Zambiri

Mtengo wa chaka chilichonse kapena wobzala wa herbaceous radish (Raphanus) si mtundu waukulu kwambiri wabanja Cruciferous kapena Kabichi. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, imapezeka kumadera a Asia omwe kumatentha kwambiri, komanso ku Europe. Monga chomera chamasamba, radish idayamba kulimidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Masiku ano, wamaluwa akulima mtundu wotchedwa kufesa radish (Raphanus sativus), mwachilengedwe sizimachitika.

Kufotokozera mwachidule kukula

1. Kufesa. Mitundu yoyambirira yofesedwa panthaka itatha pa Epulo 25th. Pambuyo pake mitundu imafesedwa mkati mwa June.
2. Dothi. Pofunika michere yonyowa yokhala ndi humus, iyenera kukhala yosalowerera kapena yamchere pang'ono. Ngati dothi ndi acidic, ndiye kuti malire amatha kuikonza.
3. Kuthirira. Ndikofunikira kuthirira radish mwadongosolo. Kuthirira kwa mitundu yakucha yoyamba kumachitika nthawi 1 m'masiku 7, pomwe mitundu yakucha ikupangika imachitika 3 kapena 4 nthawi yonse yakukula. Kwa 1 mita lalikulu la mabedi, amatenga malita 10 mpaka 12 a madzi.
4. Feteleza. Kuvala kwapamwamba kwamitundu yoyambirira kumachitika pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero, pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa nayitrogeni: nthawi yoyamba - munthawi ya kuwonekera kwa masamba a cotyledon, ndipo chachiwiri - masiku 7 atatha. Mitundu yakucha chakumapeto imayenera kudyetsedwa 1 pa sabata, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wovuta wa mchere ndi nayitrogeni. Masiku 20 asanakolole, muyenera kusiya kuvala zonse.
5. Kuswana. Mbewu.
6. Tizilombo zovulaza. Tizilomboti tambiri, kabichi komanso dimba lophika, ntchentche za kabichi, njenjete za kabichi ndi azungu, mapulani oyambira ndi mawaya.
7. Matenda. Mwendo wakuda, keel, ankamverera matenda, ufa wa poda, peronosporosis, zowola zoyera, nsalu.

Zithunzi

Radishi ili ndi muzu wothinitsidwa, komanso imatha kukhala yopyapyala, ngati mtundu wamafuta. Muzu, womwe umapangidwa mchaka choyamba cha kukula, umatha kukhala utoto wa pinki, wobiriwira, wakuda, woyera, wofiirira kapena wofiirira, koma thupi lake limakhala loyera nthawi zonse. Magawo ooneka ngati masamba a Lyre amatha kupatukana pang'onopang'ono kapena kwathunthu ndi lobe yayikulu kumtunda, komanso ma 2-6 awiriawiri amkati. Mtundu wa maluwa amatha kukhala wofiirira, wapinki kapena yoyera. Wotupa pakatikati zipatso amathanso kuvundikira kapena kumakutira ndi zitsamba zolimba.

Zomera zotere zimalimidwa kuti zizidyedwa panthawi yomwe thupi limasowa mavitamini, masamba oterewa amathandizira kulimbikitsa chidwi cha chakudya, kuthamangitsa kagayidwe kachakudya kagayidwe kachakudya ndikusintha kugaya chakudya. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri panjira ina.

Kunja radish kubzala

Nthawi yobzala

Zithunzi sizimalimbana ndi chisanu. Mbande zimawonekera kale pa kutentha kwa madigiri atatu mpaka asanu. Zomera zimatha kupirira madontho otentha mpaka madigiri 3-4. Tchire ta akulu timatha kupirira kuzizira mpaka madigiri 5-6.

Kubzala mbewu panthaka, kutengera mtundu wa mbewuzo, zimachitika nthawi yotentha kapena masika. Kubzala mitundu yoyambirira kumachitika mutangotha ​​pa Epulo 25th. Ndipo mitundu yobiriwira yosungidwa nthawi yozizira yofesedwa m'ma June.

Dothi labwino

Chikhalidwe chotere chimakula bwino pazakudya zonyowa zokhala ndi humus, ziyenera kukhala zamchere pang'ono kapena kusalowerera. Ngati dothi ndi acidic, ndiye musanabzale ayenera kukhala pang'ono.

