Chilungamo chokongola komanso chopambana

Kukongoletsa mwachilungamo kwamtunduwu, kubisa maluwa oyera oyera komanso masamba onse owoneka bwino kumapangitsa mbewuyo kukongola komanso mawonekedwe ena. Kufunafuna chisamaliro, koma osati chifukwa cha kukula, chilungamo chokongola-Jacobinia ndi imodzi mwazomera zodziwika bwino kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi masamba abwino ndi maluwa. Uku ndikulakalaka kosangalatsa kwa zipinda zokhalamo, zonena zanu zokha komanso zokongoletsa kwambiri zomwe zimawoneka zabwino chaka chonse.

Justice Brandege, Jacobinia Brandege (Justicia brandegeeana). © Jenifer Hanen

Kukongola kowoneka bwino komanso kwamtambo kwamaluwa

Chilungamo, chomwe chingakhale chifukwa chachikulu cha mikangano pakati pa alimi ndi asayansi, lero chingadzitamandire kuti chingakhale mwadongosolo, koma osati mzere umodzi. Ngakhale ambiri akupitilizabe kunena za kukongola uku ngati dontho loyera la perone, mayina "ovomerezeka" a mbewu izi ndi chilungamo (Justicia) ndi Jacobinia (jacobinia) Zomera, zomwe zimapezeka mchikhalidwe cha nyumba pansi pa mayina awa, nthawi zambiri ndizoyimira zamtundu wa chilungamo, Jacobines yoyenera sakhala wamba. Koma popeza chomera chilichonse chimakhala ndi dzina lofanana ndi mtundu "wapafupi", zikhalidwezi zimatha kutchedwa kuti chilungamo komanso Jacobin ndi ufulu wonse. Mwina m'tsogolomu, botanists athe kuthetsa chisokonezochi, koma lero Jacobin ndi chilungamo zikhalebe mayina ovomerezeka a chomera chomwecho. Pogula, onetsetsani kuti mwatchera khutu dzina la mtundu wina wa mbewu, osati dzina la "banja". Kupatula apo, mitundu ina imakhala yosiyana pamtundu wa maluwa komanso zofunikira nthawi yachisanu.

Maonekedwe achilungamo amatikumbutsa pang'ono za omwe amatchuka kwambiri pachaka omwe amakhala ndi inflorescence zachilendo, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mkati hop. Ngakhale mawonekedwe kukula ndi kubala chilungamo kumakhala kutali ndi zabodza. Izi zitsamba zaku South America zokhala ndi masamba obiriwira ndizofanana kukula: ngakhale m'chilengedwe, Jacobin sichidutsa 1.5m. , yokhala ndi m'mphepete mokongola, masamba athunthu. Mu Jacobinia wosiyana, mtundu wawo umachokera ku motley mpaka wobiriwira. Maluwa amodzi a tubular sakhala kwenikweni amitundu yamkati. Komwe kwakukulu maimidwe opendekera ndi ma symmetric inflorescence amapezeka kwambiri. Koma si maluwa omwe amawapangitsa kukongoletsa konse, koma mabulangeti omwe pafupifupi amawabisa kwathunthu: otalika, owala bwino, owoneka patatu kapena otayidwa ndi masamba, amapanga zodabwitsa kwambiri pazachilungamo, ndipo mwa ena a Jacobins anasonkhanitsidwa mumagulu odabwitsa.

Justice Brandegee (Justicia brandegeeana). © candiru

Chiwembu cha utoto wa Jacobin mwamwambo chimaphatikizapo mitundu yofiira, lalanje ndi yoyera. Koma kwa mitundu yambiri, mitundu yoyera-yoyera idalengedwa ndi kuyeserera kwa obereketsa, ndipo mwachilungamo, mtundu woyambirira ndi pinki yowala.

Ziphuphu zoyambirira zimakongoletsa mtengowu pafupifupi chaka chathunthu. Ndipo ndi nthawi yamaluwa, kukongola kwa chinyumba ichi chomwe chakhala chitsimikizo chachikulu cha kutchuka kwake lero. Kupatula apo, chilungamo sichimawoneka bwino, koma chimakonda chokongoletsedwa ndi inflorescence zapamwamba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zowona, maluwa oyera pawokha, obisika bwino ndi mabulosi, amatulutsa maluwa mwachangu, koma kuyambira kwa gawo la mapangidwe a zokolola sikukhudza kukongola kwa mabatani, omwe akupitiliza kumera kwa miyezi itatu.

