Inde

Chomera cha yew (Taxus), chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti yew, ndi membala wa banja la yew. Mitundu iyi imagwirizanitsa pafupifupi mitundu 8 ya conifers ndi zitsamba, yodziwika ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono. Mitundu itatu imapezeka ku Asia, kuphatikiza ku Far East, mitundu 1 imapezeka kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Europe, ndipo mitundu inayi imapezeka ku North America. Chikhalidwe ichi chimadziwika kwambiri pakati pa alimi, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapangidwe, chifukwa yew ndiwosasamala komanso wokongoletsa kwambiri, koma mwachilengedwe mbewu izi sizachilendo chaka chilichonse.

Mawonekedwe

Zoyimira amtunduwu Mitengo ndi mitundu ya zinthu. Makungwa ofiira ofiira oterewa ndi amtundu. Korona amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a ovoid-cylindrical, nthawi zambiri amakhala amitundu yambiri. Nthambi zimayikidwa pamtengo. Masingano athyathyathya komanso ofewa amawapaka utoto wobiriwira, amaikidwa pamaudzu ofananira mizere iwiri, ndi zimayambira - mozungulira. Singano kutalika imatha kufika 20-35 mm. Kupangidwa kwa zipatso zofiira kumawonedwa pamitengo yaikazi; zipatso zotere zimakhalabe pamitengo mpaka nthawi yachisanu ikayamba. Kutalika kwa shrub yew pafupifupi konse kupitirira 10 m, pomwe mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mtengo amatha kupitirira 20-30 m, ndipo thunthu lake m'mimba mwake limafikira 4 metres. Mu chomera choterocho, nkhuni zimakhala ndi antibacterial, chifukwa ma phytoncides ambiri amaphatikizidwa ndikupanga. Kuchokera pamenepo amapanga mipando kapena pansi m'nyumba, chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuteteza nyumba ku matenda. Chifukwa chakuti mbewu ili ndi mitengo yamtengo wapatali yotere, yomwe imadziwika kuti "Negus-mtengo", idalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.

Yew amatha kukhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 3,000, ndipo zimasiyananso chifukwa zimatha kuchira msanga mutadulira, kuti wolima dimba atha kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera korona wake. Komabe chikhalidwe chotere chimasiyana chifukwa chakuti ndimakonda kwambiri mthunzi, komanso chimakula bwino m'malo otentha. Mukasankha kukula yew, ndiye kuti kumbukirani kuti m'zigawo zake zonse mumakhala poyizoni.

Kubzala kwa yew

Nthawi yobzala

Yew kubzala poyera malo kuyambira masiku otsiriza a Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala. M'malo okhala ndi nyengo yofunda, mbewu yotere imabzalidwa mu Okutobala, mdera lomwe, malinga ndi wolima dimba, ndiyabwino kwambiri pamenepa. Ngati m'dera lomwe yew izidzakulirakulira, nthawi yachilimwe ndiyochepa, ndiye kuti ndikofunikira kuyidzala m'chilimwe chomaliza kapena milungu yoyambirira yophukira, ndipo chifukwa cha izi muyenera kusankha madera abwino. Ngati mmera udakhala ndi mizu yotsekeka, ndiye kuti ungabzalidwe nthawi yonse yokulira, koma njirayi iyenera kumalizidwa ndi Okutobala madera ozizira kwambiri, ndipo osapitirira theka loyamba la Seputembala m'magawo ozizira ndi nyengo yachidule.

Tiyenera kuyesetsa kuteteza mbewu zotere kuti zisawonongeke zaka zochepa zoyambirira mutabzala mmera panthaka yotseguka. Yew ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti ibzalidwe m'nthaka yoyera bwino, yopanda chonde komanso yokhala ndi chonde, makonzedwe ake akhoza kukhala motere: mchenga, peat ndi tsamba kapena tsamba la turf (2: 2: 3). Koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti imakula bwino pamtunda wosauka. Nthaka yonyowa kwambiri kapena yac acid kwambiri siyiyenereradi mbewuyi.

