Shrub onunkhira kapena thyme shrub (Thymus) ndi nthumwi ya mtundu waukulu kwambiri wabanja Iasnatkovye. Dzina lachi Russia "thyme" limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek "zofukiza", lotanthauza "zonunkhira". Nthawi zina, thyme ndi thyme ndi amodzi ndipo mbewu imodzi yomweyo, pokhapokha pakufika pa thyme yowononga. Zomera zoterezi mwa anthu zimakhala ndi mayina ena ambiri: Bogorodskaya udzu, wokondedwa wa mandimu, muhopal, zofukiza, chebarka, ndi kuwaza. Kumene chomera choterechi ndi North Africa, pomwe amatchulidwa koyamba zimapezeka m'mabuku a Dioscorides ndi Theophrastus. Zomwe zimapangidwira pamtunduwu zimaphatikizapo mitundu mazana angapo, mwachilengedwe zimatha kupezeka pagawo la Greenland ndi Eurasia. Chikhalidwe choterechi chikufunika mu mafakitale onunkhira komanso zakudya, komanso zamankhwala.
Kufotokozera mwachidule kukula
- Kufesa. Kubzala thyme kwa mbande kumachitika mkati mwa March. Zovala zibzalidwe panthaka kuyambira pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi.
- Maluwa. Zophuka kuyambira Juni mpaka Ogasiti. Poterepa, nthawi yoyamba tchire limaphuka mchaka chachiwiri cha kukula.
- Kupepuka. Tsambali limakhala lotentha kapena losalala.
- Dothi. Mtundu wautali wokhuthala wamchere kapena wopanda mbali.
- Kuthirira. Kuthirira kumayenera kukhala koyenera pokhapokha ngati kuli kotheka, komabe, pamene tchire limamasuka, kuthirira kuyenera kukhala pafupipafupi. Ngati m'chilimwe mumakhala mvula yambiri, ndiye kuti thyme siyofunika kuthiriridwa.
- Feteleza. Mchenga umafunika kudyetsedwa pokhapokha utakulidwa panthaka yopanda, pomwe ufa waminyanga uyenera kuwonjezedwamo, ndipo pamwamba pa kama uyenera kuphimbidwa ndi mulch (kompositi).
- Kudulira. Kufupikitsa zimayambira ndi 2/3 kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya masika, komanso tchire likadzaphuka.
- Kuswana. Kudula, mbewu ndi kugawa chitsamba.
- Tizilombo zovulaza. Ma nsabwe, nsapato za mchenga, njenjete ndi zowuluka.
- Matenda. Ndi chinyezi chowonjezera cha nthaka, chitsamba chimakhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus.
Mawonekedwe a Thyme
Kutalika kwa zitsamba za thyme kumatha kutalika pafupifupi 0,35 m. Mitengo yamitengo yamitengo ikhoza kukwera kapena kugona, ndipo nthambi zamitengo yotuwa imatha kukhala chowongoka kapena chokweza. Muzu wake wamtengo wapatali. Kutengera mtundu wa tsamba la tsamba la mbewuyi kumasiyanasiyana kukula kwake, mawonekedwe ake komanso malo ake. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi petioles lalifupi, ndipo mbale zawo zimakhala zowuma komanso zachikopa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolimba komanso zowoneka bwino, pomwe mitundu ya Kum'mawa Akutali masamba amakhala. Maluwa okongola kapena osakanikira amakhala pamutu pa nthambi, amakhala ndi maluwa ofiira, oyera kapena ofiirira. Chipatsocho ndi bokosi, lomwe limaphatikiza mtedza 4 wowonekera bwino ndi kununkhira kowawa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokometsera wotchedwa "thyme wakuda". Maluwa oterewa amawonedwa kuyambira June mpaka August. Kukucha kumachitika mu Ogasiti-Sepemba. Chikhalidwe choterechi chimakhudzana ndi mbewu zotsatirazi: lavenda, oregano, rosemary, kamtengo ka hisope, basil, mamawort, sage, mankhwala a mandimu ndi timbewu tonunkhira. Chomera chotere m'zaka zaposachedwa chakhala chotchuka kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa, lero chimamera m'munda nthawi zambiri monga udzu winawake, katsabola ndi parsley.
