Wodziwa ndipo akuyamba kubzala mbewu wamaluwa ndipo wamaluwa akudziwa bwino kuti gawo lalikulu la kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu zonse ndikumwetsa madzi nthawi zonse. Ili ndi gawo lofunika posamalira maluwa ndi mbewu zina zambiri. Kumbali ina, palibe chovuta pantchito iyi. Koma kumbali ina, pali malamulo ambiri ndi njira zothirira pa kanyumba kamadzilimwe, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri ntchito ya wosamalira mundawo ndikuyipangitsa kuti izigwira bwino ntchito.
Chifukwa chake, chinyezi monga zakudya ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa mbeu pamtunda wabwinobwino. Chifukwa chake, kunyalanyaza iliyonse ya mfundozi kumapangitsa ntchito ya wolima dimba kukhala yopanda ntchito. Koma ntchito yothirira mwanzeru komanso kudya zakudya zotheka ndi yotheka.
Kutsirira kolondola kwa dimba komanso kanyumba
Wamaluwa ndi wamaluwa ayenera kudziwa ndikuwona kuti kuthilira mbewu m'mundamu ndizofunikira kuti:
- Nthaka inali yonyowa nthawi zonse;
- Mofanananso pakuya kwa mizu;
- Chinyezi chikhoza kukhala chokhazikika m'malo mopumpha chifukwa chothirira mwadzidzidzi ndi chilala;
- Madzi othiridwa sayenera kutayika, koma ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbewu;
- Kutsirira sikuyenera kumangiriza nthaka ndikuwononga kapangidwe kake;
- Ndikofunika kuti madziwo asazizire kwambiri, ndipo kutentha kwa dothi kulibe;
- Zitha kukhala zothandiza kwambiri ngati chakudya chimaperekedwanso ndimadzi.
Kuthirira dimba koteroko nkolondola, kwachilengedwe, kwamkati, ndipo sikugwirizana ndi kuthira madzi m'nthaka yopanda dothi.
Chakudya chizikhala:
- Yoyenerera pakupanga;
- Yotsimikizika bwino ndi kuchuluka;
- Ikani nthaka panthaka zomwe mbewu zimatha kuzichita bwino - ndiko kuti, pakakhala chinyezi, kapangidwe kake ndi tizinthu tating'ono;
- Mu nyengo iliyonse, zakudya siziyenera kuyipitsa nthaka: acidize, mchere, etc.
Zakudya zotere zimapangidwa kokha ndi nthaka yokhayo.
Masamba amasintha 400-800 kapena magawo amadzi ambiri kuti apange gawo limodzi louma. Awa ndi pafupifupi malita 20 mpaka 40 kuti apange 1 makilogalamu aiwisi yobiriwira, pomwe zipatso nthawi zambiri siziposa theka. Mu steppe yakummwera ndi Chernozemye, madzi oterewa amapezeka m'zaka zabwino zokha.
Panthaka yopanda pulatifomu, ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi mpaka asanu am'madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zomwezi ndi kuthilira m'mundamo, makamaka panthaka lotentha nyengo yotentha: chidebe, chothiriridwa pamtunda umodzi wa dothi lokumbidwa, chimanyowetsa dothi ndi masentimita 3-4 basi. Madzi onsewa amawuluka tsiku loyamba, ndikawuma mu mphepo - mu maola 2-4. M'malo mopatsa chinyezi mizu, wosamalira mundawo akuwoneka kuti akuthirira mpweya.
Ndikusanduliza madzi, mbewuyo imazizira masamba. Mphepo, imapezekanso kawiri kapena katatu ndi madzi ambiri, ndipo padzuwa - kwambiri, apo ayi masambawo amayamba kuzimiririka ndi kutenthera. Chomera sichofunikira kutulutsa madzi owonjezera.
Momwe mungamwetsere mbewu mdziko muno komanso m'munda
- Apatseni kaboni dayokisaidi ndi madzi;
- Kuchepetsa kuchepa mphamvu.