Malamulo akumalo

Kuti mubzale mmera, muyenera kukonzekera dzenje, lakuya lomwe liyenera kukhala losachepera 0,7 m, pomwe mulifupi mwake liyenera kukhala lalikulu mita 0,5 kuposa kuchuluka kwa mizu ya mmera womwe udatengedwa ndi dothi lapansi. Kuti apange hedge, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mubzale mbande mu ngalande, kuya kwake kuyenera kukhala mamilimita 0,5-0.7 Kutalika kwa masentimita 150-200 kuyenera kuwonedwa pakati pa tchire, pomwe kuyenera kukhala kosakwana pafupifupi 50 cm mukadzala hedge. Dzenjeli likakonzeka, dambo labwino liyenera kupangidwira pansi, pomwe makulidwe ake amayenera kukhala a meta 01. Njerwa zosweka, mwala wosweka, mchenga kapena mitsinje imatha kugwira ntchito ngati madzi.

Mmera womwe uli mumtsuko uyenera kuthiriridwa bwino, kenako umatulutsidwa mosamala muchidebe ndikuyika munyenje. Malo omasuka mu dzenje ayenera kudzazidwa ndi dothi losakonzekeretsa (onani kapangidwe pamwambapa), komwe muyenera kuwonjezera feteleza wophatikizira wa mchere. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Nitroammofosku (pa 1 lita imodzi ya gramu 1), Kemiru universal (1 mita² nthaka osakaniza magalamu 100) kapena sulfate yamkuwa (pa 1 lita imodzi ya magalamu 15). Ubzala ukamaliza, muzu wa chomeracho uyenera kuzimiririka ndi nthaka yonseyo. Mukamadzala yew, nthaka yozungulira tchire iyenera kupunthwa. Thirirani madziwo, ndikadzadziramo ndi dothi m'nthaka, pamwamba pa thunthu mozungulira muyenera kuyalidwa ndi mulch (peat kapena kompositi).

Yew Care M'munda

Kukula yew m'munda wanu ndikosavuta. Chomera chimafunikira kuthilira dothi mwadongosolo, pomwe thunthu lake limayenera kukhala loyera nthawi zonse. Tchire zazing'ono ziyenera kuphimbidwa nthawi yozizira, ndipo kasupe amafunika kutetezedwa kuti asayatsidwa ndi dzuwa. Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kuchita mwatsatanetsatane mankhwala othandizira omwe angathandize kuteteza tchire ku matenda ndi tizirombo. Zomera zikamakula, zingafunikire kudulira nthawi zonse.

Kuthirira ndi kumasula

Mitengo ya Yew yosakwana zaka 3 imafunika kuthiriridwa mwadongosolo. Izi zikuyenera kuchitika nthawi imodzi m'milungu inayi, pomwe chitsamba chimodzi chathirira 1 chimamwa 10 mpaka 15 malita a madzi. Zomera zazikulu zimafunikira kuthirira kawirikawiri, monga lamulo, zimakhala ndimadzi okwanira mvula. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewu zotere zimatha, ngati nkofunikira, kuchotsa madzi kuchokera pansi kwambiri, dothi lamphamvu limawathandiza pamenepa. Komabe, pakakhala chilala nthawi yayitali, mtengowo uyenera kupatsidwanso kuthilira, komanso kukonkha korona. Dothi lonyowa pafupi ndi tsinde liyenera kumasulidwa mpaka masentimita 10 mpaka 15, makamaka pazaka zitatu zoyambirira mutabzala yew panthaka yotseguka. Izi zikapanda kuchitika, ndiye kuti kutumphuka kumawoneka pansi, komwe kumalepheretsa mpweya wabwino kuzika mizu. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikumasuka, ndikofunikira kuchotsa udzu wonse, chifukwa tizirombo nthawi zambiri timakhazikika. Ngati pali chidwi chofuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa maudzu, kumasula ndi kuthilira, ndiye kuti pansi pa bwalo lizikulungika ndi mulch (singano, peat kapena utuchi), makulidwe ake omwe ayenera kukhala a 8 mpaka 10 cm.

Mavalidwe apamwamba

Ngati nthawi yodzala tchire feteleza zonse zofunika munthaka, ndiye kuti zikhala zokwanira kwa chaka chonse. Ndiye kuvala pamwamba panthaka kuyenera kuyikidwa chaka chilichonse. Kuti muchite izi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Kemiru-universal (1 m² 100 magalamu) kapena Nitroammofosku (1 mita² kuchokera 50 mpaka 70 magalamu).

