Kutalika kwa mitengo kwa mitengo kumadalira mtundu ndi chilengedwe. Ambiri amakhala zaka pafupifupi zana limodzi, koma kuli akatswiri omwe amakhala ndi zaka chikwi kapena kupitirira apo. Zowonadi, tikulankhula za mitengo yolimba, yopanda thanzi yomwe ili yabwino ndipo siyidulidwa ndi anthu.
Momwe mungadziwire zaka za mtengo?
Musanadziwe kuchuluka kwa mitengo, zimakhala zofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti zaka zawo zimawerengeredwa bwanji. Chowonadi ndi chakuti amakula m'lifupi mosiyanasiyana. Mitengo imalandira mphamvu yakukula kuchokera ku dzuwa kudzera mu photosynthesis. Zachidziwikire kuti, panthawi yopanga dzuwa, kukula kumakhala kogwira ntchito kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina dzuwa likamatsika, kukula kumachepera.
Kukula kwa thunthu kumachitika chifukwa cha cambium - minofu yapadera yomwe imapanga maselo amoyo mkati (mpaka pakatikati pa thunthu) ndi kunjenjemera kuchokera mkati mwake (kupita ku kotoni). Maselo omwe ali mkati mwa cambium amakhala gawo la nkhuni - makina othandizira omwe amanyamula michere kuchokera kumizu mpaka masamba. Maselo omwe amakhala kunja kwa cambium (pansi pa khungwa) amatulutsa kanthu kuchokera pamasamba mpaka pamizu, minofu imeneyi imatchedwa bast.
Chapakatikati, cambium imapanga maselo otambalala okhala ndi makhoma ochepera. Zofunikira pakugulitsa bwino komanso mwachangu michere ndi zinthu zina. Mu nthawi yophukira, cambium imatulutsa maselo opapatiza okhala ndi makoma akuda, omwe amapatsa mtengo mtengo wamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, mitundu iwiri ya nsalu imapangidwa pachaka: wosanjikiza umodzi (kasupe) ndi wopepuka, wina wosanjikiza (yophukira) amakhala wakuda kwambiri.
Kuchuluka kwa magulu kumatsimikizika bwino pogwiritsa ntchito ma microscope ndi utoto wapadera, chifukwa ndi ochepa. Mwa kuchuluka kwa mphete zakuda ndi zopepuka, munthu amatha kuunika osati zaka za mtengowo, komanso nyengo yomwe idakula. Madera ambiri amdima osonyeza nyengo yabwino, yozizira komanso yozizira.
Kuti mudziwe zaka za mtengo, muyenera kudula. Nthawi zina, izi ndizosatheka kapena zosafunika.
Muzochitika zotere, njira yowerengetsera zizindikiro imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa mulingo wa mita imodzi ndi theka, kutalika kwa thunthu (masentimita) kumawerengeredwa ndikugawidwa ndi constant (~ 3.14), mwanjira iyi momwe mtengo umapezeka.
Mtengo uwu umagawidwa ndi kukula wamba pachaka kwa mitundu yazomera zomwe zaphunziridwa m'derali. Zotsatira zake ndikuwonetsa kutalika kwa mtengo. Zachidziwikire, njira imeneyi imangopereka ziwerengero zokhazo. Komanso, kusiyana pakati pawo ndi chiwerengero chenicheni cha zaka kumatha kufika 20-30% kapena kupitirira.
Chifukwa chake, njira zofala kwambiri ndikudula mtengo ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mphete.
Zomwe zimakhudza kutalika kwa moyo?
Musanaganize kuti mitengoyo imakhala zaka zingati, lingalirani zomwe zikukhudza zaka zawo. Chiyembekezo cha moyo chimadalira kwambiri pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Zina zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri ndi izi:
- Mphamvu za mbewu. Poyang'ana koyamba, zonse ndi zofanana, koma, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa masamba, zochitika za cambium, ndi mawonekedwe ena amasiyana pamitengo. Zonsezi zimakhudza kwambiri mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito mbewu kuti isinthe.
- Makhalidwe a dothi. Kapangidwe kake, machulukitsidwe amadzi, machulukitsidwe okhala ndi michere ndi michere. Mitengo yam'minda yolimapo yopanda chonde imatha kumera bwino, kwinaku msewu, pa dothi lolemera, losaphunzitsidwa bwino, mbewu zitha kukhala zaka mazana ambiri.
- Chinyezi ndi kutentha kumakhala kofooka, popeza nyengo mu mzere uliwonse kwa nthawi yayitali nthawi zambiri imakhala yokhazikika. Chosiyana ndi kusintha kwanyengo (nyengo ya ayezi). Zachidziwikire, kwa mbewu zazifupi, ngakhale chilala pang'ono chimatha kukhala ndi vuto.
