Pepper mwa kukoma amagawidwa m'magulu awiri.
- Zokoma (zamasamba). Amadziwikanso kuti Chibugariya. Pa fungo labwino la chipatso, zomwe zili ndi mavitamini ndi zinthu zina ndi mankhwala ofunikira m'thupi, tsabola wokoma ndi zina mwazomera zamasamba zofunika kwambiri.
- Tsabola wotentha (wowawa, onunkhira) amakhala ndi kukoma kowotcha chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa capsaicin alkaloid.
Mbande za tsabola wokoma.
Tsabola wowotcha amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokometsera za mbale ndi zipatso, komanso zotsekemera muukadaulo komanso mwachilengedwe monga tebulo lamasamba atsopano a saladi, kutsitsa, kukoka, kulakatula, kukonza mbale imodzi ndi imodzi monga mbatata yosenda, chodzikongoletsera ndi chimanga, masamba, nyama.
Izi zamasamba zimadziwika ndi nyengo yayitali yokulira. Kuti mupeze mbewu yakukula kwachilengedwe, amafunika masiku 90-180. Palibe nyengo yotentha motere m'madera ambiri a Russia, kotero iwo amakula chifukwa cha mbande, kenako kubzala poyera kapena malo obisalamo, pansi pa malo, m'malo obisalamo okhala ndi zipinda zina zomwe zimasunga kutentha, chinyezi komanso kuyatsa.
Zomwe zikukonzekera mbande ndizofanana kwa magulu onse awiri a tsabola - okoma ndi otentha.
Tekinoloje yokulira mbande za tsabola
Mukadzala liti tsabola wa mbande?
Kuti mbande zikhale zokonzeka kubzala poyera kum'mwera kwa dera lakum'mwera, kufesa mbewu mumakonzedwe kumachitika mu khumi zapitazi za February-khumi oyambira March. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yoyambirira ndi yapakatikati imabzalidwa mu February, ndipo kenako mu Marichi.
Pakatikati pa Russia, kufesa tsabola kwa mbande kumachitika kuyambira pa febru 10 mpaka 25 ndipo ndibwino kubzala mitundu yoyambirira, yapakatikati komanso mochedwa ndi malire a masabata awiri.
Kukonzekera kwa kusakaniza kwa dothi kwa mbande za tsabola
Monga mbewu zina, timatulutsa chisanadze. Amakhala ndi: turf kapena dothi lamasamba (mbali ziwiri), humus (1 gawo) kapena peat yayitali (mbali ziwiri) ndi mchenga (gawo la 0.5-1.0). Msanganizo umasakanikirana ndikuthira limodzi ndi njira imodzi yodziwitsira thupi (yozizira, yofunda, yamawonekedwe). Mutha kuchiza osakaniza ndi yankho la 1-2% ya potaziyamu permanganate. Pambuyo kuyanika, sakanizani ndi yankho la trichodermin, planris kapena fungicides ena omwe amathandizira kuti pakhale microflora yopindulitsa ndikuwonongeranso munthawi yomweyo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mu dothi losakanizika musananyike, onjezani nitroammophoska 30-40 g ndi kapu yamatanda pankhuni. Pokhapokha feteleza wokonzeka wopangidwa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito osakaniza a 15-20 g a nayitrogeni, 30-40 g wa phosphorous, 15-20 g wamafuta a potashi ndi kapu yamatabwa.
Kukonzekera kwa mbewu ya tsabola
Mbewu za tsabola zimamera masabata 2-2,5. Kuti tithandizire kutuluka kwa mbande palokha mbewu zokolola ziyenera kukonzekera kufesa. Ndikwabwino kuti alimi a novice agule mbewu m'masitolo apadera. Amapitilira kugulitsa kale ndikukonzekera kufesa.
Mbande za tsabola wofiira, wotentha.
Podzikonzekeretsa:
- Gawanitsani njere mu tizigawo. Timakonkha supuni ya mchere (30 g) mu madzi okwanira 1 litre ndikuchepetsa mbewu kuti ikhale yankho kwa mphindi 5 mpaka 10. Zofooka, mapapu adzayandama. Makhalidwe amayimira pansi pa chidebe ndi yankho. Kuphatikiza njere zowoneka bwino, ndikutsuka nthangala zozama pansi pamadzi ndikuwuma kuti madzi atuluke firiji.