Ndikofunika kuti timvetsetse osati momwe mungathiririre bwino mbewu za m'munda, komanso momwe mungawathandizire, ndipo ayenera kupanga mtundu wofatsa. Dulani mphepo zam'chilimwe pobzala malamba owirira. M'mundamo, dzalani zomera za chimanga, chimanga, nyemba, nzimbe: zimafooketsa mphepo komanso mbali zina za dzuwa. Valani mabedi a phyto ndi maukonde oteteza. Kudekha kumathandiza kupulumutsa mbewu pang'ono theka la madzi omwe amafunikira. Ndipo gwero lokhalo la mpweya woipa padzikoli limakhala lamoyo nthawi zonse. Sangosunga ndi kudziunjikira chinyezi, komanso kubwezeranso mpweya wawo wonse kuzomera.
Chinyezi ndi kuthirira sizofanana kwenikweni. Kuphatikiza apo: kuthilira nthaka pafupipafupi ndi chizindikiro chakuti palibe amene amasamala chinyezi. Mwachilengedwe, chinyezi cha dothi chimadziunjikira, chimapitilira, ndikuchulukirachulukira m'njira zonse zomwe zingatheke.
Dothi la Bare, lotseguka dzuwa, limatentha mpaka 60-65 C, motero limapangitsa mbewu kutuluka nthawi 4-5 kuposa zofunika.
Mphepo youma imathandizira kuyanika kwamthaka, komanso kutulutsa madzi osabereka nthawi 4-6.
Chinyezi chonse chimalowa pamalowo chifukwa potsetsereka, kufalikira kwa dothi komanso chifukwa cha kulima kwakokha kumatayika kwa mbewu.
Komanso, mukathirira chiwembu, muyenera kukumbukira kuti ndowa yamadzi yothiriridwa pamtunda wa dothi louma imalowerera masentimita 1-3 okha. Mukutentha, madzi onsewa amawuluka mlengalenga maola angapo.
Mulch ndi makulidwe a 5 masentimita limachulukitsa chinyezi chambiri cha chilimwe.
M'dothi lamapangidwe, mame amakhazikika pansi pa mulch, kuchuluka kwa chilimwe komwe kumatha kubwezeretsa mvula.
Zoyenera kuthirira mbewu za m'munda
Kuti kuthirira kwa mbewu za m'munda kukhala zolondola ndikubweretsa phindu lalikulu pazomera, ndikofunikira kupanga zina:
- Mulch. Mulch imaperekanso chinyezi pansi; kudumpha kwa chinyezi kumathetseka bwino kwambiri; chinyezi chadothi pansi pa mulch ndi 3-4% kuposa; palibe kutumphuka panthaka; kufinya (kupuma) kwa dothi pansi pa mulch kumakhala lokwera kawiri; kapangidwe ka ntchito yozungulira (porosity, amatha kuyamwa ndikudutsa chinyezi) ndiwokwera kasanu. Zonsezi zimatsogolera kukuwonjezereka kwa nitrization: pofika nthawi yophukira, pansi pa mulch, kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, komanso kanayi kawiri pa nyengo. Kuphatikiza apo, mulch dampens namsongole. Kutsiliza: kuthirira popanda mulch ndi ntchito yopanda zipatso.
- Chepetsa malowa kuti amwe madzi.
- Kuthirira moyenera m'mundamo mulinso mame obisika pansi panthaka, koma siolima ndi osamalira maluwa onse amene ali ndi malingaliro pa njirayi. Nthawi zonse pamakhala chinyezi chambiri kapena chocheperako, ndipo mpweya wofunda ukhoza kukhala ndi chinyezi chambiri kuposa kuzizira. Ngati mpweya wofunda uli ndi nthunzi yamadzi, ndiye kuti kuchepa kochepa kwambiri kwa kutentha kumapangitsa kuti mphamvuzi zizikhala mame. "Mame" - kutentha komwe mpweya wamadzi umasandulika madontho - kuyandikira kwambiri kwa kutentha kwa mpweya pawokha, ndikutentha kwake.
Pansi panthaka mame moyenera kuthirira mbewu zam'munda
Mukamaganiza momwe mungathiririre bwino mundawo, mlimiyo ayesetse kuti kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa mlengalenga ndi dothi lozama kuzikhala kofunika kwambiri. Izi zimapereka mulch wosayimira pamwamba. Kutentha kwamwambamwamba masana kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kutentha kwa mlengalenga. Zidutsa pakati pamtunda, mpweya uyenera kuzilimbikitsanso.
