Kuyambira kale, mkungudza unkasangalatsa anthu ndi mphamvu zachilengedwe, kukongola ndi mphamvu yochiritsa. Amadziwika kuti wopeza mkate, mwambi, mphatso yochokera kwa milungu. Kuyambira nthawi yayitali mitengo yamikungudza imawerengedwa ngati magwero a mphamvu zozizwitsa, zomwe zimakhazikitsa ndi kuwunikira malingaliro, kudzutsa moyo ndikuwongolera kumalingaliro aliwonse okongola omwe ali Padziko lapansi. Kwa zaka masauzande angapo zapitazo pomwe anthu ankamuyang'ana, sanataye tanthauzo lake, koma adawonjezera, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zambiri zasayansi.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za mkungudza
Kedari ndi amodzi mwa mitengo osowa, yomwe magawo onse amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zakudya kapena mankhwala.
Nkhalango za mkungudza zimakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri ya phytoncid kotero kuti mahekitala amtundu wina wotere ungakhale oyeretsa mpweya mumzinda wonse.
Anthu achi Sumerians akale anali kulemekeza mkungudza ngati mtengo wopatulika ndipo adapereka mayina okongola kwambiri. Matabwa a mkungudza anali ngati gawo losinthanitsa ndipo nthawi zambiri anali amtengo wapatali kuposa golide. Mulungu wa ku Sumeriya ankaonedwa kuti ndi woyera wa mkungudza, ndipo palibe amene angadule mtengo popanda chilolezo chapamwamba. Izi zimatsimikizira mapale omwe adapezeka pofukufuku, omwe amachokera zaka za 5th-4th. BC. Pa iwo adalembedwanso tanthauzo la momwe mkungudza umawonekera.
Zokongoletsera za manda a mfumu ya ku Egypt Tutankhamun ndizopangidwa ndi mtengo wamkungudza. Kwa zaka chikwi zitatu, sichinangochita zowonongekera, komanso chimanunkhiza fungo lake labwino. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, utomoni wa mkungudza inali imodzi mwazinthu zopangira mafuta osakanikirana, ndipo mafuta a mkungudza anathandizira kusunga gumbwa wamtengo wapatali wakale wa ku Egypt mpaka lero.
Anthu akale adapanga zombo zawo pamatanda a mkungudza, ndipo mtengo wabwino kwambiri, womwe Nowa adamangapo chingalawa chake, ndi mtengo wamkungudza womwe umamera m'zigwa za Mesopotamia.
Kufotokozera kwa mtengo
Mkungudza wopambana ndi wa banja la banja la Pine. Iyi ndi mitengo yobiriwira, yobiriwira mpaka pamtunda wa 45, yokhala ndi korona wofalikira. Amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali ndipo amakula mpaka zaka 400-500. Makungwa amtundu wakuda pamitengo yaying'ono ndi yosalala, pa zakale - ndi ming'alu ndi mamba.
Masingano ndi maonekedwe owoneka ngati singano, opinimbira, owuma komanso onyoza. Mtundu wake m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana umasiyana ndi wobiriwira wakuda mpaka wobiriwira-wobiriwira ndi siliva-imvi. Masingano amamangidwa. Maluwa a mkungudza, ngati mungawatchule kuti spikelets, ndiotalika mpaka 5 masentimita ndi ma stamens ang'onoang'ono komanso ma anther. Maluwa a mkungudza amatuwa.
Zingwe zimamera pama nthambi nthawi imodzi, zimakonzedwa molunjika, monga makandulo. Tulutsani chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu ndikubalalitsa nthawi yozizira, kufalitsa mbewu mu mphepo. Kamodzi pazabwino, zimamera pakatha masiku 20.
Mbeu za mkungudza siziri konse ngati mtedza. Awo ndi ang'ono, ali ndi mapiko kuti athe kukhazikikanso bwino m'mphepete mwa mphepo komanso osakhazikika.
Mkungudza umafunika dothi lopepuka, losapangidwa pamtunda wapamwamba komanso wopumira. Amakonda kwambiri madzi osayenda. Mumakonda dothi losauka la laimu. Pamalo otsetsereka kumapiri omwe amapangidwa ndi miyala ya chinsalu, amadwala chlorosis ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa.
