel grouse limachokera ku liwu loti "pockmarked", lomwe mu Russian limatanthawuza "motley".
Mawonekedwe a hazel grouse
Zomera zoterezi ndizofanana ndi kanjedza kakang'ono, pamwamba pake pali maluwa ooneka bwino. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "mtengo wa paradiso." Kuphatikizika kwa babu kumakhala ndi miyeso ingapo yocheperako komanso yotakata, yomwe imasinthidwa chaka chilichonse. Ma ntchentche anyezi pamababu sapezeka, chifukwa chake, ngati agwiridwa mosasamala, amatha kuvulala mosavuta. Pa tsinde lomwe limakhala ndi masamba pali mitundu yambiri ya masamba oblong-lanceolate kapena ochepa mizere, omwe amwazika kapena kuwomba. Maluwa oboola amatha kukhala payekha kapena kukhala gawo la inflorescence wooneka ngati panicle kapena ma umbrella, womwe umawoneka wochititsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha mtundu wautoto wofiirira wa perianth, wofiira, wachikaso kapena oyera. Zomera izi ndi ephemeroids, pamunsi mwa masamba aliwonse pali masamba, omwe ndi ozungulira, ozungulira kapena kupsinjika kwapang'onopang'ono. Chipatsocho ndi bokosi lam mbali isanu ndi umodzi, mkati mwake momwe muli mbewu zambiri, imatha kukhala lopanda mapiko kapena mapiko.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya hazel grouse yokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Kugawidwa kwa hazel grouse sikophweka, koma ntchito zonse zobisika izi sizofunikira kuti munthu akhale wosamalira dimba. Pansipa pali chithunzithunzi cha mitundu ndi mitundu yotchuka yazikhalidwe. Zomera zoterezi zimagawidwa m'magawo 6.
Gawo I Eufritillaria
Muli magulu anayi. Mu gawo ili muli mitundu yokha yomwe kwawo ndi Mediterranean, Western Europe ndi Western Asia. Galeta la hazel ndiye woimira kwambiri gawo lotere: lakhala likukulidwa kuyambira 1572, lidatchulidwa choncho chifukwa mtundu wa maluwa ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wakuda. Chitsamba chimafikira kutalika kwa 0,35 m.Maluwa opindika ngati belu ndi osakwatiwa, kawirikawiri maluwa awiri amatha kukula. Ali ndi utoto wofiirira komanso mawonekedwe a cheke. Zomera zoterezi ndizosavomerezeka ndipo zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ndi minda:
- Aphrodite ndi Alba ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi maluwa oyera;
- Artemis - mtundu wa maluwa ndi utoto wonyezimira;
- Jupiter - ali ndi maluwa akuluakulu ofiira akuda.
Akadali m'gulu lamtundu monga: Caucasian hazel grouse, chess-phiri, Mikhailovsky, singano-petared, chikasu, ndi zina.
Gawo II Petilium
Mulinso mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yobadwira ku Turkey, Turkmenistan, Western Himalayas ndi Northeast Iraq. Royal grouse imayesedwa ngati woimira kwambiri gawo lino (lero limatchedwa impouse grouse). Mtunduwu umachokera ku Turkey, udayambitsidwa kumayiko aku Europe mu 1580, pakadali pano pali mitundu 20. Mbali yodziwika bwino yamtunduwu ndi fungo losasangalatsa lochokera ku mababu, tsinde lomwe kutalika kwake limatha kufika pafupifupi 100 cm. Pokhala ndi masamba azamba owala ndi lanceolate. Danga lamaluwa owoneka ngati bulu limakhala pafupifupi masentimita 6, amapaka utoto wa lalanje, pali mitsempha ya bulauni pamtunda, ndipo pansi pamakhala chidutswa cha mtundu womwewo. Mitundu yotchuka:
- Aurora. Chitsamba chotsika chimatha kutalika mamita 0.6 okha.
- Lutea ndi Lutea Maxim. Mtundu wa maluwa ake ndi achikasu- golide. Kutalika, tchire limatha kufika 1 mita ndi 1.2 m, motsatana.
- Sulferino. Izi ndi njira yapamwamba. Pamaso pa maluwa a lalanje pali mauna ofiira.
Komanso mu gawo ili ndi hazel grouse Radde ndi hazel grouse Edward.
Gawo III Theresia
Pali woimira m'modzi m'gawoli, yemwe ndi wa ku Persia, yemwe kwawo ndi ku West Asia.