Radish imavomerezedwa kuti ibzalidwe pafupi ndi ma turnips ndi radishes. Ziphuphu ndizotsogola zabwino (nandolo, nyemba, soya, mphodza, mtedza ndi nyemba), komanso nkhaka, phwetekere, dzungu, anyezi, letisi, zukini, squash, katsabola, biringanya, chimanga ndi tsabola. Nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri amalangizira kuti mutabzala zomwe zimayambitsa radish, zachilengedwe ziyenera kubweretsedwa m'nthaka. Omwe anayambitsawa ndi a horseradish, kabichi, watercress, turnip, kaloti, beets, turnips, radishes ndi radishes.

Kukonzekera malowa kuchitike m'dzinja. Choyamba muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa dothi osazama kwambiri. Pakapita kanthawi, kuchotsa udzu womwe umawonekera, dothi limakumbidwa mpaka pakuya kwa fosholo, nthawi yomweyo 0,5 l phulusa lamatabwa ndi ndowa imodzi ya humus kapena kompositi amawonjezerapo pa mita imodzi ya mraba.

Malamulo akumalo

Mbewu zimafunikira kukonzekera kusanadze, komwe kumachitika nthawi yomweyo musanabzale. Kuti izi zitheke, mbeu zimafunikira kuwongolera kukula ndi kulemera kwake, chifukwa zimagwiritsa ntchito njira ya saline (magalamu 50 amchere pa 1 lita imodzi yamadzi) ndi sume yokhala ndi mabowo a masentimita 01. Mbewu zomwe zimatsalira mu sizi ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi madzi, ndiye Maola 24 amayikidwa mu yankho la potaziyamu permanganate (0,2 magalamu a zinthu pa lita imodzi yamadzi).

M'mabedi okonzedwa, poyambira pamafunika kupangika, mpaka 20mm, mulifupi pakati pawo pakhale mainchesi 35, pomwe mbeu zitatu zitatuzo zimayalidwa, ndipo mtunda wa 80 mm uyenera kuyang'anidwa pakati pa zisa. Kenako m'miyala mumadzaza dothi, lomwe limapangidwa bwino. Ngati nthaka ndi youma kwambiri, ndiye kuti mutafesa muyenera kuthirira. Mbande zoyambirira zimatha kuonekera patatha masiku 7.

Kubzala mitundu yamnyengo yachisanu

Mitundu yammbuyo imabzalidwa chimodzimodzi monga mitundu yoyambirira (onani pamwambapa). Koma pankhaniyi, malowa akuyenera kukonzekera osati m'dzinja, koma nthawi ya masika, pomwe mtunda wa masentimita 15 uyenera kuyang'aniridwa pakati pa zisa.

Kusamala

Radish imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusachita bwino kwake, pankhaniyi, ndikosavuta kumakulitsa m'nthaka yotseguka. Aonetsetse kuti kuthilira, kusula, kuvala pamwamba, kupukuta ndi kumasula dothi. Koyamba kuti muchepetse mbande ndikofunikira mukamakula masamba 1 kapena 2 enieni, pomwe mtunda pakati pawo uzikhala wofanana ndi 60-70 mm. Mbewu zocheperako zidzafunikiranso kumapangidwanso patatha masiku 20-30 kuchokera pakucheperachepera koyamba.

Dothi pakati pa mizere panthaka liyenera kumasulidwa katatu kapena kanayi. Kutulutsa koyamba kumachitika mozama pafupifupi 40 mm, chachiwiri - pa 80 mm, chachitatu ndi chachinayi - pa 100-120 mm.

Momwe mungamwere

Radish, yomwe yofesedwa mchaka, imafunika kuthirira pafupipafupi, kuchitika mwadongosolo kamodzi masiku 7. Mitundu yofesedwa m'chilimwe imayenera kuthiriridwa katatu kokha kapena kanayi pakapita nyengo. Chikhalidwe choterechi ndimakonda madzi, chifukwa chake, pakathirira, madzi okwanira 10 mpaka 12 amatengedwa pa mita imodzi ya mabedi.

Ndikofunika kuganizira kuti radish iyenera kuthiriridwa nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuthiriridwa madzi patadutsa nthawi yayitali ndiye kuti izi zidzatsogolera kukugwa kwa mizu. Ngati tchire likuwona kuti likusowa madzi, zipatsozo zimadzakhala zamatabwa ndipo mwina sizingatheke. Kuti muchepetse kuthirira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mudzaze pansi pa bedi ndi mulch.

