Tomato, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa lycopene ndi mankhwala ena omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri m'thupi la munthu, ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe sitingakhale nazo popanda. Ogwira ntchito zamaluwa azolowera kunena kuti thumba losunga mazira mu ubwana wawo lili kale kale, mbewuzo zikadali pamphukira, ndiye kuti zochepa kwambiri. Ndipo ngati azisamaliridwa bwino, ndiye kuti mwayi woti dzira limagwa mwadzidzidzi silikhala kochepa. Nanga pamenepa, nchiyani chomwe chingaoneke kuti chimapanga ovary pachomera cholimba komanso chathanzi?
Zipatso za phwetekere panthambi.
Chifukwa choyamba. Mthunzi
Mbande za phwetekere, komabe, monga mbewu zachikulire, zimafunikira kuwala kokwanira. Chilichonse ndichopepuka: popeza tsamba limakhala mbali ya dzuwa, limatenga nawo mbali panjira zovuta za photosynthesis, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mbewuyo imafunikira ndipo chomera chimamvetsetsa kuti chimatha kusunga michere yokwanira kudyetsa mazira.
Ndikofunika kuyika phwetekere pamthunzi, ndikuti, kusungira malo m'mundamo, kodi photosynthesis ingachedwe bwanji kapena kuima, mbewuyo imalira ngati - ikakhala kuti ilibe chakudya chokwanira kudyetsa mazira ambiri? Ndipo ayamba kuiponya m'modzimmodzi, kuyang'ana zomwe zatsala.
Chifukwa chachiwiri. Madzi ozizira
Chifukwa china chomwe zimapanga mazira a phwetekere kuti chitha kugwa ndi kuthilira ndi madzi ozizira kuchokera payipi. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri ku dachas: wamaluwa samadzafika kumeneko, amawona mapepala a phwetekere atakhazikika pansi, koma ndi maqanda owoneka ovuta, ndikuyesera kupulumutsa mbewu mwachangu, kulumikiza payipi ndipo nthawi zina nyowetsani nthaka pansi pawo.
Zotsatira zake, mbewu zimagwedezeka kwambiri. Izi zisanachitike, tomato adapulumuka, namanga mizu yofinya kwambiri pamizu, kuyesera kuyamwa gawo lililonse la zinthu zomwe zidasungunuka pazotsalira zamadzi, ndipo pomwe pano wolima mundawo adawadabwitsanso, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mizu yomweyi sinafe, mbewu idayimilira mu stupor, idaleka kuyamwa chinyontho ndipo idagwa gawo la thumba losunga mazira.
Ngati mukufuna kuthandiza tomato ndipo simukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ulimi wothirira wocheperako, womwe tidalemba pafupifupi nthawi chikwi chimodzi, musathamangire kuthirira. Choyamba thirirani mu mbiya yamadzi kapena thirirani madzi kuti kutentha kwa chipinda chidebe chosavuta, komanso mosamala, kuthira malita angapo pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse cha phwetekere, nyowetsani nthaka pansi pawo.
Kuthirira motere, simungalole kuti ovary agwe. Osamwetsa madzi kutalika kwa tsiku, nthawi yabwino kwambiri ndimadzulo kapena m'mawa kwambiri. Ndipo komabe: ngati palibe kuthirira kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo simukufuna kutaya thumba losunga mazira, ndiye musanamwe madzi, pang'ono pang'ono, kumasula dothi pansi pamtondo wa phwetekere, ndipo mutatha kuthirira, mulch ndi dothi loonda.
Kuthirira Tomato.
Chifukwa chachitatu. Mbewu Zoyipa za phwetekere
Ndikuwona chochitika chosangalatsa m'malo ambiri: agogo osamala, mosiyana ndi kukopa konse, sankhani nthangala zazikuluzikulu za F1 za phwetekere ndikumafesa njere mumiphika, kenako ndikabzala mbande za phwetekere pamalopo. Ingoganizirani kudabwitsidwa kwawo kuti mbewu zamphamvu komanso zokongola nthawi zina zimakhala zopanda mbewu, ndipo mazira amadzaza ena.