Ndipo popeza, malinga ndi akatswiri a zanyengo, pamtunda pomwe pansi pamakhala chinyezi, kenako, ndikalowetsa pansi kwambiri pamtunda, imatha kuwongoletsa mame ochulukirapo.
Kuwala kwamasiku ndi tsiku m'nthaka ndi mvula yomwe imagwa masiku otentha kwambiri ndikungowononga.
Musanayambe kuthirira kudzikolo, ndikofunikira kuti muyesetse kupanga zinthu kuti dothi lisonkhanitse mame. Kenako chinyezi chowonjezera cha nthaka sichingafunikire.
Zoyenera Kututa nthaka yamame:
- Channel-tubular permeable dongosolo - kotero kuti mpweya umadutsa mwakuya. Amapangidwa ndi mizu ndi mphutsi, ndikuwonongeka ndikulima ndi fosholo.
- Kukula, kuphatikiza kwa dothi lokha - kotero kuti chinyezi chikhazikike munthaka chikutuluka usiku mpaka chapamwamba, mpaka mizu yodyetsa ndi mabakiteriya othandizira, kukonza kwa nayitrogeni ndi ena.
- Dothi liyenera kukhala lozizira kwambiri kuposa mpweya. Kusintha kwa kutentha kumeneku kumapezeka, a) mulch lotayirira, b) kugwedezeka ndi mbeu.
- Onetsetsani kuti nthaka isasunthika nthawi zonse. Kubzala m'munda sikogwirizana kwathunthu ndi mvula. Ngakhale pamadothi ofanana ndi mvula yomweyo, zokolola zimasiyana kwambiri. Kodi chifukwa chake nchiyani? Choyamba, pamlingo wamdothi wamdothi. Mukufesa kwapang'onopang'ono, dothi limatentha, mpweya umakutidwa, ndipo mbewu zimakakamizidwa kuti zisungunuke nthawi 4-5 kuposa zofunika. Dothi silikudandaula ngati lisungunukiratu, popanda mipata. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mndandanda wa masamba obzala ndi 4. Ndiye kuti, pa mulitali wa dothi - 4 m masamba.
Chida chothirira minda ndi minda yazipatso - chingwe
Chingwe ndi chida chamakono chothirira m'mundamu, chomwe ndichimodzi mwachuma kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Kuthirira ndi chingwe ndichachuma kwambiri, koma kutali kwambiri ndi bizinesi. Zabwino kwambiri pazomera zazikulu mumphika, minda yachisanu, malo obiriwira ndi mbande za greenhouse. Kumapeto kwa mabedi kutalika kwake kosaposa 2 m (kapena 2 m), makontena 10 mpaka 20, amakumbidwa. Mutha kungochera mabowo ndikuphimba ndi zojambulazo, koma dziwe lotere liyenera kuphimbidwa mosamala kuti madzi asasunthike. Chingwe ndimtambo wopota, nsalu yopingasa yotalika masentimita awiri.Malembedwe a mtolowo amamizidwa m'madzi muli madzi, ndipo mtolo womwewo umayikidwa pabedi mpaka akuya masentimita 10-15.Gawo lotseguka limakulungidwa ndi filimu. Dothi lokha "limayamwa" chinyezi kudzera mu chingwe - capillary. Kupeza kwamadzi kumatengera kuuma kwa dothi komanso kutalika kwa chingwe. Kudzera mu 2 cm, bedi lonyowa lokwanira limatha pafupifupi lita imodzi patsiku. Pokhala ndi zingwe zazikulu zokulirapo, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kumakhala kwakukulu.
Zoyipa za chipangizochi chothirira mdziko muno zimaphatikizanso zakuti ziyenera kusinthidwa pachaka, madzi akufunika kutsanuliridwa, zitsime ziyenera kukumbidwa. Ubwino: ndikosavuta kudzaza akasinja, madzi amadzuka, dothi ndi mizu - mumayendedwe abwino amadzi. Zomera zokha zimatenga monga momwe zimafunikira. Ndipofunika kusankha nsalu yosavunda ndipo imayendetsa madzi bwino.