Thyme kubzala mbande
Nthawi yofesa mbande
Kufesa mbewu ya thyme chifukwa cha mbande imachitika mkati mwa March. Popeza njere ndizochepa kwambiri, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muziphatikiza ndi mchenga wamlingo wa 1: 3 musanafesere. Tangiyo imadzazidwa ndi dothi losakanikirana ndi cacti, pomwe gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chernozem iyenera kuwonjezedwamo. Pambuyo pake, njere zimagawanizidwa bwino pamtunda. Pofesa, mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito gawo lapansi lopangidwa ndi peat ndi mchenga (1: 1), pomwe liyenera kuti lipangidwe kachilombo. Zinthu za m'nthaka zosafunikira siziyenera kuyikidwa m'manda, zimangophimbidwa ndi mchenga woonda kuchokera kumtunda. Kenako mbewuzo zimathiriridwa pompopompo kuchokera kutsitsi labwino, ndipo kuchokera pamwamba chimakwiriracho chimakutidwa ndi galasi ndikuyeretsa m'malo abwino-oyatsidwa komanso otentha.
Malamulo okukula mbande
Mbande izikhala yobzalidwa m'nyumba milungu isanu ndi itatu. Ndikwabwino kubzala mbewu panthaka pakafika zaka 70. Mbewu zikaonekera, zimayikidwa malo ozizira, ndipo kapu imachotsedwa. Kutsirira kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothira siputula mutangotsala gawo lokwera la gawo lapansi. Chipinda chomwe mbewu zimakhalamo chizikhala ndi mpweya wabwino, koma ziyenera kutetezedwa kuti zisakonzekere.
Ulimi wa sill
Thyme imatha kukhala yakukula m'nyumba. Kuti muchite izi, mumafunika mphika, m'mimba mwake osafikira masentimita 15, pansi muyenera kupanga chosanjikiza, chomwe makulidwe ake ayenera kukhala 20 mpaka 30 mm. Mapa kuchokera kumwamba amathiridwa ndi dothi losakanikirana ndi dothi (onani kapangidwe pamwambapa). Dothi losakanikirana liyenera kupukutidwa, ndipo mbewu zingapo ziyenera kugawidwa pamtunda, chipinda chaching'ono cha gawo lapansi chikuyenera kuphimbidwa ndi pamwamba, chomwe chimapukutidwa kuchokera pa mfuti. Chidebecho chimakutidwa ndi kanema kapena galasi, kenako chimachotsedwa pawindo lakum'mwera, pomwe mbewuzo zimatetezedwa kuti zisawombe dzuwa. Mbewu zimadziwika ndi kumera bwino. Pambuyo pakuwoneka mbande, pogona pamafunika kuchotsedwa. Kutsirira kuyenera kukhala koyenera, kumachitika pambuyo popukuta kwa gawo lapansi la gawo lapansi. Pakatha milungu 8, mbande zonse zofooka ziyenera kuchotsedwa, zokhazo zomwe zatsala kwambiri ndizotsala. Kuti mupeze zonunkhira zabwino komanso zatsopano nthawi yayitali, ziyenera kudulidwa pafupipafupi, poyesetsa kuti tchire lisamaseke.
Kubzala kwa Thyme poyera
Nthawi yobzala
Kubzala mbande za chithokomiro panthaka kuyenera kuchitika kuyambira m'ma mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi. Malo oyenerera ayenera kukhala abwino. Itha kubzidwanso pamalo otetezedwa, komabe, tchire ngati izi sizikula bwino ndipo ndizitali kwambiri. Dothi liyenera kuthiridwa bwino, lopatsa thanzi, lopepuka, lamchere kapena losalowerera ndale. Ngati mwakula pamadongo ndi dothi lonyowa, ndiye kuti tchire limatha kusunthika, chifukwa chake kungakhale kofunikira kukonza ngalande.
