Mtundu wa Camellia

Takambirana kale za mbewu zambiri, abwenzi odzipereka a anthu. Koma momwe mungadutsire mbewu zotere mwakachetechete, chifukwa cha zomwe tidaphunzira kukoma kwa tiyi, khofi, cocoa? Alowa m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku motalika kwambiri kotero kuti akuwoneka kuti ndi chinthu chamuyaya komanso chosagawika. Pafupifupi anthu biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi amamwa zakumwa zosangalatsa komanso nthawi yomweyo zakumwa zabwino zomwe zimalimbitsa thupi, zimakhala zosangalala komanso sizivulaza.

Zowona, tiyi, koko ndi khofi sizingafanize zakumwa zonse zofunikira. Ku kontinenti ya Africa kokha, anthu 40 miliyoni amamwa kulowetsedwa kwa mitengo yamtengo, anthu aku South Africa oposa 30 miliyoni amagwiritsa ntchito masamba obiriwira a mtengo wobiriwira - tiyi wa Paraguay. Ndizofala kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito chakumwa chopangidwa kuchokera masamba a chitsamba cha guarana.

Tchire la tiyi, maluwa (Camellia sinensis maluwa)

Mwachidule, aliyense amene amakonda chiyani. Kwa ife, zazikulu zomwe zakhala zakumwa za "classic", inde, tiyi, koko ndi khofi, koma tiyi akhala wotchuka kwambiri kuyambira nthawi zakale. Palibe chodabwitsa kunena kuti dziko lathu lasandulika dziko lachiwiri la tiyi.

Pamafunso, kodi malo enieni a tiyi amapezeka, asayansi tsopano amayankha m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri, komabe, amavomereza kuti chitsamba chobiriwira ichi, nthawi zina, komabe, chofika pamtunda wa 10, chimadumphira kuchokera malo pomwe chitha kuwonedwa kuthengo. Awa ndi madera a nkhalango zotentha za kumpoto kwa Burma, India ndi Vietnam, South China, Chilumba cha Hainan. Ponena za tiyi ngati chakumwa, palibe kusagwirizana kapena kukayikira - izi ndizopeka za achina China, omwe amawadziwa ndipo amawakonda kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ku China, "tiyi" amatanthauza "tsamba laling'ono", zomwe zimawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito masamba ang'onoang'ono apical pokonzekera chakumwa.

Ngakhale chitsamba cha tiyi chimakhala chobiriwira nthawi zonse, masamba ake akuluakulu amakhala chaka chimodzi chokha. Zowona, chomera cha tiyi sichikhala chamaliseche: masamba ake amagwa, mosiyana ndi mitengo yathu yazomera, pang'onopang'ono ndipo makamaka masika. M'malo mwakugwa, atsopano amapezeka nthawi yomweyo. Koma tiyi limamasula m'dzinja, koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Maluwa, mmodzi amodzi, kapena awiri kapena anayi, akupitilizabe kuonekera mpaka kuzizira. Ndi onunkhira kwambiri, okongola oyera oyera kapena apinki. M'posadabwitsa kuti akatswiri ena amati tiyi ndi mtundu wa camellia wokongola.

Tchire la tiyi (Camellia sinensis)

Maluwa ochepa a tiyi amakhathamiritsa: 2-4 peresenti yokha, ndikupanga zipatso zazing'ono - mabokosi okhala ndi nthangala zamafuta owawa. Maluwa otsalawo amagwa msanga kapena kufota.

Pali mitundu yambiri ndi mitundu ya tiyi yemwe amadziwika, koma pamaziko a tiyi padziko lonse lapansi ndi tiyi waku China.

Kuti zitheke kusonkhanitsa masamba, mbewu zam tiyi zimapangidwa monga timitengo yaying'ono. Pafupifupi mahekitala miliyoni amabzalidwa padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe malo athu onse olima tiyi apitilira mahekitala 100,000.