Chifukwa chonse pano sichikhala cha agogo, koma ma hybrids a F1. Ngati simupereka tanthauzo lalitali, ndiye kuti iwo (ma hybrids) adapangidwa kuti azigulitsa, kotero kuti wogula mchaka choyamba amalandila zokolola zabwino za zipatso za phwetekere, koma amapitanso nyengo yachiwiri kuti adzagule ma hybrids omwewo. Mwa njira, mbewu za phwetekere sizodula ndipo mbewu yake imadzilipirira yokha.
Chifukwa chachinayi. Kutentha konyentchera
Kutentha, kapena kusinthasintha kwake, kumatha kusintha kwambiri zokolola za phwetekere, ndikukupangitsani kutaya ena, ndipo nthawi zina kwambiri, pamimba. Kusintha kowopsa makamaka mkati mwa madigiri khumi mbali imodzi kapena ina.
Potseguka phwetekere, pang'ono zingachitike. Tinene, ngati usiku wozizira ukuyembekezeredwa, ndiye kuti mutha kupanga ma arcs wamba a waya wolimba ndikuwaphimba ndi zinthu zopanda nsalu kapena kupanga moto wamoto pamalowo. Mu wowonjezera kutentha, muyenera kukweza kutentha kwambiri - potentha kapena kutentha mabotolo amadzi kapena miyala mu wowonjezera kutentha. Ndikofunika kukweza kutentha mpaka madigiri 25-27 kuti mbewu za phwetekere zitheke ndipo saganiza zongotaya zipatsozo.
Zolondola, kuti thumba losunga mazira la mbewu za phwetekere likhazikike, ndikofunikira kuti kutentha mumsewu kapena malo otsekedwa usiku ndi + 15 ... +17 madigiri, komanso masana - + 23 ... +25.
Pamatenthedwe, zilibe kanthu kuti pakhale wowonjezera kutentha kapena kunja, chomera cha phwetekere chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kupumira, kutsitsa kutentha kwa thupi lake, chifukwa chake, mphamvu zochulukirapo ndizongotaya ndikungotaya ovary yambiri ndikusiya zipatso zochepa chabe za tomato , momwe akukhulupirira, amatha kudyetsa.
Kubzala tomato m'mabedi.
Nthawi zina zimabwera kwa opusa: madera omwe mtunda pakati pawo ndi ma mita ochepa chabe, tomato amawima ndikugwada kwenikweni pansi pa kulemera kwa ovary, ndipo chotsatira - zimayambira zimakhala zopanda kanthu. Pali zifukwa zambiri apa: mwina kuyandikana kwamadzi pansi, kuziziritsa nthaka komanso mthunzi wopepuka kwambiri, komanso kusowa kwa chakudya, komanso mawonekedwe amitundu, ndi zina ...
Nthawi yowopsa kwambiri yotaya thumba losunga mazira la phwetekere imawerengedwa kuti ndi nthawi yomwe, pambuyo poti kuzizira kwa nthawi yayitali, kutentha kwanyengo kwambiri mwadzidzidzi kumayamba. Zimapereka chiyani? Panthawi yotere, masamba a phwetekere amayamba kutuluka chinyezi kwambiri: m'nthaka mumapezeka madzi ambiri ndipo palibe poti angaikemo, ndipo mizu singathe kuthana ndi katundu wotere, samapereka mokwanira mazira omwe apangika, ndipo omaliza amaperewera.