Kukonzekera kwazitali kuyenera kuchitika kumapeto. Poyamba, ndikofunikira kuchotsa zatsalira zonse za mmerazo, kenako kukumba, pomwepo manyowa kapena manyowa, komanso feteleza wa potaziyamu-phosphorous uyenera kuwonjezeredwa kunthaka. Chapakatikati, musanabzike, malowo amayenera kumasulidwa, ndipo dothi limakhetsedwa ndi yankho la urea (magalamu 20 pa lita imodzi yamadzi). Mukabzala tchire pakati pawo, mtunda wa 20 mpaka 25 sentimita uyenera kuyang'aniridwa, pomwe mzerewo uzikhala kuchokera pa 0.4 mpaka 0.5 m.
Chisamaliro cha Thyme
Kotero kuti madzi osayenda samawonedwa mu mizu yamatchire, ndipo ziphuphu sizimawoneka pansi, ziyenera kumasulidwa nthawi zonse. M'pofunika kuti muchotse bedi munthawi yake, ndikuchotsa udzu wokha womwe udawonekera. Kuti achepetse kuchulukitsa ndi kumasula, pamwamba pamalowo ayenera kuphimbidwa ndi mulch (kompositi). Muyeneranso kudula matchire pafupipafupi, izi zimachitika kumayambiriro kwa kasupe kapena kuti chithokomiro chithokomoka. Ndikofunikira kufupikitsa zimayambira ndi 2/3 lisanayambike ulemu wawo. Kudulira mitengo kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti akhale ophatikizika komanso owonda kwambiri.
Momwe mungamwere
Chikhalidwe choterocho chimakumana ndi mavuto ambiri kumadzimadzi mu mizu, koma chimalekerera chilala. Pankhaniyi, thyme iyenera kuthiriridwa kokha ngati ikufunikira. Pamene tchire limaphuka, ndipo zitsamba zazing'ono zikayamba kukula, zimayenera kuthiriridwa madzi pafupipafupi. Ngati mvula imagwa nthawi zonse mchilimwe, ndiye kuti simukufunika kuthirira madzi tchire konse.
Feteleza
Thyme makamaka safuna kuphatikiza feteleza, makamaka ngati feteleza zonse zofunika adaziwonjezera panthaka musanabzike thyme. Pokhapokha nthaka pabedi ndi yosauka kwambiri, mbewu zizifunikira kudyetsedwa, chifukwa pamwamba pake kamafunika kuwumbika ndi kompositi kapena ufa wanyanga ungawonjezedwamo.
Zomwe zimatha kubereka pambuyo pa thyme
Popeza thyme safuna michere yambiri ndipo pambuyo pake nthaka sinathe, monga mwachitsanzo, mbatata, kabichi kapena udzu winawake, pambuyo pake mutha kulima mbewu zilizonse pamalowo, koma sayenera kukhala nthumwi ya banja la Iasnotkovye.
Tizilombo Tizilombo ndi Matenda
Tizilombo ta Tiyme
Chikhalidwe chotere chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi matenda osiyanasiyana komanso tizilombo zoipa zovulaza, popeza zimakhala ndi mafuta ofunikira. Komabe, ngati simutsatira malamulo agrotechnical a chikhalidwe ichi, ndiye kuti matchenga amchenga, njenjete zam'madzi, nsabwe za m'masamba ndi zofunda zitha kukhazikika patchire.
Meyala njenjete
Mbozi za dambo la njenjete zotchetchera kunsi kwa masamba a masamba, pomwe zimasungidwa ndi tsamba. Ndipo amavulaza maluwa ndi zimayambira. Pofuna kupewa, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti pamalopo palibe udzu, ndipo m'dzinja amakuumba. Kuti tichotse tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, tchire limapakidwa madzi ndi njira ya Decis.
Sand Lanyard
Tambalala ta mchenga ndi kachilomboka chakuda, chomwe chimafikira masentimita 0.7-1, chimakhudza mbali zamtchire. Kuti muchotse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chotere muyenera ma nyambo omwe amangidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Ma nsabwe
The aphid ndi chida choyamwa, chimayamwa msuziwo kuchokera kumitengo yaying'ono ndi masamba, ndikuluma. Kuti muwononge, gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala monga Antitlin ndi Biotlin.
Weevil
Maluwa amavalaza maluwa, kuyala mphutsi mu masamba. Kuti muwachotse, tchire amasefera ndi yankho la Fitoverm, lomwe silimavulaza anthu.