Zakale zakutizika ndi mantha. Pali nthano yakale yaku China yokhudzana ndi momwe, kwa masiku ndi usiku, osadziwa kupumula, m'busa wachipembedzo cha Buddha, Darma adapemphera, omwe adasamuka ku India kupita ku China ndipo adalandira dzina latsopano la Ta Mo. Nthawi ina, atatopa ndi pemphero lalitali, Ta Mo adagwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo adagona, ndipo m'mene adadzuka adadzikwiyira, adadula matope ndikumuponyera pansi ndi mkwiyo. Pamalo ano, monga kuti chitsamba choyamba cha tiyi tamera. Kuchokera pamasamba ake, Ta Mo adakonza chakumwa chomwe adapeza kuchiritsa, kukhala champhamvu m'maganizo ndikupempha kuitana zachipembedzo. Chifukwa chake, asanamwalire, adapereka kwa otsatira ake onse kuti amwe tiyi, nawalengeza kuti ndi chakumwa, chokakamiza kuchita miyambo yachipembedzo.

Komabe, tiyi posachedwa amasulidwa m'manja mwa olambira, popeza mphamvu zake zochiritsa zidakhazikitsidwa. Umboni woyamba womwe udadza kwa ife za kugwiritsa ntchito tiyi ngati chomera chazomera kuchokera ku milenia yachisanu BC. Izi zikutsimikizidwanso ndi buku lakale la Chitchaina Bentsar, lomwe lidapangidwa mu IV m'ma BC. Mmenemo, tiyi amafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane, akudziwa bwino nkhaniyi monga chakumwa komanso ngati chomera.

Tchire la tiyi (Camellia sinensis)

Woyenda m'modzi wosadziwika wa ku Arabia yemwe analemba mu 879 AD adati msonkho ku China “samangochokera mchere, komanso kuchokera kuzomera zomwe masamba aku China amawira m'madzi.” Ndi chitsamba chosavuta chomwe masamba ake ndi akulu kuposa mtengo wa makangaza, ndipo kununkhira kwawo ndikwabwino kwambiri, koma ali ndi kuwawa. Amawiritsa madzi, amawatsanulira pamasamba, ndipo chakumwa ichi chimachiritsa matenda ambiri. "

Tiyi mwachangu ndinayamba kumwa ku China. Zochita ndi ndakatulo zidaperekedwa kwa iye, nyumba zapadera zam tiyi zidakonzedwa, zomwe ndakatulo zachikondi zotchedwa "oases m'chipululu chomvetsa chisoni kukhala." Panalinso mpambo wa tiyi - zipembedzo, zomwe zimafuna kupembedzera zakumwa, "modabwitsa pakati pa kupezeka kwa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku." Ndipo m'mbuyomu ku China kuli nyimbo yokhuza tiyi: "tiyi umalimbikitsa mzimu, umafewetsa mtima, umathamangitsa kutopa, woganiza amaganiza, salola ulesi kukhazikika, kumachepetsa komanso kutsitsimutsa thupi ndikumveketsa kuzindikira." Osatanthauzanso mwachangu tiyi wina pantchito ina yakale yaku China: "Imwani pang'onopang'ono zakumwa zabwinozi, ndipo mudzakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi nkhawa zonse zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasautsa m'miyoyo yathu. Mutha kungomva mtendere wokoma womwe mumapeza mukamamwa zakumwa, koma palibe njira yofotokozera. "

Tiyi idalowetsedwa kuchokera ku China makamaka kupita ku Japan, kenako ku Europe koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 16. Zambiri za iye kwanthawi yoyamba kubwera ku Russia mu 1567: adabwera ndi atsogoleri a Cossack a Petrv ndi Yalyshev, omwe abwerera kuchokera kuulendo waku China. Koma patadutsa zaka pafupifupi 70, kazembe wa ku Moscow Vasily Starkov adabweretsa Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich tiyi wa mapaundi anayi. Unali mphatso yobweza kuchokera kwa a Mongol Khan pamisasa zana yomwe idaperekedwa kwa iye. Kazembe waku Russia kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo mokana anakana woperewera, m'malingaliro mwake, mphatso ndikuyivomera, kungogonjera kupirira kwa khan. Koma mphatso yomwe idakhazikikayo idalawa m'zipinda zachifumu. Poyamba, ku Russia tiyi ankamwa kwambiri anthu odziwika ku khothi ndipo ngakhale pomwepo ngati mankhwala, monga adokotala amafotokozera. Pang'onopang'ono, kumwa tiyi kunakulitsidwa, ndipo mu 1696 kuchokera ku Moscow kupita ku China kwa nthawi yoyamba apaulendo apadera a boma adawakonzera.

