Mavwende okoma, omwe amapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi, mchilatini amatchedwa Citrullus lanatus. Chomera chachikuluchi ndikupanga zikwapu mpaka mita 3 kutalika ndi cha banja la dzungu. Mitundu yoyandikira zakutchire imapezekabe kumwera kwa Africa lero, ndipo mbiri yakale, monga chomera cholimidwa, ili ndi zaka zoposa chikwi.
Zojambula zomwe zimadziwika pa mitundu yonse ya mavwende ndi kupezeka kwa ma ulalo wautali, wamphamvu wokutidwa ndi masamba a cirrus okhala ndi masamba owoneka bwino. Kukhazikika pamalo opingasa komanso owongoka, mavwende amagwiritsa ntchito tinyanga, kuphatikiza ndi kuyanika pakukula kwa mbewu.
Maluwa amodzi achikasu amtundu womwe uli m'makoma a masamba. Pukutukuka kumachitika, zipatso zazikulu zimapangidwa m'malo mwa duwa. Ndi chifukwa cha mabulosi abodzawa omwe ali ndi chosanjikiza cholimba ndi timadzi tonunkhira tomwe mavwende amadzala. Poyambirira, chitukuko, zipatso, ngati masamba ndi masamba, zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi lolimba lomwe limatha ndikamakula ndipo imawerengedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zakupsa kwa chivwende.
Ndipo chozungulira komanso chodutsa, chokhala ndi masentimita pafupifupi 60 cm:
- peel yolimba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira kapena wamizeremizere, koma pali mitundu ya mitundu yoyera, yachikaso, yofunda ndi yowala;
- yowutsa mudyo, thupi lokoma la pinki, ofiira amdima, lalanje, achikasu kapena oyera oyera okhala ndi njere zambiri zofiirira kapena zakuda.
Madzi ndi ma thermophilic ndipo amakula bwino pokhapokha kutentha osatsika ndi 20-25 ° C.
Kuphatikiza apo, kwa zaka zambiri, ntchito yoswana yakhala ikuchitika kuti ipeze mitundu, yosagwirizana ndi chilala komanso yolimbana ndi matenda, komanso yodziwika ndi yakucha koyambirira.
Chifukwa chake, malire akumpoto a ntchito yolimidwa pazaka zana zapitazi asuntha kwambiri. Anthu ochulukirapo amadziwa za mavwende osati pongomva, komanso nthawi zambiri amadzipaka okha ndi zipatso zokoma. Ndipo pamabedi adawoneka zipatso zikupsa kale 65-75 patatha masiku kuphukira koyamba.
Chiyambire ndi mbiri ya mavwende
Malinga ndi akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja ndi paleobotanists, mitundu ya mavwendewa imakhala ndi mizu wamba ndi oyimilira ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa Citrullus, omwe amapezekanso kudera lachipululu ku South Africa, Mozambique ndi Zambia, Namibia ndi Botswana. Munali m'maiko ano kuti mitundu yayikulu ya majini anaululidwa, yobala zipatso ndi zowawa, zatsopano komanso thupi lokoma.
M'masiku akale, mizimu yamakoko yamakoko amakono idali chokhacho chinyontho cha nyama, komanso mafuko am'deralo, komanso kwa omwe akuyenda m'chipululu.
Apa ndipamene mbiri ya mavwende inayamba, monga chikhalidwe chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya. Ngati mbewu zowawa zomwe zili ndi glycoside yokwanira zitasiyidwa kuti zisagwidwe, ndiye kuti mitundu yodalirika zaka 4,000 zapitazo idabwera kumpoto kwa Africa ndikusangalatsa anthu omwe amakhala mumtsinje wa Nailo. Kuchokera apa, chikhalidwe, monga mbiri ya chivwende chimanena, chinafalikira ku Mediterranean, Middle East ndi kupitirira, njira yonse yopita ku India ndi China.
Briteni ikukamba za mavwende okulira ku Egypt kuyambira ufumu woyamba. Ikufotokozanso za kupezeka kwa zakudya zabwino, zomwe zimatiuza za zipatso zodziwika bwino izi m'mphepete mwa Nailo.
Mbewu za mavwende kapena kholo lawo lakale zimapezeka m'manda a mafumu achifumu a XII.
Pali umboni wolembedwa wakulima kwa imodzi mwazomera zamera zamtchire ku India m'zaka za zana la 7 AD. Ngakhale masiku ano, zipatso zazing'ono za mtundu wa Citrullus lanatus fistulosus ku India zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndiwo zamasamba.
M'zaka za zana la X, mavwende adabwera ku China, dziko lomwe lero ndiwopambana kwambiri wa vwende pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo ku Europe, komanso makamaka ku Peninsula ya Iberia, mavwende amabwera ndi ankhondo achi Moorish.