Panthawi imeneyi, simungazengereze: mukaona kuti kutentha kwakutentha kuzizira kukutentha, ndiye kuti mbewu za phwetekere zokhala ndi mazira ambiri zimayenera kuthandizidwa mwachangu ndi ma immunomodulators monga Epina, Zircon, Tsitovita ndi zina. Mankhwalawa amatha kuthandizira kukula kwa mbewu zamasamba, koma osati ochulukirapo monga, akuti, kuchokera pakukhazikitsidwa kwa nayitrogeni, koma wokhoza kuchepetsa katundu pazomwe zimayamwa mizu komanso nthawi yomweyo kusintha zakudya zamasamba.
Nthawi yomweyo, mu wowonjezera kutentha, mpweya wabwino ungalimbikitsidwe ndikutsegula zitseko ndi mawindo, ndipo ngati palibe mbewu yomwe imamera mu wobiriwira, ngakhale kusanja kungapangidwe, tomato samawopa.
Tomato wamkulu mu wowonjezera kutentha.
Chifukwa chachisanu. Mavuto osokoneza
Monga mukudziwa, phwetekere ndi mbewu yodzipukutsira tokha, komabe, pamatenthedwe opitilira kutentha +36 ndi chinyezi choposa 68% sichimachitika kapena, monga akatswiri asayansi yotsimikizira, zipatso zomwe mulibe mbewu zimayikidwa, zomwe mbewuyo imazindikira kuti ndizopanda ntchito, sizitha kubereka ana, ndipo amangowachotsa pakugwetsa.
Ngati mukufuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kupukuta kwa tomato, ponse pa malo poyera komanso potentha, ngati kuli nyengo yabwino komanso yopanda mpweya, muyenera kupopera pang'ono mapepalawo, pomwe zikwapu zam'mera wa phwetekere zimalumikizidwa, ndipo mungu udzafalikira kunja kwa stamens ndi kugwera pa manyazi a pistils maluwa.
Pali nthawi zina pomwe nyengo imakhala yotentha kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo mungu wa phwetekere umakhala wowuma satha kuyipitsa. Pakadali pano, kuti palibe thumba losunga mazira lomwe limalandidwa nthangala, zomwe mbewu zimatsanulidwabe, ndikofunikira kuwachitira mwachindunji nthawi yamaluwa, m'malo obiriwira, poyera, ndi 1% wamba boric acid yovomerezeka mu ndowa, kusintha kawiri kapena katatu pa sabata.
Kuphatikiza pa boric acid, omwe, kale, ndi mankhwala achikale komanso osagwira ntchito, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito othandizira okhazikika a kukula ndi zipatso kukhazikitsa tomato - uyu ndi Gibberib (mwa anthu wamba otchedwa "Ovary") komanso "Bud" ndi ena. Kuphatikiza apo mankhwalawa amathandizira kuti pakhale dzira lodzaza, amathandizanso kukula kwake ndikukula pachomera mpaka nthawi yokolola.
Kupanga tomato ndi mankhwalawa ndimothandiza kwambiri pouma, lopanda mvula, nyengo ndipo mumawachita m'mawa kapena madzulo. Mvula ikagwa msanga mukatha kukonza, mankhwalawa amayenera kubwerezedwanso. Nthawi zambiri, thumba losunga mazira limalimba ndikuyamba kukula mwachangu popanda lingaliro lakukanani mkati mwa masiku angapo mutalandira chithandizo chotere.
Zipatso zosapsa za phwetekere.
Chifukwa chachisanu ndi chimodzi. Kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi
Inde, malamulo awa onse posamalira mbewu za phwetekere kuti azisunga mazira padzikoli ndiofunika komanso othandiza, pokhapokha ngati zinthu zoyambira, i.itrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, ndizokwanira m'nthaka. Ngati china chikusowa, mbewu za phwetekere zimva njala komanso kuyamba kuthira mazira.