Amamva bwino m'malo otentha a dzuwa, koma dothi lolemera amakula bwino mthunzi.
Habitat
Malo omwe mkungudza umamera kulikonse ndi madera akumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa gombe la Mediterranean. Mitengo imakonda malo amapiri okhala ndi chilimwe ozizira komanso nyengo yotentha. Zimapezekanso kumapiri a Himalayas, kumpoto kwa West Africa, ku Lebanon, komwe mtengo wamkungudza ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro za dzikolo ndipo umawonetsedwa pa mbendera ya dziko ndi chida.
Ku Russia, mkungudza umamera kokha pagombe lakumwera kwa Crimea, pomwe udachita bwino komanso umapatsa zipatso zambiri. M'madera ena, imangopezeka m'minda yazomera ndi zoletsa zokha. Ndipo mtengo uja, womwe umatchedwa kuti mkungudza wa ku Siberia, kwenikweni umaimira mtundu wa Pine ndipo umatchedwa pini ya ku Siberia, ku Europe kapena ku Korea. Ndi mitengo ya mkungudza, mitunduyi imalumikizidwa ndi banja limodzi. Koma "pine mtedza" aliyense omwe amakonda komanso othandizira kwambiri amapereka kwa pine ya ku Siberia.
Mitundu ya Kedari
Mitundu ya mkungudza ili ndi mitundu 4:
- Atlas - Cedrus atlantica;
- chifupi chochepa - Cedrus brevifolia. M'mabuku ena, mtunduwu umapangidwa chifukwa cha mabungwe a Lebanon;
- Himalayan - Cedrus deodara;
- Lebanon - Cedrus libani.
Kapangidwe kake ka mitengo ya mkungudza ndi maini ndi ofanana kwambiri, chifukwa, kwanthawi yayitali mitundu yodziwikayo imawoneka yofanana. Koma kafukufuku watsopano wasayansi watsimikizira izi, ndipo tsopano mitundu yonse iwiriyi yapatalidwa.
Atlas
Mkungudza wa Atlas umamera m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri a Atlas ku Algeria ndi Morocco. M'malo achilengedwe amapezeka pamalo okwera mpaka 2000 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Mtengowu ndi wochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Zofananira zazikulu kwambiri zimafika kutalika kwa 50 m, ndipo mainchesi awo thunthu ndi 1.5-2 mamita. Singano ndizomata ndipo zimakhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira. Mtengowu ndiwotsekemera komanso wonunkhira bwino, womwe umandikumbutsa nkhuni za kunenepa. Mitundu ya Atlas imalekerera chisanu mpaka -20 ° C ndipo imagwirizana bwino ndi chilala.
M'mayiko aku Africa, mitengo yamkungudza imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta. Mafuta ali ndi zinthu zabwino za antiseptic ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazodzikongoletsera.
Mkungudza wa Atlas ngati chomera cholimidwa umalimidwa kumwera kwa Europe, kumapiri a Caucasus komanso ku Asia.
Mtengo wa bonsai, womwe umamera ponseponse ngati dimba kapena chomera chamkati, ndi mkungudza wa Atlas.
Himalayan
Mtengo wa mkungudza wa Himalayan umamera kum'mawa ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, kumapiri kumapiri a Himalayan, ku Afghanistan, India, Nepal ndi Pakistan. Imapezeka kumapiri pamtunda wamtunda wa 3500. Mtundu wa Himalayan suli wotsika poyerekeza ndi Atlas kutalika ndi kutsika kwa thunthu, mosiyana, uli ndi korona yokulirapo. Nthambi za mtengo wachikulire zikufanana pansi. Mtengowu ndi wolimba ndipo umanunkhira bwino; Singano ndi yofewa, yopepuka, yokhala ndi imvi.
Mafoni amadzuka kwa nthawi yoposa chaka, kenako nkutha. Mbewu ndizing'onozing'ono, zosakhazikika, zopatsa mphamvu. Mitundu ya Himalayan imalekerera kupendekera bwino kuposa zina, ngakhale mwachilengedwe mumakhala gawo lalikulu la nkhalangoyi. Zitsanzo zaumwini zimakhalabe zaka 1000.