Mu zaka za X-XII, mbewuyi imalimidwa ku Cordoba komanso ku Seville, komwe, malinga ndi mbiri yakale, mavwende amagwera mbali zina za kontinenti. Koma chifukwa cha nyengo yoletsa, sizinatheke kupeza mbewu zokhazikika pokhapokha kumwera kwa Europe, ndipo mavwende adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbewu zapadera m'minda ndi malo obisalamo.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti chikhalidwe cha melon chimadziwikiratu m'mphepete mwa New World, pomwe mavwende amafika m'njira ziwiri nthawi imodzi: ndi atsamunda a ku Europe ndi akapolo omwe abwera kuchokera ku Africa.
Ndikudziwika bwino kuti mbiri ya mavwende ku America idayamba mu 1576. M'chilimwe chakutali ku Florida, mavwende omwe amabzala ndi anthu ochokera ku Spain omwe kale adabereka kale zipatso.
Pambuyo pake, minda ya vwende idapezeka m'dera la South America. Mavwende anali atamalawa ndi mafuko aku India a Mississippi Valley, komanso anthu akumalo a Pacific Islands, kuphatikizapo Hawaii.
Mavwende mwachidziwikire adatumizidwa kumadera a Russia kudutsa msewu wa Great Silk, komabe, chifukwa cha zovuta za nyengoyo mpaka pakati pa zaka zapitazi, chikhalidwe chinafalikira kokha kumadera akumwera, mwachitsanzo, ku Little Russia, Kuban ndi steppe madera a Volga. Kuti muphunzire za mbiri ya mavwende zonse sizigwira ntchito, nthawi yochuluka yomwe chomeracho chimakhala pafupi ndi munthu. Masiku ano, ngakhale mizu ya mitundu yobzalidwa yomwe imalimidwa kumadera ambiri a Russia pamatengera azilimwe sizikudziwika.
Koma izi sizilepheretsa anthu kugwira ntchito kukonza chomera ndikupeza mitundu yatsopano. Pakadali pano pali mitundu yambiri ndi ma hybrone achikhalidwe padziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha izi komanso kukula kwa matekinoloje obiriwira, zinatha kukhala zipatso zabwino ngakhale kumene anthu anali asanamvepo za mabulosi akuluakulu.
Kuphatikiza apo, obereketsa sakukhudzanso kulima mitundu yatsopano mwamwambo makungwa obiriwira ndi mnofu wofiyira.
Mavwende amadzuka pamabedi, omwe samangokhala ofiira kapena a pinki, komanso thupi loyera ndi lachikaso lomwe limabisidwa ndi peel yoyera, yakuda, yamaso kapena yachikaso.
Ndipo chifukwa cha zovuta kwambiri, alimi aku Japan m'boma la Zenzuji, akuika ovary m'malo mwapadera, adazindikira kulima kwa kiyubiki yoyambirira, ndipo tsopano mavwende otsekemera.
The mankhwala zikuchokera chivwende
Kodi chimapangitsa kuti anthu padziko lonse lapansi azikonda mavenda ndi chiyani? Yankho lodziwikiratu ndi kukoma kokoma ndi kotsitsimutsa kwa kucha kucha. Koma kodi mphamvu zonse za mankhwala ndi mavwende zimapangidwa ndi chiyani, ndipo ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingakhudze thanzi laumunthu?
100 magalamu ofiira watsopano wa kermoni ili ndi:
- 0,61 magalamu a mapuloteni;
- 0,15 magalamu a mafuta;
- 7.5 magalamu a chakudya, 6.2 magalamu a omwe ndi shuga;
- 0,4 magalamu a zakudya zamafuta;
- 91.45 magalamu amadzi.
Ndi mawonekedwe awa, zopatsa mphamvu za mavwende sizidutsa 30 kcal, koma izi sizimaliza mapindu anu kudya zipatso. Gawo la gramu 100 lili ndi mavitamini ambiri, kuphatikiza 10% ya kudya tsiku lililonse kwa ascorbic acid, komanso 4% ya kuchuluka kwa beta-carotene kofunikira kwa munthu, vitamini B1, B2 ndi B3, B5 ndi B6, choline ndi zofunika zazing'ono komanso zazikulu. Awa ndi calcium, magnesium ndi chitsulo, potaziyamu ndi phosphorous, manganese, sodium ndi zinc.
Malo ofunikira pakapangidwe kazinthu zamkati ndi lycopene, omwe magalamu 100 ali ndi mpaka 3030 mcg. Ndipo makungwa a chivwende pali amino acid wamtengo wapatali monga citrulline.
Kuteteza chizimba mpaka liti?
Kuti muwonjezere phindu la chivwende, zipatso zakupsa zomwe zimakhwima potsatira malamulo aukadaulo waulimi ziyenera kudyedwa. Komanso, pakasungidwa, mavwende amatayanso mavitamini, chinyezi ndi shuga. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti funso loti ukhala nthawi yayitali bwanji ndilofunika kwambiri. Yankho la izo zimatengera mitundu ndi njira zosungira.
Ngati zamkati zovomerezeka za Ogonyok kapena Crimson Suite, patatha milungu ingapo kuchokera kuchotsere, kutaya kuyamwa kwake ndikukhala zonunkha, ndiye kuti zipatso zatsopano za mitundu ya Kholodok, zosungidwa kwa miyezi isanu, zitha kukhala zodabwitsa pa tebulo la Chaka Chatsopano.