Koma musaganize kuti ngati mutangogwiritsa ntchito feteleza waukulu wa feteleza, ndiye kuti mavuto onse anathetsedwa limodzi. Tiyeni tinene kuti asafe: ambiri amakhulupirira molakwika kuti ndi amene amayambitsa kukula ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwa ovary ndikuwathira kapena kuwatsanulira mu mawonekedwe osungunuka pansi pazomera zazikulu. M'malo mwake, akatswiri olima dimba omwe ali ndi phwetekere pakukula samalimbikitsa kuti kuwonjezera nitrogeni pouma kapena kusungunuka m'madzi oposa 9-11 g pa mita imodzi ya mabedi omwe ali ndi mbewu za phwetekere, ndizofunikira makamaka pakuyamba kwa budding.
Kuphatikiza apo, pofuna kupewa kutulutsa mazira ovomerezeka, mbewu za phwetekere sizikulimbikitsidwa kuti zizidyetsedwa ndi feteleza wa nayitroya chipatso choyamba chisanayambe kutsanulira pamalowo, makamaka, kufunsa kulowetsedwa kwa manyowa, ndowe za nkhuku, udzu kapena yankho la feteleza wa nayitrogeni aliyense.
Kuti chitsamba cha phwetekere chikule bwino, ndikupanga gawo lokwanira pamwamba ndi nthaka ndi muzu womwe umatha kuyamwa pazinthu zofunikira zipatso kuchokera panthaka, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito ndowe za nkhuku zomwe zimachepetsedwa maulendo 15 mu kuchuluka kwa malita 0,5 pachilichonse mwa masiku 30- 60 a kukula kwa chitsamba chitsamba.
Pali zovala ziwiri kapena zitatu zapamwamba kwambiri, sizivuta. Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito kusalala, koma kuyenera kuchepetsedwa osati kangapo 10, koma ka 10.
Thandizo labwino la potaziyamu (4-5%) ndi phulusa lamatabwa: nthaka itasungunuka ndikuthirira ikhoza kumwazika pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse cha phwetekere, chomwe chayamba kale kupanga phulusa, 70-80 g phulusa.
Zachidziwikire, osanyalanyaza kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wophatikiza: minyewa yaonekera - sungunulani supuni ya nitroammophoska mumtsuko ndikuwonjezera lita imodzi yothetsera chitsamba chilichonse.
Zipatso za phwetekere panthambi.
Chifukwa 7. Matenda ndi Tizilombo
Kalanga, popanda iwo, paliponse, ngakhale pamalo abwino, atha kuyambitsa zotumphukira zomwe sizingawonekere zokwanira. Koma pali zovuta zina - samalira kasinthasintha wa mbewu, manyowa nthaka moyenera, osakuthinitsa mbewu, kumasula dothi, madzi ndikofunikira, kudula masamba ang'onoang'ono kuchokera ku tomato, kusunga anthill kutali - kenako, ndizotheka kuti tizirombo ndi matenda zikudutsani.
Mu phwetekere, tizirombo timatha kuwononga njira zosiyanasiyana, zonse ziwiri mizu ndi malo apamwamba, motero kusowa kwa zakudya komanso kutaya kwa ovary yambiri. Nthawi zina wamaluwa pawokha amatsegula zitseko za mizimu yoipa yonse, monga kavalo wa Trojan, kutulutsa muluwo momwe mungakhalire china chilichonse, ngakhale chimbalangondo chomwe chija.
Zachidziwikire, mumakana, manyowa ndi olemera (makamaka mullein) okhala ndi nayitrogeni, ali ndi potaziyamu ndi phosphorous, zonse, mwazonse zofunikira pazakudya zachilengedwe. Tikugwirizana, koma palinso chimbalangondo, makamaka ngati munatenga manyowa pamalo omwe dothi limakhala lonyowa komanso lonyowa. Ali chigonere pamenepo, chimbalangondo chimatha kudziunjikira muluwo kwambiri. Chovulaza chochokera ku chimbalangondo ndichakuti chimadula mizu ya mbewu za phwetekere kapena chimakhudza, kusokoneza ntchito zofunikira zamimba, ndipo gawo la ovary limachotsedwa.