Matenda
Ngati mbewu ngati imeneyi sinayang'aniridwe bwino, kapena, kuthirira kwambiri tchire, izi zitha kuyambitsa kukula kwa matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Pofuna kuchiritsa chitsamba chomwe chakhudzidwa, amathandizidwa ndi kukonzekera kwa fungicidal: Ridomil, Horus, Fundazol, Topaz kapena chilichonse chofanana. Koma ndibwino kuyesa kuti mbewu zisadwalike kuposa kuzichitira kwanthawi yayitali. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi, ndikwanira kuthira bwino thyme.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya thyme
Thyme ili ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu ndi mitundu. Wodziwika kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa ndi thyme wokwawa ndi thyme wamba.
Chithokomiro chofala chotchedwa thyme (Thymus vulgaris), kapena chithokomiro chamankhwala, kapena chithokomiro chamankhwala
Malo omwe mitunduyi imabadwira ndi Northwest Mediterranean. Chomera chokhala ndi maluwa oyambira chimafikira pafupifupi 15 cm. Mapepala okhala pamunsi paja amakhala ndi kupindika. Utoto wa maluwawo ndi utoto wofiirira, pafupifupi woyera. Mtunduwu uli ndi mitundu kapena mitundu ingapo:
- Alba - Mtundu wa maluwa ndi oyera;
- Kukongola - maluwa amapaka utoto wa carmine;
- Elfin - Kachilombo kakang'ono kameneka, kakutalika kosaposa 50 mm, kamapanga pilo logundana mozungulira ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 15 cm.
Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi subspecies omwe ali ndi maluwa amitundu yosiyanasiyana amawoneka abwino pachimangacho.
Thyme Wokwawa (Thymus serpyllum)
Zomera zotere zimatchulidwanso kuti savory, kapena thyme, mwachilengedwe zimapezeka ku Siberia, Western Europe, Far East komanso ku Europe ku Russia. Chomera chamuyaya chimafikira kutalika pafupifupi 15 cm. Zoyala zowoneka ngati cylindrical mawonekedwe; mphukira zaubweya zopezeka mkati mwake. Maonekedwe a masamba a petiole ndi lanceolate, ndipo kutalika amafikira 10 mm. Kutalika kwa ma peduncles ndi pafupifupi ma 15 sentimita. Kutseguka kwa caprate inflorescence kumawonedwa mu Julayi, maluwa amapentedwa mu lilac-pinki. Mtunduwu wabzalidwa kuyambira zaka za zana la 16. Mwa mitundu yamtunduwu pali omwe maluwa awo amawajambula oyera, carmine ndi pinki, palinso mawonekedwe omwe ali ndi masamba osiyanasiyana. Samalirani mitunduyi monga momwemonso chomera cha pachikuto.
Thyme koyambilira (Thymus praecox)
Mtunduwu uli ndi mitundu iwiri:
- Wamng'ono Chitsamba chotere chimadziwika ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono, ndicabwino kumapiri a kumapiri. Ma inflorescence ndi ochepa, monga masamba a pubescent.
- Pseudolanuginosus. Mtundu uwu wamtundu wamtunduwu umakhala ngati kaloti wamaluwa, wokhala ndi maluwa ambiri kotero kuti nkosatheka kupanga masamba chifukwa cha iwo.
Mafuta a mandimu (Thymus x citriodorus), kapena thyme onunkhira bwino
Chomerachi ndichophatikiza mwachilengedwe cha thonje ndi chithokomiro chofala. Mwachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kum'mwera kwa France. Kutalika kwa masentimita pafupifupi 30, inflorescence amapaka utoto wa pinki. Ma sheet osiyana siyana amakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Wophatikiza uyu wabzalidwa kuyambira 1595. Kulima thyme yotereyi chifukwa cha tchire chake chachikulire, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti kudulira kwake kunthawi yake, ndipo kuyenera kuphimbidwa nthawi yachisanu. Mitundu yotsatirayi ndiyotchuka kwambiri:
- Golden Duorf ndi Bertram Anderson - pali timabowo ta utoto wachikaso pamwamba pa masamba;
- Silver Queen - malire oyera amayenda m'mphepete mwa mapepala;
- Golden King - masamba obiriwira ali ndi malire achikaso.