Kuvala chamatsenga

Ngati izi ndizofunikira, ndiye kuti mitundu yoyambirira ya radish imadyetsedwa kawiri. Kudyetsa koyamba kumachitika pambuyo poti masamba a cotyledon awonekera pa mbande, ndipo wachiwiri - patadutsa masiku 7 woyamba. Popeza mitundu ya masika imakhazikika mwachangu, feteleza yekha wa nayitrogeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuvala pamwamba, mwachitsanzo, mandimu a ammonia kapena sodium nitrate pochita kuchuluka kwa 0,2%.

Mitundu yakucha mochedwa iyenera kuthiridwa mwadongosolo kamodzi masiku 7, chifukwa njira yothetsera feteleza wathunthu wamafuta imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imakhala ndi malita 10 a madzi, 20 magalamu a urea, magalamu 60 a superphosphate ndi magalamu 15 a calcium chloride. Malita 10 a yankho lotere ndi lokwanira mzere, kutalika kwa 20 mita. Radish imafunikira kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, chifukwa chake iyenera kudyetsedwa mosakanikirana ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndi zovuta wa mchere. Pakatsala masiku 20 kuti nthawi yokolola ichitike, ndikofunikira kusiya zonse kudyetsa. Chikhalidwe chotere sichingathe kudyetsedwa ndi manyowa, apo ayi muzu wazomera udzamera.

Matenda ndi tizilombo toononga tambiri tokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina

Matenda

Nthawi zambiri, radish amakhudzidwa ndi keel, mosaic kabichi, ankadwala matenda, powdery mildew, peronosporosis, zola yoyera, mwendo wakuda ndi nsalu.

Aliyense

Aliyense ndi matenda am'madzi, odwala omwe ali ndi zooneka pansi pamizu, kukula kwa mawonekedwe kapena kozungulira komweko kumapangidwa, pakapita kanthawi amakhala ofunda ndikuyamba kuvunda. Kenako tchire limadumphiratu ndikuwoneka.

Mose wa kabichi

Zomera zodwala za mtundu wa kabichi, mawonekedwe amitundu pamasamba, mitsempha imasweka, ndipo ma mbale ndi opunduka. Matendawa akamakula, malire amtundu wakuda wobiriwira amawonekera m'mitsempha yayikulu, malo oyera oyera.

Matenda onyentchera

Mu radish yomwe idakhudzidwa ndi zowola zofiira, kapena matenda akumvanso, mawanga a lilac ndi mtundu wa bulauni amawonekera pamizu ya mbewu, pambuyo pake mawonekedwe a bowa sclerotia m'malo awa. Matendawa amakula kwambiri ndi chinyezi chambiri komanso kutentha kwa mpweya.

Powdery mildew

Mabasi omwe akhudzidwa ndi ufa wa peyyumu amaphimbidwa ndi utoto wokuyera, womwe, matendawa akamakula, amasintha mtundu wake kukhala wonyezimira. Kusintha ndi kuyanika kwa masamba omwe adakhudzidwa kumawonedwa, tchire limayamba kutsalira mu chitukuko.

Peronosporosis

Downy mildew (peronosporosis) imathandizira kuti pakhale masamba a chlorotic kutsogolo kwa masamba, matendawa akamakula, amatembenuka chikasu ndikupanga mafuta, kenako nkutuwa. Pambuyo pake, amaphimba utoto wofiirira pansi pamatumba pansi pa madontho.

Mwendo wakuda

Ngati tchire lakhudzidwa ndi mwendo wakuda, ndiye kuti gawo lotsika la tsamba ndi gawo lapamwamba la muzu womwe udalipo pang'ono, nlofewa, ndipo mycelium akuwonekera.

Zola zowola

Chifukwa cha zowola zoyera, mbali zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi radish zimakhala zopanda mtundu komanso zamadzi, ndipo mawonekedwe a mycelium pamaso pawo, omwe amawoneka ngati ubweya wa thonje.

Belle

Gawo lozungulira la tchire la odwala okhala ndi bafuta limawoneka kuti limakutidwa ndi utoto wamafuta, pakapita kanthawi kuti minye yomwe ikukhudzidwayo imakhala ya bulauni komanso yowuma. Zomera za fungal spores zimawonekera pamasamba, zimapindika, ndipo matuza amawoneka pansi.