Mutha kuchotsa chimbalangondo chokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala osakanikirana ndi chimanga, chimanga, buledi, koma ngati mukumenyera nkhokwe zoyera, ndiye kuti chaka chilichonse gulani malo oti mufotokozere fosholo, sankhani chimbalangondo ndikuzitukwana kuti chisachitenso matenda!
Kupitilira apo, zingwe zamtunduwu zimakhalanso mlendo kapena manyowa mobwerezabwereza. Mawaya ndi mizu ya kuwonongeka kwa phwetekere, ndipo zimayambira ndi chomera alibe chochita koma kutaya gawo la ovary mwachiyembekezo chodyetsa china chake.
Apanso, ngati mumenya nkhondo mwamphamvu pachilichonse chodziwika ndikugula nsomba kokha malo ogulitsira, ndiye yesetsani kuluma mbatata zatsopano za mbatata pamalowo musanadzalemo mbande ya phwetekere, pafupi sabata, onetsetsani kuti mwayika malo. Mphepo yamanjenje imalowera mbatata ndipo imakhwinyata mbatata ndi makutu kumbuyo kwa makutu anu, ndiye kuti muigwira - kukumba pamodzi ndi tubers, ndipo ndani angadziwe bwanji, koma ine ndingakulangizeni kuti muviike chinthu chonsecho palafini.
Kwa iwo omwe sakuvulaza, koma kuthandizira umagwirira, tikulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ovomerezeka monga "Bazudin", ndipo mwa mawonekedwe ake osagwira. Ndikwabwino kuzisakaniza ndi mchenga wamtsinje kapena utuchi, ndipo musanadzalemo mbande za phwetekere, ikani supuni ya chisakanizo mumunsi - sipayenera kugwa ovary.
Kuchokera pamatumba obisika mobisa timatembenukira ena obisika kumtunda, nthawi zambiri amavulaza phwetekere ndikupangitsa kuti thumba losunga mazira lithe.
Tiyeni tiwonjezere: agulugufe, scoop ndi mbewa yoyera, ali pafupifupi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono ta phwetekere. Ma Scoops ndi owopsa kwa mbewu panthaka, ikumaikira mazira kuti mbozi zomwe zimatuluka m'madziyo ziziluma mazira nizizigwera pansi.
Gulugufe ndi amene amakhala alendo obiriwira, ndiwosangalala kuyamwa madziwo kuchokera ku mbewu za phwetekere zochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti phwetekere imasowa, ndipo pang'onopang'ono imayendetsa dzira lawo m'chiyembekezo chodzidyetsa zomwe zatsala. Pano, wowerengeka azitsamba sangafune kuthandizira, mbewu za phwetekere zimafunikira kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilomboto, onse asanaphukire komanso nthawi yomweyo atatha.
Malungo akangopezeka m'matumbo, mankhwalawo amayenera kuyimitsidwa, chifukwa poizoni amatha kudzikundana ndi zipatso. Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala ovomerezeka atizilombo potsatira malangizo omwe ali phukusi. Ngati mukufuna kukhala otetezeka, kuphatikiza pa mankhwalawa mutha kukonza misampha yolimba m'deralo, ndipo palibe amene amakana kutola mphutsi ndi mapena ndikugwera palafini, makamaka ngati malowa ndi ochepa.
Ikani pa chipatso cha phwetekere.
Kupewa kukhetsa ovary pa tomato
Chabwino, apa, pang'onopang'ono, mtundu, ndipo talemba zonse zomwe zingatheke kuti dzira la ovary limere pazomera za phwetekere. Tsopano, mwachidule momwe tingathere, pomaliza nkhani yathu tikufuna kukambirana za malamulo a kapewedwe, pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu monga kuthira thumba losunga mazira pa phwetekere, tsamba lanu ndi mbewu zanu zitha kudutsa. Sitibwereza za mtundu wobzala, kumasula ndi zina zonse zomwe tinakambirana pamwambapa, koma tiyeni tikambirane zatsopano.