- Kuti achulukitse chitetezo chokwanira, mbewu zimawumitsidwa. Masana amasungidwa m'chipinda chofunda pa kutentha kwa + 20 ... + 22ºС, ndipo usiku timawaika pamalo ochepera a firiji, momwe kutentha kumachokera ku + 2 ... + 3ºС. Timakhala pafupifupi masiku 3-5 ndikuumitsa. Mukawuma, samalani. Mbeu zouma zokha zomwe sizouma.
- Popewa matenda a mbande zazing'ono, njere zimachotsedwa.
Mavalidwe ambewu ya tsabola amachitika m'njira zingapo:
- Chosavuta kwambiri chikuchita mu 2% yankho la potaziyamu permanganate. Sungunulani 10 g ya mankhwalawa mu 0,5 l lamadzi ndikuchepetsa mu thumba la gauze mu njira ya mphindi 15-20. Timatsuka njere zochotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pansi pamadzi.
- Kuthira (mbewu) zipatso za tsabola kuchokera kumatenda obwera ndi mwendo wakuda, kuzika ndi mizu, kuterera, mutha kuthana ndi yankho la imodzi mwa biofungicides phytosporin-M, alirin-B, mauir SP, trichodermin, albite malinga ndi malingaliro. Sitimatsuka.
- Timalemeretsa njere mu michere yothira michere pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera ma epin, abwino, zircon, novosil, ribav-owonjezera ndi ena. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito microfertilizer microvit, cytovit yovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala othandizira, othandizira, microdutrient feteleza ndi biofungicides amatha kuphatikizidwa mu yankho limodzi (lokonzekera ngati msakanizo wa tank). Zida za mbewu zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'matumba a gauze zimatsitsidwa muzosakaniza zazomera kwa maola 12-15. Popanda kuchapa, kuwaza papepala kapena pazachilengedwe (zosapangidwa) ndi youma firiji mpaka kukafika. Njira yosavuta yodalitsira kufesa mbewu ndi maelemiyumu ndikulowera mu njira yothira phulusa. Timalimbikitsa supuni ziwiri za phulusa louma mu lita imodzi yamadzi masana. Timasefa njirayi ndikutsitsa njirayo mchikwama cha maola atatu. Kenako (popanda rinsing) kufalitsa pa pepala kapena nsalu youma ndi youma kuti flow flow firiji.
- Mbewu za tsabola zimamera pang'onopang'ono, motero zimamera musanafese. Mbeu zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zibzalidwe zimamwazika pa nsalu yopyapyala yomwe imakulungidwa mu zigawo zingapo mu sope yopanda. Menyani. Phimbani zomwezo pamwamba ndikuchoka pa kutentha kwa + 20 ... + 25ºС. Tsiku lililonse, nthawi zina kawiri patsiku, nyowetsani zinthuzo. Mu chipinda chanyontho choterocho, tsabola umaphukira m'masiku atatu ndi kuphukira. Pukutsani pang'ono pofesa mbewu ndikuikamo chidebe.
Mukamapangira mbewu nokha, khalani osamala komanso osamala. Tsatirani malangizowo. Osayesa kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mayankho, kutentha, kutalika ndi njira zina pokonzekera. M'malo motukula, mutha kupeza zotsatira zoyipa.
Kumwaza mbewu za tsabola pamisempha yonyowa.
Kukonzekera mbande za tsabola
Kuchuluka kwa zakudya zosakanizidwa ndi michere kumadalira malo omwe amapangidwira mbewu zokulitsa tsabola. Mukafesa chiwembu 5x4 kapena 6x3 kuchokera pa lalikulu. m. yothandiza m'dera chotsani 500 zidutswa za mbande. Ngati mukufuna tsabola pang'ono, mbande zitha kulimidwa kunyumba - pazenera kapena m'malo otentha komanso opepuka mumbale (makapu) amodzi. Ndi kulima kwamtunduwu, kutola zipatso sikofunika.
Kubzala Mbewu za Pepper
Ndimanyowetsa nthaka mumtsuko wokonzedwayo ndikuyika makina ogwetsera mwapadera ndi njira yofesera yopanga. Ngati palibe tambula, ndiye kuti ndimakoka dothi ndodo pamabala ogwirizana ndi chiwembucho. Pakati pa lalikulu lililonse kapena chidebe chosiyana (chikho, kapu ya peat-humus, makaseti apadera) ndimayika mbewu za 1-2.