Gawo IV Rhinopetalum
Gawoli lili ndi mitundu yochokera ku Afghanistan ndi Western China, monga: hazel grouse, awiri-maluwa, Kamchatka ndi ena. Mitundu yotchuka ya hazel grouse yokhudzana:
- Kutalika kwamphamvu. Kutalika kwa tchire ndi pafupifupi mamitala 0.6. Pamaso pa maluwa obiriwira pamakhala mitundu ya maolivi.
- Wayne Roderick. Pulogalamu yotereyi idapangidwa ndi obereketsa ochokera ku China. Maluwa amapaka utoto wamtundu wa emerald, nsonga zake zimakhala zobiriwira, pali zizindikiro zofiirira kapena zofiirira zakuda.
Gawo V Korolkowia
Mugawo lino pali mitundu 1 yokha - grouse Severtsov. Chomera ichi ndichopezeka ku Central Asia (kuthengo chitha kukumana pamenepo).
Gawo VI Liliophiza
Gawoli limaphatikizapo zowonera kuchokera ku North America. Mwachitsanzo, hazel grouse: chitsamba kutalika kwa pafupifupi 0.15 m, maluwa ataliatali achikasu pamtunda wamkati amakhala ndi utoto wawung'ono wakuda. M'mayiko a ku Europe, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha kukongoletsa malo obiriwira.
Kukula grouse m'munda
Ikufotokozedwa pansipa momwe mungakulire m'munda wa impitillaria, wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa, kaya ndi wachifumu kapena korona wachifumu. Pakati patali, mbewu yotereyi idayamba kubzala kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 16, koma mpaka lero, anthu ambiri olima masamba amabisa chinsinsi cha ulimi wake. Chowonadi ndikuti ngakhale akuyesetsa ndikuyesayesa kuti akweze chiphuphu chovunda chotere, nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi maluwa konse.
Kutuwa mu grouse yachifumu kumayamba nthawi yomweyo chivundikiro cha chisanu chisungunuke. Maluwa ake a lalanje kapena achikasu a mandimu, omwe amakhala pamiyendo yayitali, amawoneka modabwitsa. Zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi maluwa aliwonse a masika. Mu babu imodzi yayikulu, ma peduncle awiri amakula nthawi zambiri, ndipo mababu atsopano amawonekera pansi pawo. Ponena za ana, mtunduwu umatulutsa ochepa kwambiri, mogwirizana ndi izi, mitengo kwa iwo m'masitolo apadera ndiwokwera kwambiri.
Zomera zoterezi, zimalimbikitsidwa kusankha malo amadzuwa, koma zimatha kudalidwa m'malo otetezeka. Nthaka yoyenera iyenera kukhala yonyowa pang'ono, yopepuka komanso yokhala ndi michere. Chomerachi chimafunikanso kukhetsa bwino madzi.
Kubzala grouse
Nthawi yobzala
Pambuyo pa nyengo yokulira mu grouse, mababu awo amachotsedwa mu dothi ndikuwasunga m'chipinda chotsegukira komanso chouma. Sungani mpaka mizu yake itakula. Izi zikangochitika, mababu ayenera kubzalidwa panthaka. Monga lamulo, nthawi yofikira imagwera masiku omaliza a Ogasiti kapena woyamba - Seputembala. Mukamasungidwa, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mababu oterowo alibe ziphuphu zodzitchinjiriza, chifukwa amatha kuzimiririka mwachangu. Pankhaniyi, simuyenera kugula zinthu ngati izi kubzala kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, chifukwa, makamaka, mababuwo ndi owuma kale ndipo sangapereke kutulutsa. Zikakhala kuti mulibe nthawi yoti mubzale grouse panthaka panthaka, ndiye kuti mababuwo akhoza kupulumutsidwa ndikuwayika pa shelufu ya firiji (m'chipinda chamasamba), atawabisa kale m'manda mu peat wonyowa. Ngati mutadzala maluwa mochedwa kuposa masiku omaliza a Seputembala, ndiye kuti konzekerani kuti kasupe wotsatira sangakhale wotulutsa. Asanabzike, mababu amayenera kutsukidwa mu njira ya potaziyamu, kenako owazidwa pang'ono ndi makala osweka.