Chifukwa chake, kumbukirani "nazale" - gawo la mbande za phwetekere: kumbukirani kuti simufunikira kuikankhira nthawi yomweyo kuchokera pawindo kupita kunthaka, mbande ziyenera kukhazikika. Nthawi zambiri mbande zimachitika m'mabokosi panja, pang'onopang'ono, kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri patsiku, ndipo zotsatira zake, zimasiyidwa tsiku limodzi. Inde, ngati matalala a usiku akuyenera, ndiye kuti mbande zikufunika kubweretsedwa ndikuthiriridwa bwino ndi mvula kapena kusungunuka kwa madzi kutentha kwa firiji.Zotsatira zake, kuumitsa kuyenera kukulitsidwa kwa masiku atatu kapena anayi, ndipo ngati nyengo ili yotentha, ndiye kuti isanu.
Mphindi yachiwiri: tikukumbukira kuti kusowa kwa feteleza wa mchere m'nthaka ndi koyipa ndipo kungapangitse kuti dzira lithe. Tomato amafunikira feteleza wa potashi, ndikofunikira kuti muziwayika mu mawonekedwe osungunuka muzowonjezera, makamaka mu mawonekedwe a potaziyamu sodium (osati chloride osati mchere wa potaziyamu!); ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito phulusa la nkhuni, ndiye kuti potaziyamu ndi 5% yokha, chifukwa chake silingaganizidwe ngati feteleza wamkulu wa mapulani a potash, ngakhale pali zinthu zambiri zokutsata phulusa. Ndikofunika kuyambitsa phulusa la nkhuni m'nthaka kuti limasulidwe pang'ono ndikuthiriridwa ndimadzi, kenako mulch pamwamba pang'ono ndi peat kapena humus, masentimita angapo wosanjikiza.
Mwambiri, potaziyamu amathandizira kwambiri kusakhazikika kwa mbewu za phwetekere, kumapangitsa kukoma kwa zipatso zake. Ndikofunika kuyikira feteleza wa potashi mu nthawi yophukira, ndikuti, pamalo omwe mukufuna kubzala tomato mu kasupe, ndiye kuti mu mawonekedwe omwe mungapezeke ndi mbewu ndipo zonse zikhala bwino. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ngati potaziyamu m'nthaka muli zinthu zambiri, ndiye kuti mbewu za phwetekere nthawi zambiri zimalekerera ngakhale zipatso za masika mopanda chisoni.
Kusintha kwa zipatso za phwetekere.
Timapitirira: komabe, pa gawo la mapangidwe a ovary, tomato amafunikira nayitrogeni. Kusankha kophweka ndikuthira mullein kasanu ndikuthira 0,5 l yankho pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse. Tanena pakupereka kuti nayitrogeni, phosphorous, ndi potaziyamu alipo kale mu mullein.
Ngati mullein mullein, ndiye kuti mutenge tiyi wobiriwira, magalamu 300, osataya ndalama, kuthira madzi otentha (malita khumi) ndikulola kuti atuluke kwa masiku atatu, kenako thirirani madzi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidebe chamtunda wa mita atatu.
Izi, kwenikweni, ndi zonse zomwe tikudziwa pakugwetsa thumba losunga mazira ku tomato, ngati muli ndi mafunso - lembani.
Mwa njira, kodi mumadziwa kuti kungodya tomato wothira mchere pamimba yopanda kanthu kumatha kupweteketsa m'mimba? Apa muli ndi masamba abwino. Ndikofunika kudya tomato mumasaladi, osakoma zonona wowawasa wowawasa kapena mafuta apamwamba a kashifuta, koma kumathira mafuta mowolowa manja, mwina osakoma, koma zowona - ndizothandiza.