Mtengo wa mkungudza wa Himalayan ukukula msanga ndipo ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapaki oyang'ana kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe ndi Crimea.
Lebanoni
Mkungudza wa Lebanoni suli wotsika poyerekeza ndi ena kutalika ndi thunthu mphamvu. Chisoti chachifumu cha mitengo yaying'ono chimakhala chofanizira, pazaka zambiri chimatenga mawonekedwe osalala. Masingano ndi amtundu wamtambo-obiriwira, wokhala ndi moyo zaka 2, ali omata.
Ali ndi zaka 25-28, mtengo umayamba kubala zipatso. Ma cell amapangidwa zaka ziwiri zilizonse.
Zosiyanasiyana zimadziwika ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono, kumalekerera kuzizira kwakanthawi kochepa mpaka -30 ° C. Imakonda madera abwino owuma, chilala chofewa, chimatha kumera panthaka zosauka, koma salola chinyezi chambiri.
Mkungudza wa ku Lebanoni umakhala wamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kuwala kwake, kofewa, koma nthawi yomweyo nkhuni zamphamvu zolimba.
Mitundu ya Cine Pine
Ngakhale kuti malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa sayansi, mitundu ya Canada, Korea ndi Siberian ndi mitengo ya mkungudza yokhayo, mayina omwe ndiofala kwa anthu onse amakhalabe. Mkungudza waku Canada ndi wa mtundu wa Tui wa banja la Cypress.
Mtengo wa mkungudza wa ku Korea
Mkungudza wa ku Korea kapena Manchu ndi mtengo wa paini wobala kum'mawa kwa Asia, China, Korea, Japan ndi Russia Far East. Mtengo wamtali wamtali uli ndi korona wandiweyani komanso mizu yakuya. Ma singano ndi amtundu wabuluu, wamtali, amakula m'magulu a zidutswa 5.
Mitambo imadzuka pakatha chaka chimodzi ndi theka ndikutha m'dzinja kapena nthawi yachisanu. Choko chilichonse chimakhala ndi mtedza wambiri. Zipatso zamtundu waku Korea zaka zingapo zilizonse.
Pini wa mkungudza waku Siberia
Mkungudza waku Siberia, kapena mtengo wa paini waku Siberia ndi mtengo wobiriwira nthawi zonse, wocheperako pang'ono kuposa wachibale wake wotchuka. Amakhala ndi zaka 500-700, amasiyanasiyana mu wandiweyani, nthawi zambiri korona wamiyala yambiri wokhala ndi nthambi zambiri. Singano ndi yofewa, yayitali, komanso yophulika. Mtengowu umamera ndi mizu yamphamvu, ndipo pamtundu wamchenga wowala umakhazikika mizu ya nangula yomwe imalowa kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi mitengo yamkungudza yolekerera, yokhala ndi nyengo yayifupi.
Chomera chimakhala ndi mauna amuna ndi akazi. Zimakhwima pakatha chaka chimodzi ndi theka ndipo zimagwa nthawi yoyambilira. Choko chilichonse chimakhala ndi mtedza pafupifupi 150. Kuchokera pamtengo umodzi mumalandira mtedza wa makilogalamu 12 paini. Mkungudza waku Siberia umayamba kubala zipatso mochedwa, pafupifupi pa zaka 50-60.
Agologolo a mkungudza ndi ma chipmunks amatenga nawo gawo pantchito yobwezeretsa mitengo, yomwe imafalitsa mbewu pamtunda wautali.
Zabisalira pakukula mtedza wa mkungudza
Alimi a ku Russia amalima mitengo ya mkungudza ku Siberia, ndipo mwanjira imeneyi amaitcha kuti mkungudza. Palibe amene angakane kukhala ndi mbiri yaku Siberiya yosalala yokhala ndi singano zonunkhiritsa komanso mtedza wochiritsa pamalo awo, ndipo pazinthu zochepa, pali mitundu yochepa kwambiri yomwe simatenga malo ambiri. Timaphunzira momwe tingakulire mkungudza pogula mmera ku nazale.