- Makhalidwe a mtunda (kukhalapo kwa malo otsetsereka, mapiri kapena nyumba zikuluzikulu) amasintha kwambiri miyezo yowunikira, mphamvu, kuwongolera mphepo ndi zina zofunikira. Ndipo, iwonso, amachepetsa kapena kuwonjezera moyo wa mtengowo.
- Khalidwe la nkhalango. Ndi mitengo yayitali kwambiri yomwe imaphuka pafupi, mwayi wa mtengo womwe umakula kwambiri ndi yaying'ono. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu imakhudzanso izi, mwachitsanzo, ndizovuta kwambiri kuti mtengo wopendekera kukula m'nkhalango yamdima yamdima.
- Matenda ndi tizirombo. Tizilomboti timaphatikizanso tizirombo tomwe timamera pa khungwa ndi masamba, komanso nyama ndi arthropod zomwe zimadya mozungulira mizu. Matenda a mitengo ndi bakiteriya komanso fungal.
Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri mwachilengedwe. Koma pali ena ochita kupanga. Mtengo wokhala m'matauni osayipitsidwa umakhala wocheperako. Ndipo mosinthira, nthawi ya moyo imachulukirachulukira m'mapaki akuluakulu momwe mulibe zinyalala, koma kusamalira mbewu ndikuaziteteza ku tizirombo ndi matenda.
Mitengo yabwino
Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti, kutalika kwa mitengo yamtchire ndiokwera kwambiri kuposa mitengo yobzalidwa zipatso. Izi ndichifukwa choti munthu mwa njira yosankhira adapanga zikhalidwe zomwe nthawi yochepa kwambiri idapereka zokolola zambiri. Kuchulukitsa kotereku kumakhudzana mwachindunji chifukwa chakuti mtengowo ulibe mphamvu zochepa komanso zinthu zake zokha, umapatsa chilichonse kubala zipatso. Zotsatira zake, zimakhala zochepa.
Mitengo yazipatso yodziwika bwino m'mbali mwathu ndi mitengo ya maapulo ndi mapeyala. Amakhala mpaka theka la zaka zapamwamba, koma mitundu yamtchire imatha kukula zaka 100-150. Zomera zina - maula, sea buckthorn, apricot - zimapulumuka zaka 20-30. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbewu izi mwamwambo zimamera kum'mwera kwakumwera. Mwachitsanzo, pichesi mu zovala zathu sizikhala zaka zoposa 15.
Mitengo yonse yamitchire imamera motalika. Aspen ndi alder amakhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 150, mitengo ya mtedza imakhala pafupifupi zaka 2 mazana awiri. Elm, phulusa ndi birch amakula mpaka zaka 3, ndipo beech amakhala ndi zaka 500. Koma thundu ndiye ogwiritsira ntchito - limakhala pa milenia imodzi ndi theka. Zachidziwikire, tikulankhula za kuthekera kofunika kwa mitundu iyi ya mitengo, chifukwa m'masiku amakono palibe amene angawalole kukhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira 100-200.
Pafupi conifers
Zomera zanthete zimakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa mitengo yowola. Ichi ndichifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kagayidwe, kuthekera kwakukulu kosinthika pama nyengo yovuta. Maonekedwe a korona amakulolani kuti mupeze mphamvu zochuluka zomwe dzuwa lingapereke.
Mizu yokhala ndi nthambi zambiri imathandiziranso kuti ikhale ndi moyo, komanso kuti nthawi yozizira singano imapitilirabe kupanga michere, ngakhale zochuluka kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale mizu kuchokera kumtunda wozizira imatha kupeza mchere ndi madzi. Nthawi yomweyo, singano amakutidwa ndi sera, zomwe zimalepheretsa madzi kuti asweke.
Fir - chomera chofupika kwambiri pakati pa conifers chimatha kukhalapo mpaka zaka mazana awiri. Spruce ndi pine zofala m'dziko lathu zimatha zaka 600. Larch yaku Europe imakhala zaka 500, ndipo mnzake waku Siberia amakhala zaka 900 (chitsanzo chabwino cha chisonkhezero cha metabolism chotsika). Mtengo wa mkungudza umakhalabe mpaka zaka 1000, koma mtengo waukulu wanthawi yayitali ndi sequoia, womwe umakhala pafupifupi zaka 5000.
Chidule tebulo
Mwachidziwitso, tidzachepetsa kutalika kwa mitengo patebulo, dziko lozungulira dziko lathu limatipatsa ziwerengero zotsatirazi:
Sizotheka kutchula dzina lililonse la mtengo ndi nthawi yayitali patebulo limodzi, chifukwa pali mitundu yambiri yambiri.