Zowongolera
Choyamba muyenera kukonzekera malowa. Ndikofunikira kukumba, ndikumawonjezera humus kapena peat m'nthaka. Ngati dothi ndi lolemera, ndiye kuti lingathe kuwongoleredwa ndikuyika mchenga. Komanso chomera ichi chidzakhala chothokoza ngati mutayambitsa phulusa kapena laimu m'nthaka. Kuzama kwa pansi kuchokera pansi ndi awiri diameter wa bulb (pafupifupi 20-25 sentimita). Pansi pa dzenje lokonzedwa liyenera kuphimbidwa ndi mchenga. Ngati dothi lili lolemera, peat yonyowa imatengedwa m'malo mwa mchenga. Pambuyo pake, ikani mababu pansi ndi pansi pansi. Mizu ikatha kuwongoka pang'ono, bowo limadzaza ndi dothi. Wina sawona njirayi osati ikamatera, koma kumuyika.
Zosamalidwa
Chipewa cha hazel chimadziwika chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo, chifukwa chake chisamaliro chimachotsa kwa nyakulayo nthawi yayitali komanso khama, izi, zimachitika pokhapokha ngati sasamala maluwa. Kukula maluwa oterewa ndikulimbikitsidwa kwa oyambitsa maluwa. Komabe, ngati mukufuna chitsamba cha hazel grouse nthawi yamaluwa kuti chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri momwe mungathere, ndiye kuti muyenera kuchita khama panokha.
Ngati nthawi yachilimwe yauma, ndiye kuti grouse adzafunika kuthiriridwa. Nthawi yomweyo, kumbukirani kuti kuyanika kwambiri dothi pamalowo sikuyenera kuloledwa. Maluwa awa akamaliza nthawi yokulira, adzafunika kuthiriridwa kamodzi pakatha masabata awiri kapena anayi, chifukwa mababu sayenera kukhala panthaka youma mopitirira muyeso. Komanso, munthu asayiwale kuvala zovala zapamwamba pa nthawi yake ndi feteleza wouma. Chovala choyambirira chapamwamba chimachitika mchaka chachitatu cha Epulo, chifukwa cha ichi, osakaniza michere amagwiritsidwa ntchito, wopangidwa ndi 1 ndowa ya humus yosakanizidwa ndi 1 tbsp. l nitrofoski ndi gawo lofanana la "Agricola" pazomera zotulutsa maluwa, ma kilogalamu 4-5 osakanikirana amatengedwa pa 1 lalikulu mita, ndikugawidwa pamwamba pa mundawo ndi wosanjikiza 40-50 mm. Chovala chachiwiri chapamwamba chimachitika pambuyo poti grouse itatha, chifukwa izi, feteleza wouma wabalalika pamalowo, motero, pa 1 lalikulu mita, tengani 1 supuni yayikulu ya potaziyamu sulfate ndi superphosphate. Kenako malowa ayenera kuthiriridwa madzi.
Nthawi iliyonse chomera chikadz kuthiriridwa, udzu umayenera kuchotsedwa pamalowo. Kutsegulira nthaka sikuyenera, chifukwa mizu imatha kuvulazidwa; m'malo mwake, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mudzaze pompopompo mutabzala ndi phulusa lochepera la nkhuni, kenako mulch ndi humus kapena peat, pomwe makulidwe ofunda ayenera kukhala 30 mm.
Zifukwa zoperesa maluwa
Pali zifukwa zingapo zosowa maluwa:
- Nthawi yachilimwe inayamba kukhala yosaphika kapena yabwino. Kukumba pambuyo pa maluwa a mababu, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muwatenthe mwachangu ndipo muyenera kuchita izi musanadzalemo dothi lotseguka.
- Anyezi wochepa kwambiri. Zikakhala kuti mulitali wa babuyo safika 50 mm, ndiye kuti maluwa sangachitike, popeza mphamvu zake zonse zidzaloledwa kumanga misa.
- Grouse wakula nthawi yayitali kwambiri m'dera lomwelo. Zikatero, ngati simukumba mababu, ndiye kuti amagawanika, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri voliyumu. Pa chifukwa ichi, mababu apakatikati ndi okulirapo ayenera kukumbidwa, pambuyo poti grouse itazimiririka, ndipo m'dzinja akabzalanso, ndiye kuti nthawi yophukira itaphuka.
- Mababu omwe anali pamtunda anaikidwa m'manda molakwika. Ngati mababu abzalidwa pafupi kwambiri ndi dothi, amatha kusamala kwambiri ndi nyengo zoyipa, chifukwa chake amatha kuwola chifukwa cha mvula yambiri kapena amatha kuwonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha chisanu. Mababu atabzidwa kwambiri, amatha mphamvu zambiri pakumera ndi kupulumuka.
