Nikolai Ivanovich Kurdyumov, wokhulupirira zakuthambo mwa maphunziro komanso wodziwika bwino paulimi wothandiza, ali ndi otsatira ambiri. Amawatcha malo awo omwe anakonzedwa malinga ndi njira yake - dimba malinga ndi Kurdyumov. Kodi chinsinsi chake ndi chiyani chachipambano cha ulimi wamaluwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Nikolai Ivanovich. Dziko lathu lachigawo liyesa kuyankha mafunso onsewa!
Za wolemba
Nikolai Ivanovich Kurdyumov adabadwa ku Adler, mu 1960. Mu 1982 adamaliza maphunziro awo ku sukulu yaulimi ku Moscow. Timiryazev mwapadera "Agronomy". Pambuyo pa maphunziro a zaumulungu pasukuluyi, Nikolai Ivanovich adayang'ana zonse zomwe adazipeza zaka zambiri akuchita, pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe asayansi akuchita monga Ovsinsky, Dokuchaev, Timiryazev, Fukuoka ndi ena. Kurdyumov amadzilankhulitsa yekha wotsatira waulimi, wachilengedwe wachilengedwe. Mwa kupambana kwakukulu mu viticulture, Kurdyumov adalandila mendulo ya golide ya Chitetezo cha "Global Bunch" cha Mphesa.
Agronomist nthawi zonse amafalitsa ntchito zake m'mabuku omwe amafalitsidwa mobwerezabwereza. Odziwika kwambiri a iwo ndi:
- "Smart Garden";
- "Smart munda";
- "Munda wamphete";
- "Wobiriwira wanzeru";
- "Kugulitsa chonde";
- "Chitetezo m'malo molimbana" ndi ena.
Phindu lalikulu la Nikolai Ivanovich ndikuti amawonjezera zipatso zamtengo wapatali za anthu pachikhalidwe chazowonadi zadziko komanso chidziwitso chapadziko lonse pantchito yolima.
Mikhalidwe inayi yachonde
Kurdyumov amatenga mikhalidwe inayi yokhala chonde kuti ikhale gawo lalikulu la kupambana kwake:
- kukhalabe chokhazikika chinyezi;
- kukhalabe ndi mpweya wabwino;
- kupewa kutenthetsa kwa nthaka m'chilimwe;
- kukhalabe ndi mpweya wambiri wa carbonic acid m'nthaka.
Tilingalira chilichonse mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane.
Chinyezi chokwanira komanso chokhazikika
Ntchito zofunikira za tizilombo m'nthaka zimatheka pokhapokha ngati zinyezi. Bacteria imapanikizidwa panthaka youma kwambiri, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa organic kumayima pamenepo. M'madzi othinitsidwa, mmalo mwa kuwola, njira zoyipa zowonongeka zimayamba.
Udongo kupezeka
Nthaka yophatikiza, mbewu zake sizimakula. Mukafuna kukumba, nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo tomwe timapanga ma organus mu humus sizipezekamo.
Njira zonse m'nthaka zimachitika chifukwa cha mpweya - kuphatikizidwa kwa nayitrogeni, kusungunuka kwa phosphorous ndi potaziyamu ndi ma asidi. Chinyezi chambiri chimalowa mu dothi lokhalamo dothi lophatikizika ndi dothi loumbika. Izi zitha kuonedwa m'nkhalango. Mmenemo, ngakhale mvula itakhala nthawi yayitali, mulibe mitengo yambiri ing'onoing'ono. Chinyezi chonse chimamizidwa pansi kwambiri.
M'nyengo yotentha, nthaka siyenera kupitilira muyeso.
Ndipo, ndikofunika kuti kuzikhala kozizira kuposa mpweya, ndiye kuti mame amkati amapanga pakhoma la tubules zamtunda, zomwe zimayang'anira chinyezi. Kuthamanga kwakuthwa masana ndi usiku kutentha kumasokoneza kukula kwa mbewu.
Kuchuluka kwa carbonic acid
Apa titha kutsatira unyolo wotsatirawu: dothi lokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosapangidwa bwino zimakopa tizilombo ndi mphutsi zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa zinthu zachilengedwe kukhala mchere (nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu, ndi ena) ndikutsitsa kaboni dayokisi. Zotsirizirazi, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi madzi pamaso pa mpweya mu nthaka, zimapanga mpweya wa carbonic acid, wokhoza kusintha zinthu zazing'ono zam'mitundu kukhala mitundu yomwe mbewu zimayambira. Chifukwa chake, kudzikundikira kwa humus - nthaka yachonde.
Kodi muwonetsetse bwanji kuti zonsezi zimakwaniritsidwa?