Ndimabzala mbewu ndi 1-1.5 masentimita, ndikuphimba ndi filimu kapena galasi ndikuyika malo otentha (kutentha 25 ° C) m'chipindamo kapena kuyika mabokosi mu wowonjezera kutentha. Kuti tipeze mbande zathanzi labwino, ndikofunikira kuti mbewuyi yomwe imakonda kutentha izitha kuthana ndi kutentha muudzu.
- Kuyambira pakufesa mbewu mpaka mbande, kutentha kwa dothi kusakanikirana kuyenera kusamalidwa pa + 20 ... + 28 ° C. Tsabola amadziwika ndi mphamvu yochepa yamera, chifukwa chake mbande m'nthaka yozizira sizitetezedwa, mochedwa.
- M'mwezi woyamba kuchokera pakuwoneka mbande, kutentha kwa dothi kumasintha ndikukhala + 15 ... + 17 ° С usiku, ndi + 20 ... + 22 ° С masana. Nthawi imeneyi, timasunga kutentha kwa sabata sabata yoyamba masana ku + 14 ... + 16 ° С, ndipo usiku timatsitsa mpaka + 8 ... + 10 ° С. Pambuyo pake, musanazimitsidwe, kutentha kwa mpweya kumasungidwa usiku usiku + 11 ... + 13 ° С, ndipo masana + 18 ... + 25-27 ° С, kutetemera pamasiku dzuwa. Njira yosintha kutentha imafunikira kuti mbande zisatambasule.
M'mabokosi, mbande zimakula mpaka masiku 30-32. Ndi mawonekedwe a masamba enieni 1-2 Timayika zotengera zokhala ndi chovala mumthunzi wowala pang'ono kapena kugwiritsira ntchito pang'ono kwa dzuwa. Mbande zili m'mbale sizimayenda.
Mphukira za tsabola.
Kusamalira Mbande za Pepper
Kusamalira mbande musanabzle panthaka kapena kwanyengo pokhazikika ndikuwonjezera chinyezi, kutentha ndi chakudya chokwanira.
Kuthirira mbande za tsabola
Nthaka iyenera kukhala yonyowa popanda kupukuta. Ndimakhala kuthirira m'masiku atatu. Pambuyo pakupanga masamba 3-4, ndimasinthira kuthirira tsiku ndi tsiku. Madzi othirira azitenthetsedwa mpaka + 20 ... + 25 ° С. Ndimathilira dothi ndikathirira, nthawi zambiri ndimakhala ndi mchenga wouma. Pofuna kupewa matenda a fungal a mizu, mbande zimamwetsedwa masabata onse awiri ndi yankho la biofungicides (trichodermin, planriz ndi ena). Chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri, ndimayendetsa bwino wowonjezera kutentha (wopanda zolemba).
Mavalidwe apamwamba
Ndimadyetsa mbande kawiri. Ndimagwira chovala choyambirira chapamwamba chokhala ndi masamba enieni a 2-3 enieni okhala ndi feteleza wa 50 g wa granular superphosphate, 30 g wa ammonia ndi 20 g wa potaziyamu wopanda chlorine pa 1 sq. Km. mamita m'dera louma kapena losungunuka (pa malita 10 a madzi). Pambuyo povala pamwamba, kuthilira ndikofunikira kuti muchotse feteleza wotsalira. Amatha kuyambitsa kutentha kwa masamba masamba. Ndimakhala chovala chachiwiri pamasiku opitilira masiku asanafike pamtunda wokhazikika ndi mawonekedwe omwewo. Koma, ngati mbande zikukula msanga, ndiye kuti sindigwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa nayitrogeni pakudya kwachiwiri.
Kusamalira tsabola
Masabata awiri asanabzalidwe, ndimakhwimitsa mbande. Pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa kuthirira. Kuyanika kwa kutumphuka kwa dothi losakaniza kumaloledwa. Ndimachepetsa kutentha kubulusa mpaka kulowa mumlengalenga wakunja. Ndikakulitsa mbande mnyumba, nyumba, ndimatulutsa mbande zomwe sizinapangidwe koyamba, nthawi yoyamba ndi maola 4-6, ndikuwonjezera nthawi yotalikirana nthawi.