Kudulira

Chomera chotere chimadziwika ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono, pankhaniyi, zaka zoyambirira, sizifunikira kudulidwa. Zitsamba ndi mitengo ya achikulire imabwereka bwino kuti ipangidwe korona. Ngakhale kudulira mwamphamvu kwambiri sikungathe kuwavulaza. Zimayambira zimafunika kufupikitsidwa ndi zosaposa 1/3 za kutalika. Onetsetsani kuti mwadula nthambi zonse zouma, komanso nthambi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chisanu kapena matenda. Kuchepetsa mbewu ndikulimbikitsidwa m'masiku oyamba a Epulo asanaphuke.

Thirani

Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti ndikasinthira mbewu yotereyo mchaka, pomwe dothi liyenera kutenthedwapo. Poyamba, muyenera kusankha tsamba ndikukhazikitsa dzenje la kukula kofunikira (onani pamwambapa kuti mumve zambiri). Chotsani tchire ndikuyiyika mu dzenje la maziko atsopano, pomwe khosi la mizu kumapeto kwa kubzala liyenera kukhala lofanana ndi pamwamba pamalowo. Pamapeto pa Thirani, mbewuyo imamwetsa madzi ambiri, ndipo pamwamba pake ndimakutidwa ndi mulch (organic material).

Matenda ndi tizirombo

Tizilombo

Yews imatha kuvulazidwa ndi tizirombo monga ma ndulu a ma midges ndi yew scaffolds, omwe akuyamwa tizilombo, ndi ma spruce singano ndi pine scoops amatha kuvulaza - singano za paini. Pachitsamba pomwe tizilombo ovulaza adakhazikika, chikasu, kuyanika ndi kufa chifukwa cha nthambi, komanso singano, zimayang'aniridwa. Akatswiri amalangiza chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa kasupe kuti zitsitsire tchire ndi pamwamba pa thunthu lozungulira ndi yankho la Nitrafen kapena Karbofos. Ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tapezeka pamalowo pakukula, ndiye kuti chitsamba ndi malo ozungulira thunthu ziyenera kuwazidwa katatu konse ndi Rogor kapena njira zina zofananira. Monga lamulo, chithandizo cha 1 sichikwanira kuti muwononge tizirombo, pambuyo pa masiku 10-12, chithandani mbewu 1 nthawi inanso pokonzekera.

Matenda

Matenda otsatirawa ndi owopsa pachikhalidwe chotere: brown shute, phomosis, necrosis ndi fusarium. Zizindikiro za matenda oterewa ndizosiyanasiyana, komabe, kusintha maonekedwe a singano kuyenera kubweretsa nkhawa. Nthawi zambiri, kupweteka kwamakina kwa kotekisi kumathandizira kukula kwa matenda, chifukwa cha izi fungus zosiyanasiyana zimalowa mchomera. Komanso toyesa matenda nthawi zambiri chimakhala chodwala, chifukwa cholimidwa chomwe dothi lokhala ndi dothi lolemera limasankhidwa. Pofuna kukonza ngalande ndikuchotsa madzi ochulukirapo panthaka, pamafunika kuyendetsa tizilomboti tambiri tating'onoting'ono tozungulira padziko lonse lapansi, kutalika kwake kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 0.3 m, pomwe chitsamba chodwala chizithiridwa mankhwala. Zolinga zopewera, kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira, yew amayenera kuthandizidwa ndi fungosis yokhala ndi mkuwa.

Yew kuswana

Yew imatha kufalitsidwa ndi kudulidwa ndi njira ya mbewu. Njira yolereka yopangira kubala imakhala yovuta, ndipo mbande zomwe zimamera pambewu nthawi zambiri sizisunga mawonekedwe ambewu ya mayi. Mwakutero, njira iyi yoberekera imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha kulima mitundu yaww kapena pobereketsa zatsopano zamtunduwu. Ndiosavuta komanso mwachangu kufalitsa mbewuyi ndiudulidwe, kuphatikiza mbewu zazing'ono zomwe zimalandira cholowa cha makolo.

Fotokozerani chomera choterocho chitha kupezedwa katemera. Komabe, njira yobala iyi ndioyenera akatswiri okhawo.