Nikolai Ivanovich akutsimikiza kuti izi ndizosavuta kuchita pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi zakuthambo:
- kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa odulira ndege ndi ma pololnik m'malo mokumba;
- mulching padziko lapansi pamabedi ndi poyenda;
- kufesa manyowa obiriwira;
- kachitidwe kukapanda kuleka makina;
- kuphatikiza zotsalira zonse zapadziko lapansi;
- makonzedwe a mabedi otchinga kwambiri.
Kurdyumov amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe angachitire bwino njirazi.
Momwe mungapangire popanda kukumba
Kukumba munda ndi ntchito yovuta yomwe imalefula anthu ambiri kulima. Kuphatikiza apo, timawona ngati chofunikira kukumba kawiri pachaka - kasupe ndi yophukira. Chifukwa chokumba m'nthaka, mabowo onse achilengedwe, "pores" zapadziko lapansi, amasokonezeka. Pambuyo pa njirayi, dziko lapansi silikhala lotayirira kwanthawi yayitali - mvula yoyamba ikasokonekera, imagwirizana ndikumata. Ntchito yofunikira ya ma tizilombo ndi nyongolotsi zoterezi zimachepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake chonde chake chimachepa.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa dimba malinga ndi Kurdyumov kumakhudzanso kukumba kwovuta komanso koyipa pogwiritsa ntchito odulira ndege. Siphwanya mawonekedwe a dothi, ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, modula mizu ya namsongole ndikumatula pang'ono wosanjikiza.
Pali zida zambiri zochitira izi:
- Wodula ndege wotchuka wa Fokine (wocheperako ndi wamkulu);
- ma pololnik osiyanasiyana, kapena ndege-odula-malupu;
- olima manja, ofanana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya odulira ndege okhala ndi gudumu lotsogolera ntchito.
Pofuna kusamalira mwachangu malo akuluakulu kuchokera kumasamba, anthu olima masamba amapanga zida zopangira ma waya pogwiritsa ntchito chopukutira kapena pololnik ku chimango chokhala ndi gudumu lochokera pa njinga ya olumala, njinga ya ana kapena yoyenda.
Ubwino wa mulching
Mulch ndi chilichonse chomwe chagona panthaka ndikuchigwedeza dzuwa. Kuti muthane ndi mulching wosanjikiza, gwiritsani ntchito:
- manyuzipepala
- utuchi
- nameta udzu
- khungwa lophwanyika
- masamba peeling,
- manyowa wakucha kapena manyowa.
Wosanjikiza mulch amathetsa mavuto angapo kwa wolimayo nthawi imodzi:
- kwambiri amachepetsa udzu kukula;
- imaletsa kutenthedwa kwa nthaka;
- amathandizira posungira chinyezi cha dothi;
- kuwola, kudyetsa tizilombo, kukulitsa chonde.
Kurdyumov amawona mulch wothandiza kwambiri kukhala wina womwe kuli mpweya wambiri - tchipisi, nthambi zamitengo, masamba.
Ndikofunikira kupera tinthu tambiri pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chapadera - chopukusira m'munda. Amapanga kachigawo chabwino - mulch saphika ndipo saphwa.
Kufesa manyowa obiriwira
Kurdyumov adazindikira mobwerezabwereza kuti nthaka yopanda "bulangeti" yamasamba, imataya msanga mawonekedwe ake ndi dothi lachonde. M'chilengedwe, nthaka yopanda kanthu ilibe kanthu; Nikolai Ivanovich akufuna kuchita zomwezo: mutakolola koyamba mbewu, kubzala mbewu zomwe zimakula mwachangu, osadikira maluwa ndi mapangidwe. Chifukwa chake, mavuto atatu amathetsedwa:
- Dziko nthawi zonse limakutidwa ndi masamba;
- tchuni tating'onoting'ono timachulukitsa nthaka ndi nthaka;
- siderates amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mulch.
Posiyanitsa dothi logwiritsa ntchito mbewu monga zitsamba ndi zitsamba zomwe zimakula mwachangu. Zomwe ndizotchuka:
- rye yozizira;
- mpiru
- radish mafuta;
- vetch;
- kutaya kwa mtola;
- lupine wapachaka;
- alfalfa ndi ena.
Musanadzalemo manyowa obiriwira, zina zobisika ziyenera kukumbukiridwa.
Mwachitsanzo, mutakolola zokolola, munthu sayenera kubzala radish ndi mpiru, popeza iwonso ndi a banja lopachika. Ngakhale mutabzala manyowa obiriwira, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito kasinthasintha wa mbeu - osabzala mbewu za banja lomwelo kwa chaka chimodzi pachaka chimodzi.
Siderata imafesedwa mochuluka kotero kuti amayimirira pafupi ndi khoma ndikuphimba dziko lonse lapansi. Nyengo yozizira isanafesedwe pang'ono.
Udzu umawonedwanso ngati manyowa obiriwira nthawi zonse, ofunikira kulikonse, kupatula mabedi okhazikitsidwa ndi mitengo yaying'ono kwambiri.