Momwe mungathiririre mbewu za m'minda kuchokera muli
Omwe alimi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito payipi kuthirira malowo ndi manja awo, poganiza kuti ntchitoyi ndi yabwino kwambiri. Koma sikuti aliyense akudziwa kuti iyi si mtundu wothiririra, popeza umagwirira bwino nthaka, imafuna kumasula, kuwononga kapangidwe ka chapamwamba, kumachepetsa kuphatikiza, kufinya ndi michere. Ngati kupanikizika kudakhala koyipa, kuthirirani kwa nthawi yayitali; ngati kuli kwamphamvu, kumawononga chilichonse. Kuti muwonjezere kuthirira kuchokera paipi, ikani chikwama cha zigawo zingapo pamapeto pake.
Ziphuphu zosiyanasiyana pa payipi kapena "mfuti" zothirira sizabwino kwambiri kuposa payipi. Amasansanso dothi, kuphatikiza njira zowaza: kuthinana kwamphamvu kwambiri. Zoyenera kukhala ndi udzu ndi maluwa mabedi, koma osati mundawo.
Kuchokera kuthirira, kuthirira mdziko muno kumachitidwa ndi manja anu, kumafanana ndi kuthirira kuchokera pamphuno yopopera madzi, koma kumawononga nthawi yambiri. Zoyenera minda yochepa kwambiri. Chowakakamiza kwa iwo omwe alibe madzi pawebusayiti.
Kuthirira ndi zotengera kumangofunika kwa iwo omwe alibe madzi odalirika. Kutsirira uku ndikophweka kwambiri mu chipangizocho. Monga tafotokozera kale, masentimita 70-80 aliwonse akuya masentimita 25-30, mabotolo akuluakulu azitali zisanu ndi theka amakumbidwa pansi. Pansi ndi m'munsi mwa akasinja mumakhomedwa ndi mpeni kapena awl m'malo 20-30. Kutsirira uku ndi kuwonjezera pa payipi. Nthawi zina mutha kuwonjezera dontho la feteleza waz micronutrient. Monga zingwe, kuthirira uku kumathandizanso kawiri pansi pa mulch.
Zipangizo zothirira madzi akumwa mdziko muno
Kuthirira madzi ndi chida chofunikira kuthirira minda ndi minda yakhitchini, kuwonjezera pa kupezeka kwamadzi kapena chidebe chachikulu chokwezedwa pamwamba pa dothi. Zabwino kwambiri komanso zomveka bwino masiku ano m'munda wamunthu wokhala ndi dongosolo lamadzi, chitsime kapena chosungiramo ndi pampu yopumira. Madzi amakhala otsimikizika, molunjika kumizu, mwachuma. M'minda yamafakitale, imaphatikizidwa ndi munthawi yomweyo michere ya michere yaying'ono yaying'ono. Kumwedwa ndikuwonongeka kwa madzi kumachepera katatu, ndipo mphamvu ya mayamwidwe ake imakhala yochulukirapo.
Anthu ambiri amatola kachitidwe kakang'ono koti kuthirira mbewu pa dacha: 300-500 mamilimita tepi pamabedi onse, ndipo kusamalira kachitidwe ndizochepa kwambiri: fyuluta yosavuta koyambirira koyambira ndikusamba mu kugwa. Kuthamangitsa ndikusonkhanitsa poyambira, pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolumikizana.
Makina a Tubular Drip amakhala olimba kwambiri kuposa machitidwe a tepi. Mafuta osinthika amatha kugwira ntchito zaka 4-5, ndi okhazikika - mpaka zaka 15. Amasonkhanitsidwa mosavuta, koma nthawi yozizira amayenera kuthana ndi dongosolo, kusungunula ndi kusunga timiyendo, kuwateteza ku mbewa.
Matipi okuthirira ali oyenera kuthirira moyenera mdziko muno, kuwonjezera apo, ndi otsika mtengo kwambiri, koma osakhalitsa. M'munda, ndizotheka kutaya. Tepi ya T-Tape ndiyabwino kwambiri. Amapangidwa ku France. Malo osungirako madzi awombelera kutalika kwake konse. Mu ola limodzi, mita ya tepi imatsanulira mpaka malita 10 a madzi. Nthawi yofunikira kuthirira ikhoza kutsimikizika mosavuta poyesa kusuntha mulch ndikuwunika chinyezi.
Zabwino za hoses "Mitsuko yagolide" - njira ina yothirira madzi osavulaza. Riboni wopingasa, woboola pakati kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba, umapanga mvula yocheperako, wogwira 4-6 m mulifupi.