Yew kufalitsa ndi odulidwa

Zidula zimakolola kuyambira azaka zitatu mpaka zisanu, pomwe kutalika kwa magawo kuyenera kukhala kuyambira 15 mpaka 20 sentimita. Amakolola mu Seputembala ndi Okutobala kapena mu Epulo ndi Meyi. Mu zodula, gawo lakumunsi liyenera kumasulidwa ku makungwa, pomwe malo odulidwawo akuyenera kuthandizidwa ndi othandizira okula. Kenako, zodulidwazo zakonzedwa zibzalidwe m'machubu, zomwe ziyenera kudzazidwa ndi dothi losakanizirana ndi peat ndi mchenga (2: 1). Ngati zodulidwazo zimapangidwa m'dzinja, ndiye kuti zodulidwazo ziyenera kusungidwa m'malo otentha nthawi yonse yozizira, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, ziyenera kubzalidwe poyera. Ngati njirayi ikuchitika mchaka, ndiye kuti ndiyambe kudula, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mubzale pansi pa filimuyo mu wowonjezera kutentha. Ndipo mizu ikazika mizu, amasinthidwa kumunda wamaluwa. Nthawi yozula mizu ya zodula ndi miyezi pafupifupi 3-4, pomwe panthawiyi nthaka yowazungulira ikuyenera kukhala yonyowa. Ndikofunikira kuchotsa pobisalira kudulidwe kokha mwa masabata otsiriza a chilimwe, potengera izi mbewu idzakhala ndi nthawi yosinthira kuzizira. M'zaka zitatu zoyambirira, mbewu zazing'ono ziyenera kuphimbidwa nthawi yachisanu, zomwe zingathandize kuteteza mizu ku chisanu.

Kukula yew kuchokera ku mbewu

Ngati njere zasungidwa molondola, ndiye kuti zimatha kukhalapo kwa zaka zinayi. Akatswiri amalangiza kufesa mbewu zatsopano zomwe zatulutsidwa m'dzinja. Ngati kufesa mbewu kwakhazikitsidwa mpaka kumapeto, kuyenera kuti kuzingidwa ndi kuzizira, chifukwa zimasungidwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mufiriji pamtunda wa madigiri atatu mpaka asanu. Chifukwa cha izi, kumera kwa mbeu kumakula kwambiri. Kubzala mbewu kumachitika mu Marichi, chifukwa izi, muli muli muli ndi dothi. Aikidwa m'manda theka la sentimita, pamwamba pa beseni muyenera kuphimbidwa ndi filimu, kenako imatsukidwa m'malo otentha. Mbewu zoyambirira zimayenera kuonekera patatha milungu pafupifupi 8, zikafesa mbewu zomwe sizinatchulidwe, zimatha kuoneka pambuyo pa zaka 1-3. Zaka zingapo kumera kwa njere, mbewu zokulira ziyenera kupukutidwa pabedi mu wowonjezera kutentha, patatha zaka zina ziwiri, yew yabzalidwa pasukuluyi. Zomera pamenepo zimamera kwa zaka zitatu kapena zinayi, kenako mbande zitha kuzibwezeretsa pamalo okhazikika.

Inde nthawi yozizira

Chisamaliro cha Autumn

Masamba atagwa, chomera chidzafafaniza kuti chithothidwe ndi tizirombo ndi matenda, chifukwa muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera fungicidal. Mitengo yaying'ono, yomwe ili ndi zaka zosakwana 3, ikufunika kuphimbidwa nthawi yozizira, chifukwa chake, bwalo lozungulira limaphimbidwa ndi masamba owuma a mitundu yokongoletsera kapena peat, makulidwe ake ayenera kukhala 50 mpaka 70 mm. Mitengo yaying'ono ili ndi nthambi zosalimba kwambiri ndipo imatha kuvulazidwa mosavuta ndi kulemera kwa chipale chofewa, ziyenera kukokedwa mosamala kumtolo ndikukutulutsirani mumulu.

Zisanu

Ngati nyengo yachisanu yozizira ikuyembekezeka, ndiye yew akhoza kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chisanu champhamvu. Kuti mupewe izi, chitsambachi chimakutidwa ndi lutrasil kapena spanbond, koma choyamba muyenera kukhazikitsa chimacho, chifukwa muyenera kukhala ndi malo omasuka pakati pa mtengo ndi chophimba. Kuphimbira yew ndi burlap sikulimbikitsidwa, chifukwa nthawi ya thaw imanyowa, kenako ndikuphimbidwa ndi ayezi. Ndi bwinonso kusagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zounikira ndi polyethylene pacholinga ichi, chifukwa izi sizimalola kuti mpweya uzilowa munthambi. Ndikofunika kuchotsa pogona mu kasupe nthaka itatha kuyatsidwa bwino. Koma panthawiyi, ndikofunikira kuteteza yew kuchokera ku dzuwa mwachindunji asanapangidwe kakang'ono kakang'ono, chifukwa kasupe dzuwa limagwira kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa cha izi, limatha kuvutika kwambiri. Pakatikati, mumphepo yamkuntho komanso yopanda mitambo, mizu yomwe sinachiritsidwe bwino singathe kuyamwa madzi bwinobwino, nthawi yomweyo kutulutsa chinyontho ndi singano kumawonedwa, ndichifukwa chake mitengo ya yew imavulala mosavuta. Ndi chifukwa cha izi kuti mmera umafunika kuzimiririka kuchokera pakuwala kwa nthawi iyi pachaka.