Mitundu Yachilungamo (Jacobinius)

Chilungamo chimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yosangalatsa, ndipo ngakhale chomera chamkati chamkati chimaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa khumi ndi iwiri.

Woimira mabanja otchuka kwambiri amawonedwa kuti ndi Brandeji kapena Brandege chilungamo (Justicia brandegeeana) - mawonekedwe ake akufanana ndi chitsamba chobiriwira, chokhala ndi masamba obiriwira kwambiri kuyambira 40 cm mpaka 1m. Kutalika kwa mtengowo ndikosavuta kuwudulira, ndipo mukamagula toyesa, khalani okonzekera kukula msanga: m'malo a maluwa achilungamo, nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi zoletsa zapadera zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kukula. . Akuwombera pang'ono akuwombera. Mu chilungamo ichi, masamba ndi okongola kwambiri, ovoid, okhala ndi nsonga zolunjika komanso m'malire olimba, mawonekedwe okongola a mawonekedwe ake. Masamba amafikira kutalika kwa 7 cm.Maluwa oyera amabisika pansi pa broker achikaso, ofiira kapena ofunikira, ndikupanga makutu otupa a inflorescence mpaka 10 cm kutalika (pachimake kumapeto kwa nthambi). Mabakiteriwa ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi ma hop, amaikidwa mu mawonekedwe, ndikupanga kutulutsa kowoneka bwino kwamaluwa.

Justice Brandege. © 素珍徐

Njira zina zachilungamo zimasiyana pamtunduwu ndi masamba ndi maluwa:

chilungamo kapena nyama yofiyira (mangochin) maguwa amaimitsa mitengo yozungulira yooneka ngati mabulangeti, yonyezimira bwino kwambiri, yofiirira komanso yopanda nthambi, zazikulu (mpaka 20 cm kutalika) masamba;
Jacobin wa Gizbrecht (jacobinia ghiesbreghtiana) - chitsamba chachitali chokhala ndi mita chokhala ndi mphukira zokongola, masamba akulu achikopa amadzaza mpaka 10cm mpaka 5 ndi maluwa achikatikati a 2,5 osakanikirana ndi nkhwangwa za masamba, okhala ndi utoto wofiirira, chubu lalitali komanso logawika m'milomo yakumapeto ndi milomo yotsika;
chilungamo floribunda (Justicia Floribunda), tili ndi dzina lodziwika bwino Jacobini wotsika maluwa (jacobinia pauciflora) kapena Justice Rizzini (mangochin) - yotulutsa kwambiri, yosazizira, yotalika, pafupifupi 30-50 masentimita, yokhala ndi mphukira zokongola, masamba obiriwira mpaka 7 cm (masamba omwe ali pansipa ndi ang'ono poyerekeza ndi pamwamba pa mphukira) ndi maluwa apadera, ofiira Kutalika kwa 2 cm ndi chubu chamawonekedwe.

Chilungamo cha floribunda (Justicia floribunda). © clicrbs

Ntchito Yachilungamo Panyumba

Chilungamo, ngakhale olima maluwa osadziwa sangatchulidwe kuti mbewu. Amafuna kukonza pafupipafupi, osalekerera kuyanika kwathunthu kwa gawo lapansi komanso chinyezi chochepa. Kupatula kusamala ndi chidwi, palibe mavuto apadera omwe adzaperekedwa. Dziko la Jacobinia, lomwe m'maluwa mwake mumakhala maluwa ambiri, nthawi yachilimwe kwambiri, chilungamo komanso chofala kwambiri chidzadabwitsa "kudandaula."

Kuunikira kwa Chilungamo

Chimodzi mwamaubwino abwino achilungamo amayesedwa moyenera kutulutsa pachimake pafupifupi chaka chathunthu, ngakhale pang'ono pang'ono. Chomera sichikonda dzuwa mwachindunji, koma chimakonda kuwala kapena malo ocheperako pang'ono. Chifukwa chakuti chilungamo chitha kudzalidwa pang'ono, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokongoletsera zamkati, koma nthawi yotentha: nyengo yozizira, zokongola izi ziyenera kuwonetsedwa m'malo abwino. Amalekerera bwino kuwunikira, komwe kumakwaniritsa mawonekedwe owerengeka pang'ono. Ndipo ngakhale zomwe zili pazowunikira kokumba sizikhudza kuchuluka kwa maluwa.