Thyme subarctic (Thymus subarcticus)
Mwachilengedwe, mtunduwu umapezeka kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Europe pamiyala, m'nkhalango komanso m'mphepete mwa matupi osiyanasiyana amadzi. Ma inflorescence a chitsamba chokhazikika choterocho amamasuka pang'ono, amaphatikizapo maluwa ooneka ngati belu amtambo wakuda. M'mphepete mwa masamba ang'onoang'ono masamba owongoka. Pachimake mu Julayi-August. Fungo la chomera chotere ndi losangalatsa komanso lamphamvu.
Thyme Japan (Thymus japonicus)
Mwachilengedwe, mtunduwu umapezeka ku Japan, Mongolia, Far East, Korea ndi Northern China pamiyala pafupi ndi mtsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Masamba ang'onoang'ono pachitsamba chotere amakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Kuphatikizidwa kwa inflorescence ya theka-louluzika kumakhala ndi maluwa apinki, kutseguka kwake kumachitika mu Julayi-Ogasiti.
Flea Thyme (Thymus pulegioides)
Maonekedwe a tsamba lamasamba oterowo ndi ofanana. Maluwa ofiira otuwa amaphatikizidwa m'mutu wandiweyani. Kuwulula kwawo kumawonedwa mu June.
Siberian thyme (Thymus sibiricus)
Kumene kunachokera zolengedwa zamtunduwu ndi kum'mawa kwa Siberia ndi Mongolia. Chomera chimaphukira nyengo yonse yachilimwe. Chitsamba chimakongoletsedwa ndi maluwa ambiri apinki.
Thyme Dorfler (Thymus doerfleri)
Malo omwe mitunduyi imabadwira ndi Balkan Peninsula. Iye satchuka kwambiri pachikhalidwe. Mtunduwu ndiwosangalatsa, koma sunakhazikike kwambiri. M'mwezi wa Meyi-June, maluwa otuwa amatuluka.
Katundu wa Thyme: Zowopsa ndi Zopindulitsa
Mphamvu zakuchiritsa za thyme
Gawo lakumwambalo la thyme lili ndi katundu wochiritsa. Infusions ndi decoctions ndi antimicrobial, enveloping ndi expectorant zotsatira zakonzedwa kuchokera kwa iwo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza pertussis, tracheitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, bronchopneumonia. Ndalama zotere zimathandizira kuchepetsedwa kwa sputum komanso zimathandizira ntchito ya bronchial glands.
Kukonzekera kochokera ku thyme kumalimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito vuto la neurosis, neuralgia, ndi matenda am'mimba thirakiti (enterocolitis, dysbiosis, dyskinesia, atony, matumbo omaliza ndi kupindika).Komabe chikhalidwe ichi chawonetsa luso lalikulu polimbana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa matenda. Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito pilo lomwe ladzazidwa ndi thyme kugona, ndiye kuti kupweteka mutu komanso kusowa tulo sizingavutikenso. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimaphatikizira kuwawa, chingamu, mafuta ofunikira, ma tannins, ma organic pigment ndi mchere. Mafuta ofunikira "thyme oyera" (mwatsopano) ndi "thyme ofiira" (okalamba) amasiyanitsidwa ndi kutentha pakhungu, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazodzikongoletsera komanso kuchiritsa. Koma mukamagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotere, ndikofunikira kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo ndi mankhwalawo. Ndipo ndibwino kukambirana ndi katswiri woyenerera.
Contraindication
Popeza udzu umakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa thymol, sungagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa cha kulephera kwa mtima ndi impso, zilonda zam'mimba ndi zilonda zam'mimba, makamaka mu gawo la kufalikira kwa matendawa. Pa nthawi yoyembekezera, izi zitsamba zimaphatikizananso, chifukwa zingayambitse chiberekero cha uterine. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a thyme kwa nthawi yayitali kapena ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mopitirira muyeso, pali kuthekera kokulitsa kwa chithokomiro cha chithokomiro (matenda a bazedovy). Mankhwalawa sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza ana osakwana zaka ziwiri.