Potentha firiji, kutali ndi zida zamagetsi, kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi chinyezi, chivwende sichisungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka mwezi. M'chipinda chofewa, cham'mwamba kapena chotsekera, mavwende onse amatha kukhala okoma kwa miyezi iwiri mpaka inayi.
- Ngati mukufuna kusunga chivwende motalikirapo, zamkati kapena madziwo amatha kuzizira.
- Magawo a chivwende amauma, kupeza mtundu wa tchipisi. Maswiti achilengedwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku madzi owuma.
- Komanso chivwende, zipatso, mchere ndi wowawasa, ziwapangitsani kukhala msuzi ndi zidutswa za zipatso kupanikizana, kupanikizana ndi zipatso zonunkhira.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi, moyo wa alumali wa chivwende umakulitsidwa mpaka chaka. Koma chivwende chodulidwa sichitha kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali. Ngakhale mufiriji kwa tsiku limodzi, zomera zamatenda zimayamba kukhala zotsekemera, zotsekemera, komanso mabakiteriya omwe amachititsa kukhazikika. Kukakhala kotentha, njirayi imayamba maola angapo.
Zizindikiro za chivwende kucha
Kuti muzindikire chivwende chakucha, chokonzekera kudya, ndikofunikira osati kwa wogula kokha, komanso kwa wokhala nawo chilimwe omwe adalandira zokolola zambiri. Vwende imasungidwa kwanthawi yayitali bwanji, ndipo zomwe michere yazipeza mumkati mwake, zimadalira kukhulupirika kwa kusankha. Popanda kudula chipatso, kupsa kumatha kutsimikizika ndikuwoneka kwa chivwende ndi chikwapu chomwe chidakhalapo.
Pali zizindikiro zingapo za mavwende ak kucha:
- Kapangidwe ka chivwende chokhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala osavuta, nkovuta kuti muwononge ndi chala, komwe kungokhala kachikumbu kotsalira. Ngati zinthu zobiriwira zili ndi khungwa la matte, ndiye chivwende chakucha chimakutidwa ndi sera.
- Malowa omwe ali pamalo apansi polumikizana ndi dothi azikhala ndi kuwala kosangalatsa chikasu. Ngati palibe mavwende oyipidwa pomwepo, palibe mikwingwirima kapena mtundu wina, makungwa ndi owuma, osawonongeka. Amakhulupirira kuti chowala kwambiri pamalopo, chokoma komanso zipatso zambiri.
- Chizindikiro cha chivwende chakupsa chimatha kugwira ntchito ngati chiphuphu chouma komanso tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, timene timapangidwa pafupi ndi nkusani, pomwe phula limayambira zipatso.
- Sichikhala chopepuka kugogoda pa chivwende. Chipatsocho chikayankhidwa chimamveka mkokomo. Komanso okhwima, wokonzekera kukolola zipatso pomizidwa m'madzi oyandama.
Norm wa nitrate mu chivwende
Monga mbewu zina, mavwende amatha kudziunjikira osati zinthu zofunikira zokha, komanso mankhwala omwe amakhudza thanzi la munthu. Iwo amadziwika kuti muyezo wa nitrate mu chivwende ukhoza kupitilira msanga ngati, pa nthawi ya kukula kwa chivwende, chomera:
- anakumana ndi kusowa kwa kutentha, komwe kunawonetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ntchito yachitukuko;
- analandila feteleza wambiri wa nayitrogeni;
- anali motsogozedwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zomwe zimatsogolera pakuphatikizika kwa zinthu zovulaza;
- Woperewera chifukwa chosowa chinyezi m'nthaka ndi m'mlengalenga;
- anakumana ndi vuto la nthaka ya molybdenum, sulfure, cobalt kapena potaziyamu;
- inali m'nthaka yokhala ndi acidity yambiri kapena mchere wambiri.
Mulingo wovomerezeka wa nitrate mu chivwende ndi 60 mg / kg. Ndipo apa ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zovulaza kumalimbikitsidwa pafupi ndi kumtunda, makamaka kutumphuka.
Kwa munthu wamkulu, kuchuluka kwa mavitamini m'thupi kumatsimikiziridwa pamlingo wa 5 mg pa kilogalamu ya kulemera. Kuchuluka kwa nitrite kumakhala kocheperako ndipo sikuyenera kupitilira 0,2 mg pa kilogalamu ya thupi la munthu.
Nitrate akamalowetsedwa mu chivwende, zinthu izi zimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa metabolic mwa anthu, ndipo ndikamadya pafupipafupi kuchuluka kwazinthu zowopsa izi, zotupa za khansa, cyanosis, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mitsempha ndi chimbudzi, komanso mtima ndi mtima. Nitrate ndi ma nitrites oyipa kwambiri zimakhudza chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo panthawi yapakati.
Kuti tidziwe chilichonse chokhudza mavwende omwe cholinga chake ndi chakudya komanso kukhala ndi chitsimikizo cha chitetezo chake, ndikofunikira kutsatira malamulo aukadaulo waulimi mukamakula ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira.