Mukamakulitsa Jacobins nyengo yotentha panja, ndibwino kuti athe kupereka malo opanda mthunzi komanso kuteteza mbewuzo mosavutikira ndi dzuwa.

Kutentha kosangalatsa

Chilungamo cha kutentha sichikufuna nkomwe. Zomera zamakono zonse, nthawi zambiri zophatikiza zimamva bwino m'malo mchipinda. Panyengo ya chilimwe ndi chilimwe, Jacobinia amakonda kutentha kuyambira 20 mpaka 25 digiri Celsius.
Ulamuliro wa nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri umakhala wocheperako pamadigiri 16-16. Ngakhale ndibwino kufotokozera kuti ndi chilungamo chamtundu wanji chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mukamagula, monga lamulo, chomera ichi chimakhala bwino pamalo amodzimodzi. Kutentha kwa nyengo yozizira kumalola kutsika mpaka madigiri 16 Celsius, koma zoterezi zimasankhidwa ndi chilungamo cha thupi, m'malo mwa Jacobinia Brandeji. Mitundu iwiri yomwe imapanga maluwa osati pamwamba, komanso masamba akuwombera - Jacobin wa Gizbrecht ndi chilungamo cha floribunda - amafunika kuyikidwa m'malo abwino nthawi yozizira kuyambira madigiri 10 mpaka 12 Celsius kuti alimbikitse kuyika kwa maluwa. Mukamazizira nyengo yachisanu mu chilungamo ichi sichitha kuphuka konse. Koma kumbali inayo, Jacobines otere amatha kutulutsidwira kumakomo ndi malo otentha mchilimwe.

Chilungamo cha thupi kapena chofiyira nyama, Thupi la Jacobin (Justicia carnea). © Shihmei Barger

Kuthirira ndi chinyezi

Kusunga chinyezi chokomera chilungamo ndichinthu chachikulu komanso chovuta kwambiri pa chisamaliro chomera. Chilungamo chimafunikira chinyezi chokhazikika, kuthirira kwapakatikati. Pakati pa njirazi, gawo lokhalo la gawo lapansi liyenera kuyimitsidwa, pafupifupi masentimita 2-3. Kusunthika kwa madzi m'nthaka kuyenera kupewedwa ndikuthira nthawi yomweyo mutathilira m'mapaleti ndikuyang'ananso kuyanika kwa nthaka asanayankhe madzi onse. Chilala chachilungamo sicholandirika.

Ulamuliro wachilungamo wachilimwe suyenera kusintha kwambiri, koma kusintha. Mukapitiliza kukhala chinyezi chamtundu uliwonse, chomeracho chimataya masamba. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Novembala, chilungamo chimasungidwa m'mbali mwake ndi chinyezi chofewa, momwe gawo lapakati limadzulanso. Chikomokere chadothi sichitha kupukutidwa kwathunthu, chifukwa chizitsogolera ku zotsatira zofananira ndi kuzizira. Kwambiri kuchepetsa kutsirira kwa chilungamo, nthawi yozizira m'malo ozizira, ochepera - kwa mbewu zomwe zimatsalira mu chipinda wamba.

Justice Rizzini (Justicia rizzinii). © andrea signorini

Ndikunyowa kwambiri kukhalanso chinyezi chambiri. Chilungamo chidzataya msanga maonekedwe ake okongola, masamba ndi masamba, ndi mabulangeki, ngati chikhala chouma kwambiri. Zachilungamo, zizindikiro za chinyezi cha mpweya kuchokera pa 60-65% ndizovomerezeka; zitsamba zimawoneka bwino chinyezi 75-85%. Kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikizira:

ikani chomera pamatayala ndi timiyala tonyowa kapena miyala;
kuchita kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa.

Ndi kupopera masamba, komanso kuthirira Jacobin, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito madzi okhazikika pokhapokha, ofewa komanso ofunda.

Zomera Zachilungamo

Chilungamo sichiyenera kuvala pamwamba kwambiri, koma feteleza amafunika kuyikidwa pafupipafupi kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Seputembala. Njira yoyenera ya Jacobinia imawerengedwa kuti akuphatikiza feteleza masiku 10 aliwonse ndi feteleza wosakanikirana ndi mbeu zina. Njira yothira feteleza imafunikira kusintha posamalira mbewuyo: ngati masamba akuluakulu ayamba kukula, ndiye kuti umuna ungapangidwenso kukhala wopanda tanthauzo kuteteza kukula kwa msipu kuti kusokoneze maluwa. Ndipo mosinthanitsa: masamba akutha amatha kukhala chizindikiro kuti Jacobini afunikira kuvala pafupipafupi kwambiri panthawi yomwe akukula.

Kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Febere, chilungamo sichitha kukumana ubwamuna konse kapena muyeso wokhazikika womwe umagawidwa ndi 2-3 nthawi chomera chokhala ndi masabata atatu mpaka pakati pazovala zitha kuyikidwa.

Kuyesera Chilungamo

Chilungamo chimafuna kupangidwa chitsamba pachaka. Popeza zimangokhala pachimake pofika chaka chokhacho, popanda kudulira mbewu sizingakongoletsedwe ndi inflorescence zapamwamba za "hoppy". Ndikofunika kudulira kumayambiriro kasupe, nthawi yomweyo musanazike. Nthambi zonse za tchire zimafunikira kudulidwa pafupifupi theka la kutalika, ndikusiya ma cell awiri kwa iwo.

Ngati maluwa akale a Jacobini atayamba kuvutika, kuyamba kuchepa mphamvu, kutaya kukongola kwa korona, kwa iwo, m'malo mwa kudulira mwachizolowezi, muyenera kusintha. Zomwe zili pamwambapa zimadulidwa kwambiri momwe zingathere, ndikusiya hemp yokha, ndipo pambuyo poti kudula kakhadinolo, chomera chija chimasinthidwira mumphika wocheperako.

Thirani ndi gawo lapansi

Ndikwabwino kusinthira chikhalidwe ichi chaka chilichonse, mosatengera zaka za chilungamo. Kuyika kumachitika motsatira chikhalidwe, mchaka (mu Marichi, pasanathe zaka khumi zoyambirira za Epulo). Chokha chosiyana ndi chilungamo cha maluwa a floribunda, omwe amawazika mutangotulutsa maluwa, nthawi yozizira. Poika mbewu, muyenera kuchita zinthu mosamala, kuyesa kuyambitsa zovuta pamizu ya mbewu. Pa chilungamo chonse kupatula kusintha kwakale, mawonekedwewo ayenera kusinthidwa kukhala akulu.

Komanso sankhani dothi mwachilungamo. Kukongola uku kumakonda magawo apamwamba kwambiri kapena apadziko lonse ndi pH kuchokera 5.5 mpaka 6.5 pazipita. Jacobines ena amakula bwino munthaka yac acid, koma ndibwino kumveketsa bwino izi mukamagula. Chofunika kuvomerezedwa ndi zosakanikirana zapansi pano ndizapamwamba za humus. Gawo laling'ono, lokhala ndi magawo ofanana a humus, dothi louma, mchenga ndi peat, amaonedwa kuti ndiabwino kwambiri.

Matenda ndi tizirombo tachilungamo

Zachilungamo, zowopsa kwambiri ndi nthata za kangaude, zokutira ndi ma aphid. Nthawi yomweyo, kusunga chinyezi chokomera mbewu yanu nthawi zambiri kumakhala chitsimikizo chokwanira poletsa kufalikira kwa tizirombo. Koma ngati matenda sangathe kupewedwa, ndibwino kuti mukonzeke nthawi yomweyo, yambani kutsuka masamba ndikupitilira mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Mavuto wamba pakukwera kwachilungamo:

masamba akumatsika pamene gawo lapansi luma kapena chonyowa kwambiri;
kukongoletsa masamba ndi kuyipa kosayenera, kosawoneka bwino nthawi yozizira ndi kuthirira kosalondola;
tsamba limagwa mumlengalenga wouma;
kusowa kwamaluwa ndi kukula kwa masamba akulu chifukwa chakuchulukana kwambiri kwa mavalidwe apamwamba.

Kubwezeretsa Chilungamo

Kulalirira hops zamkati ndikosavuta kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kudulira, chaka chilichonse chomera chimapereka "mbewu" zambiri zodulidwa zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzula. Nthambi zachilungamo ndizokhazikitsidwa bwino, ndipo njirayi imathamanga mokwanira. Chachikulu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kutentha kusatsika ndi madigiri 20-22. Mukazika mizu, mbewu zimafunika zibzalidwe mumiphika kapena m'mbewu zitatu m'mbale zazikulu. Zomera zazing'onoting'ono zimayenera kupinikizidwa nthawi zonse, chotsani nsonga za mphukira kuti zitheke.