Kubzala tiyi

Pambuyo pake, kufunika kwa tiyi ku Russia kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti adatenga imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu mukutumiza katundu. Pafupifupi matani 75,000 a tiyi amtunduwu amalowetsedwa ku Russia chaka chilichonse ndikugulitsa ndalama zambiri pamenepa. Kupanga tiyi kokha kumawononga dzikolo 50-60 miliyoni ma ruble chaka chilichonse golide!

Anthu a ku Russia adathandizira pa mbiri yakale yogwiritsira ntchito chomera chodabwitsa ichi: adapanga makina apadera a tiyi, monga Ajeremani amatcha Tula samovar. Chakumwa cha tiyi ku Russia chikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo anthu mpaka adayambitsa gulu lodziwika bwino la kumwa kwake, kuwonetsera kusalingana kwa anthu am'nthawiyo: chiphaso cha olemera, shuga pang'ono kwa anthu wamba apakati, ndikuyang'ana osauka.

Koma ngati samovar imangotchedwa makina mwakachetechete, ndiye kuti kuphatikiza kokolola masamba a tiyi, omwe adapangidwa munthawi yathu ndi amisiri aku Georgia, sikutanthauza kuchotsera kulikonse. Mpaka 1963, tiyi adatsukidwa ndi manja athu okha. Kusuntha kwa zala zikwi ziwiri, ndipo pansi pa basketuyo makilogalamu woyamba a masamba onunkhira akuwonekera, ndipo chiwonetsero cha tsiku ndi tsiku pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 30! Kodi mukuganiza kuti panali ntchito yotopetsa yotani yosonkhetsa tsiku ndi tsiku?

Opanga ambiri ayesa kuyendetsa bwino kusonkhanitsa masamba a tiyi. Ngakhale bambo wa cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, yemwe sanazindikire malire a kapangidwe kake, adaponya manja ake patsogolo pavutoli. "Zonse zitha kulingaliridwa ndikuchitika, kupatula makinawa oyeretsera tiyi," akuluakulu ena adakhumudwitsa. Okonza aku Georgia okha ndi omwe adatha kupanga tiyi wokolola masamba, omwe amawatcha "Sakartvelo."

Tchire la tiyi (Camellia sinensis)

"Makina anu abweretsa kusintha kwabwino kwa tiyi," akatswiri ochokera ku Japan, Vietnam, India, Turkey, Argentina, Brazil, omwe adaziwona m'minda yama tiyi, adavomera.

Makina anzeru amagwira ntchito yovuta kwambiri, osangodula masamba a tchire, koma amangosankha masamba ang'onoang'ono, achichepere. Amachotsa mpaka ma kilogalamu 800 pa pepala tsiku lililonse, ndikupulumutsa ma ruble 7-8 pa centner iliyonse.

Mbiri yakumwa tiyi ku Russia ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Zomera zoyamba za tiyi tidatibweretsera zaka pafupifupi 150 zapitazo ndipo tidabzala ndi wotchuka wazomera wotchedwa Hartvis m'gawo la Nikitsky Botanical Garden, pafupi ndi Yalta. Apa adaphunzira ndikupanga kwa zaka 20, mpaka adatsimikiza kuti Crimea yokhala ndi nyengo yake youma siyigwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni tiyi.

Mu 1846, tiyi woyamba wa tiyi udayamba ku Caucasus. Kwa nthawi yayitali sizinaperekenso zotsatira zolimbikitsa, koma okonda tiyi wamba yanyumba sanataye mtima. Mwa iwo sanali ma botanists okha, akatswiri ofukula zakuthambo, asayansi otchuka, komanso asayansi otchuka, zikuwoneka kuti, kutali kwambiri ndi kukula kwa mbewu: Climatologist A. I. Voeikov ndi katswiri wazophunzira - A. M. Butlerov. Zopinga zambiri zolumikizana zidagonjetsedwa. M'zaka 100 zoyambirira za chikhalidwe, pafupifupi ma 500 mahekala oyesedwa a tiyi adabzala.