Tizilombo

Tizilombo tating'ono, m'munda ndi kabichi scoops, kabichi ntchentche, chinsomba cha kabichi, njenjete ya kabichi, waya ndi masamba oyipa amatha kuvulaza mbewu.

Tizilomboti tambiri

Chingwe chopachika ndi kachilombo ka kachilomboka kakang'ono kwambiri kamene kali ndi miyendo kumbuyo ngati mbuto. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono titha kupukusa mbande zazing'ono, kuvulala kwambiri ndi masamba awo.

Mphalaphala

Mapaki a kabichi yoyera ndi scoop kumata thupi la masamba. Mphutsi za kabichi zimauluka zipatso, zimapangitsa kuti zivunde. Ngati nematode mphutsi zomwe zimadya chomera zimakhazikika pach chitsamba, ndiye kuti zimagwada ndikuyamba kutsalira pambuyo pakukula. Mawayilesi amagwiritsa ntchito zipatso ndi masamba a mbewu iyi ngati chakudya.

Kukonzekera

Ngati radish imakhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus (mwachitsanzo: keel, nsalu, zowola, powdery mildew, mwendo wakuda ndi peronosporosis), imayenera kuthiliridwa ndi wothandizila wamkuwa, yemwe ndi msanganizo wa Bordeaux, sulfate wamkuwa kapena mkuwa wa chloroxide. Gwirani tchire, kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo omwe ali phukusi la mankhwalawo.

Masiku ano, a Mose amadziwika kuti ndi matenda osachiritsika. Zomera zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi izi zimayenera kuchotsedwa posachedwa pansi ndikuwonongeka, apo ayi titha kuyandanso matenda.

Pofuna kuthana ndi tizirombo, tizirombo tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso ma radish, titha kugulidwa m'sitolo yapadera.

Koma pofuna kuteteza chikhalidwechi ku tizilombo komanso matenda oyipa, munthu asayiwale kukonza mbewu ndi dothi asanabzale, komanso kukumbukiranso malamulo oyendetsera mbewu ndi ukadaulo wa zachikhalidwe cha chikhalidwechi.

Kuyeretsa ndi kusunga radish

Kututa mizu ya masika mitundu ya radish iyenera kuchitika m'chilimwe. Chitani izi mosamala pambuyo zipatso m'mimba mwake kufika 30-40 mm. Mitundu iyi siyabwino kusungika kwa nthawi yayitali, imakula chifukwa chongodya anthu. Zomera zoterezi ziyenera kusungidwa pa alumali firiji, pomwe zimakhala zatsopano mpaka masiku 20.

Kukolola mizu ya zipatso za nyengo yachisanu ndikofunikira m'dzinja. Amachita izi kuyambira pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala, isanayambe chisanu woyamba. Kuchokera pazomera zomwe zimachotsedwa m'nthaka, ndikofunikira kuchotsa dothi lapansi. Kenako amadzula mizu yaying'ono ndikudula nsonga za mbewuzo, ndikuyesayesa kutivulaza. Mizu yowuma iyenera kuyikidwa pamalo abwino komanso amdima kwa masiku angapo. Mchenga womwe umapangidwa kuti usungidwe nthawi yozizira uyenera kuyikidwa m'mabokosi omwe ali ndi mipata yoyatsira mpweya, uyenera kuwazidwa ndi mchenga, monga beets kapena kaloti. Makulidwe aliwonse amchenga ayenera kukhala pafupifupi 40 mm. Zomera zoterezi zimasungidwa bwino kwambiri kuzizira (pafupifupi madigiri 2-3), mpweya chinyezi mkati mwake ziyenera kukhala 90 peresenti. Ngati zonse zachitika molondola, ndiye kuti mitundu isanu yachisanu yozizira, mwachitsanzo Zisanu kuzungulira chakuda kapena Zisanu kuzungulira yoyera, amatha kukhalabe yatsopano mpaka kuphukira.