Mitundu ndi mitundu ya yew yokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina

Pansipa kufotokozedwa mitundu ndi mitundu ya yew yomwe ndiyotchuka kwambiri.

Yew Canadian (Taxus canadensis)

Kutalika kwa mtengo wabodza ngati chitsamba sikupita masentimita 200, kwawo ndi nkhalango za kum'mawa kwa North America. Zimayambira ndizifupi ndipo zimakutidwa ndi singano zambiri, nthambi zikukwera. Ma singano ali ndi mawonekedwe owongoka ndi chikwakwa, amawongoka bwino. Mbali yakumtunda ya singanoyo imakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu wonyezimira, ndipo mbali yakumbuyoyo imakhala yobiriwira yopyapyala. Mawonedwe ake amakhala ndi kukana kwambiri chisanu. Yew yotere imatha kupirira kutsika kwa madigiri 35, koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti zinthu zotere zimawonekera pokhapokha chitsamba chimatha zaka zitatu. Mitundu yotsatirayi ndiyotchuka:

1. Aurea. Kutalika kwa chitsamba chokhala ndi nthambi zazifupi chonchi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 100. Masing'onowo ndi ang'ono ndi utoto wachikasu.
2. Pyramidalis. Chitsamba chododometsa choterechi chili ndi mawonekedwe a korona, kenako chimamasuka.

Yew spiky (Taxus cuspidata)

Mtunduwu umatetezedwa komanso kutetezedwa. Mwachilengedwe, amapezeka ku Korea, Manchuria, Far East ndi Japan. Nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwa mtengo woterewu kumakhala pafupifupi mita 7, koma nthawi zina imafika mpaka 20 mita.Mitundu yotere imatha kuyimiridwa ndi chitsamba chofika kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka. Maonekedwe a korona sakhala osakhazikika kapena ozungulira, pomwe nthambi zimayikidwa mozungulira. Mapulogalamu achichepere, komanso ma petioles, amakhala ndi kuwala kwa chikasu, utoto wake umakhala wolowera kwambiri kunsi. Masamba akuluakulu ali ndi mawonekedwe, pomwe mtsempha wapakati umatulutsa. Gawo lakumapeto la singano limapakidwa utoto wobiriwira mpaka pafupifupi wakuda, ndipo mbali yakumbuyo ndi ya utoto. Mbeu zazing'onoting'ono pang'ono zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owundikira, zimazunguliridwa ndi mmera wamtundu wofiirira wofiirira kapena wapinki mpaka theka. Chomera ichi sichimalimbana ndi chisanu, komabe, chitsamba chaching'ono chimafunikira pobisalira nyengo yachisanu. Maonekedwe otchuka:

1. Crohn lotayirira komanso lonse. Nthambi zazitali zomwe zikutuluka zimakhala ndi mtundu wamtambo wakuda. Mawonekedwe a singano zosowa ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati chikwakwa, kuchokera pansi pake ndi achikasu, ndipo kuchokera pamwamba - zobiriwira zakuda.
2. Nana. Kutalika kwa chomera chotsika chonchi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 100. Nthambi zake zimakhala zamphamvu ndipo zimafalikira. Crohn ali ndi mawonekedwe osakhazikika. Singano ndiwofatsa. Mawonekedwe a singano zobiriwira zakuda ndi mzere, ndipo kutalika amafika 25 mm.
3. Minima. Fomuyi ndi yofunika kwambiri mwamagulu amtunduwu. Kutalika kwa tchire, monga lamulo, sikupita mamilimita 0.3. Utoto wake umakhala wofiirira, singano ndi zobiriwira zakuda, zonyezimira komanso zokhala ndi mawonekedwe.
4. Famu. Kutalika kwa tchire lotalikirana kotere ndi pafupifupi masentimita 200, ndipo korona wake m'mimba mwake amafika masentimita 350. Pamaso pa khunguyo lofiirira lofiirira pali mawanga otumbululuka, singano zopindika zimapakidwa zobiriwira zakuda, zimakonzedwa bwino.
5. Wa likulu. Zomera zoterezi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe achimuna ndi achikazi. Imakhala ndi mitengo ikuluikulu imodzi kapena zingapo. Mawonekedwe ake korona ndi keglevidny.
6. Columnaris. M'mawonekedwe otambalala motere, singano zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda.
7. Kuvina. Chisoti chachifumu cha mawonekedwe achikazi ndi chachikulu komanso chopanikizidwa kwambiri. Ali ndi zaka 50, mtengowo umatalika pafupifupi mita 1.2, ndipo korona wake m'mimba mwake ndi 6 mita. Mtundu wa singano ndi wobiliwira wakuda.
8. Kukula. Tchire lili ndi mawonekedwe a chotengera, koma lilibe thunthu pakati. Zaka zake zikakhala zaka 20, ndiye kuti kutalika kwake ndi kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 300. mawonekedwe awa ndi otchuka kwambiri ku United States of America.

Yew-leaved (Тахus brevifolia = Тахus baccata var. Brevifolia)

Chomera ichi chimachokera kumpoto kwa North America. Mawonedwewo amatha kuyimiridwa ndi mitengo, yomwe kutalika kwake ndi 15-25 metres, komanso zitsamba - pafupifupi 5 metres, korona ali ndi mawonekedwe opindika, khungwa lazunguliridwa ndi zidutswa. Nthambi zomwe zimapezeka mwachindunji kumtengowo ndi zochepa, nthambi zimapendekera pang'ono. Singano zowoneka ngati lakuthwa zimapakidwa utoto wonyezimira bwino, kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi 20 mm, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi 2 mm. Singano amaikidwa m'mizere iwiri. Mawonekedwe a njere zamtundu ziwiri ndi ovoid, amafikira kutalika kwa 0.5 cm, ndipo pamwamba amakutidwa ndi mbande za utoto wofiirira.

Yew berry (Taxus baccata)

Mtunduwu umapezeka zachilengedwe kudera la Asia Little, Western Europe, komanso ku Caucasus; umakonda kumera nkhalango zamapiri pamchenga, ndipo nthawi zina nthaka yonyowa. Kutalika kwa chomera chotere ndi mamita 17-27. Kapangidwe ka korona wobiriwira, wobiriwira bwino ndi ovoid-cylindrical; Thunthu lake lakhazikika, ndipo pamwamba pake pali kutumphuka kwa utoto wofiirira. Zomera zikamakula, khungwa limayamba kutulutsa mbale. Singano zimakonzedwa mozungulira, ndipo panthambi zokhazikitsidwa zimapangidwa m'mizere iwiri. Pamwamba pa singano yopyapyala ndi yowoneka bwino komanso yobiriwira, ndipo pansi pake pamakhala chikasu. Mbewu zaphimbidwa ndi mbande zofiira kwambiri. Chomera choterocho chili ndi mitundu yambiri yam'munda, yomwe ndiyotchuka kwambiri, gulu lidawakonzera. Nthawi zambiri m'minda kumakhala mitundu monga:

1. Pabwino. Kutalika kwa mawonekedwe amtunduwu kumatha kupitirira masentimita 100. Maonekedwe a koronawo amazunguliridwa, m'mimba mwake amafika mpaka mita 1. Nthambizo zimasanjidwa moyenerera kuchokera kumtengo. Pamwamba pa singano za crescent pamakhala mtundu wobiriwira wakuda, ndipo pansi pamakhala kowala pang'ono.
2. Chilungamo. Kutalika kwa chitsamba champhongo chotere pafupifupi mita 8. Crohn ndi yotakata. Masingano owonda ndi ofewa ali ndi utoto wonyezimira.
3. Fastigiata. Kutalika kwa mawonekedwe achikazi otere ndi pafupifupi 5 mita. Chisoti chachifumucho chili ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba, otambalala pamwamba. Pali nthambi zambiri zakuthwa. Singano zomwe zimapezeka mozungulira pamitengo ndizowongoka mkati ndikujambulidwa zobiriwira zakuda.
4. Korona wa Nissens. Kutalika kwa the shrub kuli pafupifupi 2.5 metres, ndipo pamtanda korona wake amatha kufalikira kuyambira 6 mpaka 8 metres. Koma ukakula pakatikati patali, kutalika kwa chitsamba chotere sikapitilira muyeso wa chipale chofewa. Khungwa loonda ndi lofiirira. Masingidwe obiriwira obiriwira amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a singano.
5. Kukula. Kutalika kwa chitsamba cholumphira choterechi kuli pafupifupi theka la mita, ndipo m'mimba mwake imatha kufika mamita 5. Nthambi zokhala mbali imodzi zimakanikizidwa kunthaka. Mawonekedwe a singano zokutira ndikuwoneka ngati chikwakwa, kumtunda kwawo amapaka utoto wamtambo wobiriwira. Ndipo pansi pamalowo pali singano ndipo ndi yowala. Kukana chisanu mwanjira zosiyanasiyana kumakhala kwakukulu, chifukwa chake ndikotchuka pakati pa wamaluwa.
6. Summergold. Chisoti chachifumu chamtunduwu ndi chosalala komanso chachikulu. Nthambi zimamera mosadukiza. Kapangidwe ka singano ndikuwoneka ngati chikwakwa, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 30 mm, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi 3 mm. Masingawo ali ndi m'mphepete mwa utoto wachikaso wagolide.

Yew Medium (Taxus media)

Iziw ndi malo apakati pakati pa yew mabulosi ndi yew yomwe yalankhulidwa. Kutalika kwa mtunduwu ndi kwakukulu kuposa kwa mabulosi a yew. Nthambi zakale zimakhala ndi maolivi obiriwira, koma pakapita nthawi, dzuwa limayamba kutulutsa dzuwa. Zimayambira zikukwera. Kutalika kwa singano singano kuli pafupifupi masentimita 2.7, ndipo m'lifupi ndi mpaka masentimita 0,3, omwe adapangidwa m'mizere iwiri ndikukhala ndi midrib osiyana. Mitunduyi imalimbana ndi chisanu ndi chilala, imaberekanso bwino ndipo ili ndi mitundu yambiri yokongoletsera:

1. Densiformis. Kutalika kwa chomera chachikazi chotere ndi pafupifupi masentimita 150. Korona wozungulira wozungulira wamkati mwake umafikira masentimita 300. Singano zokutira zakuthwa zimakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 2.2 cm, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi pafupifupi 0.3 cm.
2. Grandifolia. Chisamba champhaka. Kutalika kwa singano zikuluzikulu zamtundu wakuda wobiriwira pafupifupi 3 cm, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi 0.3 cm.
3. Hedge Molunjika. Kutalika kwa chitsamba chachikazi chotere ndi pafupifupi 5 mita. Korona wopyapyala-wozungulira wopingasa amafika pafupifupi 1.5 mamilimita awiri. Singano ndizabwino kwambiri.
4. Wadi. Korona wa chomera chachikazi chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Kutalika kwa mtengowo kuli pafupifupi mamita awiri, ndipo m'mimba mwake amafikira mita 6. Masingano oyimirira mwamphamvu ali ndi mtundu wobiriwira wakuda.
5. Chisilaamu. Chitsamba champhongo chotere chimadziwika ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono, chisoti chachifumu ndichachikulupo, ndipo pamwamba pake ndi phwete. Kutalika kwa chitsamba makumi awiri ndi pafupifupi 1.8 metres, ndipo kutalika kwake pofika nthawi imeneyi kumafika mita 4.

Yew Short-leved (Тахus brevifolia)

Mwachilengedwe, mtunduwu umapezeka kumadzulo kwa North America; umakonda kumera m'mphepete mwa mapiri, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje, komanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Imayimiriridwa ndi mitengo, yomwe kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi 25 metres, komanso zitsamba - mpaka 5 metres. Zovuta pakukula pang'onopang'ono. Maonekedwe a koronawo ndi omasuka. Makungwawo amabwera pansi pamtengo ndi mbale. Nthambi zimapachika pang'ono, ndipo nthambi zimakhala kutali ndi thunthu. Ma singano owoneka ngati mizere iwiri ya utoto wonyezimira wamtunduwu amakhala ndi kutalika mpaka 2 cm komanso mulifupi mwake pafupifupi 0.2 cm.

Ngakhale wamaluwa amalima mtundu wina wosakanizidwa komanso wachilengedwe wa yew.