Mbande za tsabola.
Madeti obzala mbande za pepala pamalo okhazikika
Mbewu za tsabola zimabzalidwa panthaka pomwe dothi limatentha muzu waukulu (10-15 cm) mpaka + 14 ... + 16 ° C ndikuwopsezedwa kwa madontho obwera masika akudutsa. Nthawi imeneyi ikugwera mchaka chachitatu cha Meyi-theka loyamba la Juni. Asanabzale, mbande zimamwe madzi ambiri kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa mizu. Mbeu zosalala sizizika mizu bwino, kutaya masamba awo oyamba.
Makhalidwe a mbande za tsabola pakubzala
Zaka za mbande zimayamba masiku 60-80, kutengera mitundu. Mmera kutalika 17-20 masentimita, masamba 700 opangidwa bwino. Chaposachedwa, kum'mwera zigawo, kulima mitengo yopanda zopanda pake kwagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi ndondomeko ya 8x8 kapena 10x10. Masamba 4-6 akapangidwa, mbande zotere (mwachilengedwe pambuyo pa kuumitsa) zimabzalidwe kosatha. Kuchuluka kwa kupulumuka kuli kambiri, mbewu ndi yabwino. Zomera sizidwala.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tsabola
Kunyumba, ndibwino kulima mitundu, m'malo mwa ma hybrids. Amadziwika ndi kukana kwakula pantchito zomwe sizikukula ndipo safuna chisamaliro chapadera ngati ma hybrids.
Mwa kukhwima, tsabola umagawidwa kumayambiriro, pakati komanso mochedwa ndi mitundu yosinthira (sing'anga koyambirira, pakati mochedwa, etc.).
Mitundu yoyambirira ya tsabola
Mitundu yoyambilira imapanga mbewu mu ukada patatha masiku 95-110 ndipo mwa masiku 10-12 pambuyo pake. Zilimidwe kudera lamtunda, mitundu yabwino kwambiri imaganiziridwa: "Duel", "Winnie the Pooh", "Health", "Red Elephant", "California Miracle ndi ena.
Mitundu Yapakatikati Yapakatikati
Zokolola zimapangidwa mwaukadaulo kwa masiku 110-125: "Topolin", "Swallow", "Victoria", "Ndege", "Prometheus", "Yellow Bouquet", "Mphatso ya Moldova" ndi ena.
Mitundu ya Mid-nyengo ya tsabola
M'zaka zaposachedwa, mitundu yakucha yakukula yakhala ikuyenda bwino ndipo akulimbikitsidwa pazakuchita: "Fat Baron," Bogatyr "," Prometheus "Amapanga zokolola mwapang'onopang'ono kwa masiku 128 mpaka 135. Amasiyana pakukongola kosangalatsa, kufinya kwa makoma a zipatso ndi unyinji waukulu - mpaka 140 -200 g
Mphesa kucha kucha mitundu
Mitundu ndi yakucha kwakanthawi ndikutchuka chifukwa chofunda komanso kulima m'malo ozizira m'malo obiriwira. Zophatikiza zimalimbikitsidwa: "Usiku F1", "Paris F1" ndi mitundu "Albatross", "Flamingo", "Anastasia" ndi ena.
Mitundu yotentha ya tsabola
Kucha koyambirira: "Gorgon", "Apongozi aakazi", "wamkazi wamkazi wa Fiery", "lilime la apongozi", "Jubilee," Twinkle "ndi ena.
Oyambirira Pakati: "Adjika", "Kuchulukitsa Kwambiri", "Astrakhan 147", "Miracle of Moscow Region" ndi ena
Nyengo yapakati: "Red Fat Man", "Bully", "Ivory Trunk" ndi ena.
Kucha mochedwa: "Vizier", "Hercules", "Habanero", "The Little Prince" ndi ena.
Yang'anani! Monga mwachizolowezi, tikufunsani inu mu ndemanga m'nkhaniyi kuti mulembe za njira zanu komanso zanzeru zokulira mbande za tsabola. Chonde musaiwale kuonetsa kuti mumawakulira m'gawo liti komanso munthawi yomwe mumabzala komanso kudzala nthawi yayitali. Zikomo!