Mitundu ndi mitundu ya radish

Mitundu yofesa radish ili ndi mitundu iyi:

1. Radish wakuda. Masabusikiyi amakhala ndi kutsika kocheperako poyerekeza ndi ena, koma ali ndi mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri komanso amtengo wapatali.
2. Daikon, kapena radish waku Japan. Kutalika kwa mbewu zazikulu zoyera kumafikira 0,6 m, pomwe m'mimba mwake amafikira 10 mpaka 15 cm. Radishiyi ndi yokoma kwambiri komanso wathanzi, komanso wosadzikuza. Magalamu 100 a radish amenewa ali ndi pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya kudya tsiku lililonse kwa vitamini C. Palinso beta-carotene, potaziyamu, selenium, CHIKWANGWANI, folic acid, chitsulo, ndi ayodini pamitundu iyi. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi iyi: Sasha, chinjoka, Dubinushka, kutalika koyera Japan.
3. Radish yamafuta. Mitundu yamtundu wachikondi chonyowa chotere imasiyanitsidwa ndi kulolerana kwa mthunzi, kukana chisanu ndi zipatso. Maluwa ndi ofiira. Mitunduyi imalimbikitsidwa kufesedwa mu June kapena Julayi.
4. Green uzbek radish. Mitundu iyi imakhala ndi zabwino zofanana ndi zakuda zakuda, koma kukoma kwake ndikosangalatsa komanso modekha. Muli ma carotene, mavitamini, osakhazikika, potaziyamu, phosphorous, sodium, sulfure, calcium ndi mafuta ofunikira.
5. Margelan radish, mwina Wachichaina kapena pamphumi. Mawonekedwe a wandiweyani ndi zipatso zowutsa mudyo amawongolera kapena kuzungulika, koma amasungidwa moyipirapo kuposa mitundu yaku Europe. Mitundu yotere ya saladi imakhala ndi mitundu yomwe imasiyana ndi mitundu, pali: zobiriwira, zofiirira kapena zobiriwira, zapinki kapena zofiirira-lilac, koma pamwamba pamitu pawo ndizobiriwira zowoneka bwino. Thupi la mitsempha yotereyi silowawa kapena lakuthwa. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi iyi: Ladushka, Hostess, Severyanka, Zarevo.

Komabe, pakatikati pa kutalika, mitundu ya ku Europe yokha ndi yomwe imakula bwino; zomwe zotchuka kwambiri zidzafotokozedwa pansipa. Pakulima kwakunja, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iyi:

1. Zisanu zozungulira zoyera. Mitundu yakucha-sing'anga iyi imadziwika ndi zokolola. Zipatso zoyera zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena ozungulirazungulira, kulemera kwawo ndi pafupifupi 0.4 kg. Mnofu wolimba ndi wowutsa mudyo umakhala ndi kukoma kwakapakati.
2. Zima mozungulira chakuda. Mitundu iyi ndiodziwika kwambiri, imadziwika ndi kusunga bwino komanso zipatso. Zipatso zokoma kwambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena mawonekedwe ozungulira. Zosiyanazo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zida zamphamvu zochiritsa. Mnofu wamafuta ndi oyera umakhala ndi kukoma pang'ono pang'ono.
3. Sudarushka. Zosiyanasiyana zimacha m'masiku 37 okha. Zipatso zoyera zimakhala zowumbika, zimalowetsedwa m'nthaka kokha,, motero kukolola mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya radish ndizosavuta. Kujambula kwawo ndikosangalatsa.
4. Gayvoronskaya. Nthawi yakucha yapakati pazosiyanasiyana imadziwika ndi zokolola komanso mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri. Thupi lolimba la mtundu woyera limakhala ndi zowawa. Masamba a Cylindrical muzu amakhala ndi mutu wobiriwira.
5. Meyi. Mitundu yoyambirira yakucha iyi, zipatso zoyera zosalala zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owumbika komanso thupi loyera yowoneka bwino, komwe kumakhala kukoma kosangalatsa.
6. Imulungu wachilengedwe. Mitundu yoyambilira imakhala ndi zipatso zobiriwira zowoneka bwino ndi zamkaka wowoneka bwino, zodziwika ndi kukoma kokometsera pang'ono. Mitundu iyi imakhala ndi mtundu wabwino.
7. Elephant fang. Nthawi yakucha yapakati imadziwika ndi kusunga mtundu ndi zipatso. Kutalika kwa chipatso choyera kuli pafupifupi 25 cm.
8. Mchiritsi. Mitundu yamapeto iyi imaphatikiza kuchiritsa kwakukulu ndi kuthekera. Msuzi wakuda wonyezimira wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulika, wonenepa wowoneka bwino komanso thupi la khirisipi wopakidwa zoyera. Zosiyanasiyana ndizabwino ku saladi, ndipo pakasungidwa zipatso zimakhalabe zotanuka kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo osataya mawonekedwe.

Zotchuka ndizina monga: Munich Bir, Chernavka, Negro, Delikates, Odessa 5.