Chifukwa chiyani ndikufunika kuthirira
Kuthirira madzi kumasiyana ndi kwanthawi zonse chifukwa sikufafaniza dothi lakumwamba, kenako ndikuphimbidwa ndi kutumphuka. Ma dontho pafupipafupi kuchokera ku payipi yapadera yokhala ndi mabowo amagwera pansi m'nthaka mwachindunji kuzika mizu, ndipo nthakayo singathe kumasuka. Njira yothirira madontho amagula m'masitolo apadera kapena kuti adzipangire okha. Amawoneka ngati chithunzi pansipa:
Madziwo adatenthezeredwa mu thankiyo akuyenda mopanikizika pang'ono kudzera mapaipi kupita m'mabedi momwe ma hoses okhala ndi mabowo amayikidwapo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera, ndikosavuta kudziwa kuti atseguleni mpopi kuti mbewu zilandire chinyezi chokwanira. Ngati ndi kotheka, feteleza amadzimadzi amawonjezeranso mbiya - thiridwe lolimba la namsongole, lomwe limasefedwa kale kuti mabowo asavutike. Chifukwa chake, kulima masamba mokulira kwa Kurdyumov, wolima mundawo satha kufunika konyamula zidebe zolemera ndikuthirira ndowa ndi madzi.
Kupanga manyowa
Kurdyumov adalangiza kupera zinyalala zonse zachilengedwe ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito m'malo mwa mulch pamabedi. Koma ndikofunikira kuphatikiza manyowa atsopano kapena zomwe zimakhala zouma koyambirira kuti mulingo wa nitrate usachuluke kwambiri m'nthaka. Mukamapanga manyowa, muyenera kuganizira mfundo izi:
- pangani makhoma kuchokera pamiyala ya ma mesh kuti masinthidwe amlengalenga asasokonezedwe ndipo njira zowola zimayamba m'malo motentha;
- kuphimba kompositi ndi chivundikiro chowongolera chinyezi cha kompositi;
- sonkhanitsani zonsezo ndi pitchfork kuti chapamwamba chisawume, ndipo otsikirawo alandire mpweya wokwanira;
- kuthamangitsa kuwonongeka kwa kompositi, gwiritsani ntchito kukonzekera kwa Baikal ndi Radiance;
- Kuphatikiza kwa phulusa kumapangitsa kuti manyowa azikhala moyenera pazakudya.
Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza pa mabedi malinga ndi Kurdyumov chaka chimodzi, kuti mbewu zonse za udzu zikolowekane ndi kubzala.
Maphunziro a maluwa ochokera ku Kurdyumov - kanema
Mabedi ofunda
Malinga ndi Kurdyumov, mabokosi oyenda okhaokha ndi osavuta kuposa mabedi wamba wamba. Pali zifukwa zingapo izi:
- Dothi lachonde lomwe limakhalapo mulch ndi zinyalala zonyalala sizikungunuka munjira.
- Pabedi lokhazikika ndizovomerezeka kukonzekera kuthirira, siziyenera kusunthidwa m'malo ndi chaka chilichonse.
- Pamabedi oyimilira ndikosavuta kuwunika momwe mbewu ikuyendera. Kuti muchite izi, masimba onse amalembedwa chaka chilichonse cholembedwa, ndipo mabedi amawerengeredwa.
- Mukakonza zofunda zofunda, mbali sizidzalola kuti zigawo zigwere.
Mabedi malinga ndi Kurdyumov amapangidwa motere:
- agogoda bokosi la saizi yoyenera kuchokera pazinthu zilizonse zoyenera - mabatani, matalala, zotsalira za pepala lolemba;
- lembani malo pansi pa kama ndikuchotsa dothi lapansi 30-30 cm;
- kuphimba pansi pa mabedi amtsogolo ndi makatoni kuti namsongole wosatha asadutse;
- kutsanulira wosanjikiza madzi kuchokera ku nthambi zoduladula, tchipisi, makungwa, masamba, mabango, zonunkhira ndi phulusa ndikuthiriridwa ndi kulowetsedwa kwa udzu;
- kuyala zinthu zovunda - kompositi, zinyalala zam m'nkhalango;
- malizani mapangidwe ndi wosanjikiza wa kompositi.
Bedi lofunda lomwe limapangidwa mwanjira imeneyi limapatsa mbewuzo zinthu zonse zofunika pazaka zingapo. Pakupita zaka zochepa, bedi limapangidwanso.
Pomaliza, Nikolai Ivanovich akupereka malangizo omaliza:
Dera lililonse la Russia lili ndi nyengo yake komanso nyengo yake. Chifukwa chake, musagwiritse ntchito upangiri wonse mosaganiza - zina mwazo sizingafanane ndi zomwe muli nazo. Yang'anirani bwino dimba lanu ndikusintha njira yanu yolima kuti mbewuzo zimve bwino. Kenako mudzapeza dimba weniweni malinga ndi Kurdyumov.