Mukamasankha malo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ndi zaka, kufunikira kwa mtengo pakuwala kokha kumakula, chifukwa chake muyenera kusankha malo osasinthika. Ngati ndi kotheka, mbande zamkungudza zokhala ndi mizu yotsekedwa zimagulidwa. Ndikofunika kutenga mizu yomwe mizu yake sinakhale nayo nthawi yowuma, motero ndikofunika kusankha mmera womwe wakumbidwa kumene. Dongo lonyentchera siliyenera kupitirira theka la mita mulifupi ndi kulongedza lonyowa ndi burashi la pulasitiki.
Momwe mungabzalire mmera wam mkungudza
Asanadzalemo, ndikofunikira kukumba dera lonse la dimba lomwe akufuna kubzala mbande. Maenje atchuthi amakonzekeretsa pang'ono kuposa mtanda wa dothi. Mtunda pakati pa maenjewo uyenera kukhala wosachepera 8. Amisili ang'onoang'ono amabzalidwa nthawi yomweyo m'miyala yopepuka, ndipo mchenga ndi peat zimawonjezeredwa pamtunda wolemera.
Pansi pa dzenje, nthaka yaying'ono imathiridwa ndikufesa mmera, ndikufalitsa mizu. Khosi la mizu lisakhale lotsika kuposa msinkhu. Ngati izi zonse zidachitika, mmera umatengedwa ndikuthira pang'ono nthaka. Kenako, chikhomo chimakumbidwa pafupi ndi mtengowo ndipo pansi chimatsanuliridwa pa dzenjalo, ndikupanga pang'ono. Dzenje lobzala limathiriridwa mokwanira, dziko lapansi lomwe limapangidwa ndi thunthu limayatsidwa ndi zinyalala, utuchi kapena makungwa ophwanyika.
Pakupita milungu iwiri, mmera ukadzamera, umathiriridwa pakatha masiku awiri, ngati kulibe mvula.
Timalima mkungudza kuchokera ku nati
Ngati simunathe kupeza mmera ku nazale, ndipo mtedza wapaini wamphesa mu vase ikupereka lingaliro lina, omasuka kusankha yayikulu kwambiri ndi chipolopolo chonse - tiyesa kukulira mkungudza pambewu kunyumba. Njira yophukira mtedza si yosavuta, koma yosangalatsa:
- mbewu zimayikidwa m'madzi ndikusungidwa kwa masiku atatu, nthawi kusintha;
- mtedza wa pop-up amachotsedwa, ndipo enawo amasungidwa kwa maola angapo mumdima wapinki wamdima wa potaziyamu;
- Mbeu zathanzi zimayikidwa mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso tating'ono kwambiri kwa miyezi itatu;
- ndiye mtedza umalowanso mu potaziyamu permanganate kwa tsiku ndikuwuma;
- Zofesedwa m'malo otsekedwa (wowonjezera kutentha kapena malo okhala filimu) mu dothi lokonzedwa, lomwe lili ndi magawo 20 a peat, mbali ziwiri za phulusa ndi gawo limodzi la superphosphate mpaka 2-3 cm;
- musanatuluke, m'minda yothirira madzi.
M'munda wotsekedwa, mbande zimamera zaka ziwiri. Pambuyo pake, pogona chimachotsedwa. Mitengo yakale ya zaka 6 - 6 yakonzeka kuti izitha kupita kwamuyaya.
Kusamalira mkungudza wachinyamata waku Siberia kumakhala kuthirira nthawi zonse, kuyalaza thunthu, kuwombera popanda mulch ndi kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa potaziyamu katatu pachaka. Kuti muchite izi, 20 g ya potaziyamu sulfate imayikidwa mu ndowa ndikuthirira mtengo uliwonse.
Mitundu iwiri yaini ya mkungudza ndiodziwika bwino pakati pa olima - "Recordist" ndi "Icarus". Zonse ziwiri ndizakongoletsa kwambiri, zophatikizika kukula, zazing'ono komanso zopanda zipatso zambiri.
Cedari, yomwe idalimidwa kuchokera ku nati, posachedwa imakhala mtengo wokondedwa kwambiri pamalowa. Ndipo akadzakula, ndipo mumthunzi wake amatha kupuma, kupereka mphindi zambiri zosangalatsa, kubweretsa kuzizira komanso kutsitsimutsa mpweya ndi fungo lonunkhira bwino.