Tiyi A ndi nthambi yoyenda maluwa; 1 - maluwa m'gawo lalitali; 2 - kukondwerera; 3 - ovary mu gawo la mtanda; 4 - pestle ndi kapu; 5 ndi 6 - zipatso zakupsa (kapisozi) kuchokera kumbali zosiyanasiyana, zokhala ndi njere; 7 - mbewu yokhala ndi zotsalira za ovary; 8 - zomwezo munkhani; 9 - nyongolosiyo

Komabe, kulima tchire la tiyi kunakwanitsa kukula kwake kokha mu nthawi ya Soviet. Tsopano dziko lathu silimangopatsidwa tiyi wopanga zokha, komanso limatumiza kunja. Ndipo alimi a tiyi a Michurin amalimbikitsa bwino chikhalidwechi m'malo atsopano: kumpoto kwa Caucasus, Central Asia, Transcarpathia ngakhale dera la Carpathian. Kuyambitsanso koyambirira kumachitika ku dera la Moscow ndi Leningrad.

Gulu lalikulu la Research Institute of Tea and Subtropical Crops likugwira ntchito ku Georgia. Akatswiri ake adabalitsa mitundu yambiri yam tiyi wosakanizidwa, apanga tekinoloje yaulimi yomwe imapereka zokolola zambiri, njira zatsopano zakukonzera masamba a tiyi.

Kodi chimakopa anthu kuti azomera zachilendo ndi chiyani? Maphunziro a biochemical amayankha funso ili mwachangu. Zapezeka kuti pakati pa maluwa olemera kwambiri akunyumba yathu, omwe, mwa njira zake, amatha mitundu 18,000 ya maluwa, palibe chomera, ngakhale chochepa chomwe chili ndi mtengo wofunikira wamakina - caffeine, ndi tiyi uli mpaka 3.5%. Kuphatikiza apo mpaka 20% ma tannins, mavitamini Ci, Bi, B2, nicotinic ndi ma pantothenic acid, kufunikira kwamafuta ofunikira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndichikhalidwe ichi chomwe timapanga ndi chisamaliro chotere, kusonkhanitsa masamba achitsamba mosamala, ndikuwasintha m'mafakitale apadera. Ndikofunika kwambiri kusonkhanitsa masamba munthawi yake, chifukwa kukoma, kununkhira, komanso zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi khofi komanso zinthu zina zimachepa mukachedwa ndi zosonkhanitsa, ngakhale tsiku limodzi.

Malinga ndiukadaulo wokonzekera, tiyi amagawidwa kukhala baikhovy, zobiriwira, zakuda, ndipo tsopano alimi a tiyi a Soviet amakonzekererabe tiyi wachikaso ndi wofiira, wokhala ndi mavitamini ambiri komanso zinthu zina zofunikira.

Kafukufuku wamakono wasayansi wafotokoza bwino za tiyi. Zidapezeka kuti, kuwonjezera pa tiyi kapena khofi, tiyi ali ndi vitamini P wofunikira kwambiri, yemwe amalimbitsa mitsempha yamagazi, komanso tannin, womwe ndi wotola vitamini C.

Tchire la tiyi (Camellia sinensis)

Kuyankhula za tiyi, wina sangatchule Ksenia Ermolaevna Bakhtadze. Amakhala ku Chakva, pafupi ndi Batumi, ndipo adakhazikika kuno mu 1927 kuti athandize kukonza tiyi. Mitundu yopitilira 20 ya tiyi wokongola wopangidwa ndi katswiriyu, Hero of Socialist Labor K.E. Bakhtadze. Pinyama chomwe ankakonda kwambiri chinali mitundu ya ku Georgia - 5. Ena sazindikira kuti ndi tiyi, motero masamba ake ndi akulu ndipo mawonekedwe akewo ndi achilendo. Zakumwa zochokera pamasamba amtunduwu ndizabwino kwambiri, modabwitsa, ndi fungo labwino. Inde, ndipo akuwonjezera zokolola zamitundu yonse - matani 10 a masamba osankhidwa pa hekitala iliyonse.

"Koma munthu sakhala moyo ndi tiyi m'modzi basi," nthabwala za Ksenia Ermolaevna, atasamala tiyi, amanunkhira korona wonunkhira bwino chaka chonse. "Maluwa ndi maluwa osangalatsa, tiyi ndi chakumwa champhamvu. .

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