- Dothi lolakwika. Ngati dothi ndilopepuka kwambiri, limazizira kwambiri dzinja. Madzi ambiri amadziunjikira m'dothi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zowola zizioneka mababu. Sankhani nthaka yoyenera kubzala ndipo musaiwale kupanga ngalande yabwino.
- Nthawi yozizira imakhala yozizira kwambiri ndipo ndiyopanda chipale. Chifukwa cha izi, mababu amangozizira. Kuti mupewe izi, muyenera kupanga pabwino pabwino nthawi yozizira. Kuti muchite izi, tsamba limakutidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa mulch (humus kapena peat), makulidwe omwe amatha kuyambira 10 mpaka 20 sentimita.
- Mbale zikafa, thumba losunga mazira limasungidwa. Ngati simungaphwanye thumba losunga mazira nthawi yonse, babu lidzakhala lotanganidwa ndi chitukuko chake, osati ndi chake, chifukwa chake silikhala ndi nthawi yokonzekera maluwa.
Kuswana kwa grouse
Wamaluwa, monga lamulo, amatengera njira yazomera yophukira hazel grouse, ndiyo kugawa mababu. Nthawi zambiri babu lalikulu la nyumba yachifumu limapatsa ana aakazi ochepa okha. Dziwani kuti njira yolerera imeneyi imachedwa pang'ono, popeza ana opatukana amakula poyera zaka zingapo asanayambe maluwa. Komabe, njira yobadwirayi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kudalirika komanso kuchita bwino.
Ngati mukufuna, mutha "kukakamiza" anyezi wamkulu, kupanga mwana. Anyezi akakumba m'chilimwe, muyenera kusankha wamkulu kwambiri komanso wathanzi. Tengani chida chosawilitsidwa ndipo m'chigawo chambiri kwambiri cha bulb chitani chopanda chopendekera, chomwe m'mimba mwake chimayenera kukhala 20 mm. Chilondacho chimayenera kuwuma m'malere popanda kulandira chithandizo. Kenako imayikidwa mumchenga (nthawi zonse yoyera ndi youma) ndikutsukidwa m'chipinda chowuma bwino. Atazika mizu m'masiku omaliza a Ogasiti kapena oyamba - Seputembala, adabzala pabwalo, m'mbuyomu ankapatsidwa mankhwala owononga. Thumba losunga mazira lonse limachotsedwa, chifukwa chomeracho chimayenera kuwononga mphamvu pokhazikitsa ana. Mukachotsa babu pansi, samalani kwambiri, chifukwa ana aang'ono ndi ovuta kuzindikira.
Grouse itha kudulidwa kuchokera kwa njere kokha ndi akatswiri omwe ali pamakampani ogulitsa.
Guzani pambuyo maluwa
Maluwa atatha, kwa nthawi yayitali grouse amasunga kukongoletsa kwawo chifukwa cha kubiriwira koyipirako, koma pakuyamba kwa Julayi adzaleka kukopa kwathunthu. Kukumba kwa mababu kuyenera kuyamba masamba atasanduka chikasu ndikuwuma. Komabe, simuyenera kuzengereza kukumba, chifukwa panthawiyi mababu amatsutsidwa ndi tizirombo tina tosiyanasiyana.
Anakumba anyezi ayenera kutsukidwa ndi mamba owuma, kutsukidwa ndi madzi ofunda ndi kumizidwa kwa mphindi 30. yankho la manganese potaziyamu pinki. Kenako, ngati pangafunike, mawanga owola kapena kuwonongeka kwina kumadulidwa. Ndikofunikira kuchitira zinthu zodulidwa ndi fungicide ndikuwazaza ndi phulusa. Kenako mababu amayikidwa m'chipinda chouma bwino, kuti mabala awo aziuma.
Momwe mungasungire mababu
Kusunga mababu, muyenera kusankha chipinda chowuma bwino momwe sichotentha kuposa madigiri 30. Adzakhala komweko kuyambira masiku oyamba a Julayi mpaka omaliza - Ogasiti, mpaka mizu idzaonekere. Ndikofunikira kuwayendera pafupipafupi, zomwe zimalola kuzindikiridwa kwa mababu odwala kapena owola nthawi yake.
