Kuti mupeze mbewu yabwino, nkhaka zimabzalidwa panthaka pamalo a dzuwa, otetezedwa ku mphepo zakumpoto. Pafupi ndi gawo la zomwe zasankhidwa, mbewu zazitali zomwe zimakula mwachangu (nyemba, mpendadzuwa kapena mbatata) ziyenera kubzalidwa, zomwe zingathandizire kupanga nkhokwe yabwino kwa nkhaka.
Kutengera ndi dera, mbewu yamkaka yobzalidwa masika, nthaka ikakhala yotentha yokwanira. Mutha kubzala nkhaka ndi mbande kapena kufesa mbewu.
Kulanda koyenera
Pakakulitsa nkhaka poyera, chiwembuchi chakonzedwa mu kugwa. Kuti muchite izi, kukumba dothi ndikupanga feteleza. Kuthira dothi ndikuwononga ma causative othandizira a matendawa, muyenera kuthira dothi ndi yankho la mkuwa wa sulfate ndikuwonjezera gawo la superphosphate ndi phulusa.
Kuti mulime bwino nkhaka, mapira "otentha" okhala ndi "pilo" wokhala ndi organic, 20-25 cm, ndioyenerera bwino. Zomera zimathandiza kupereka masamba ndi zinthu zofunika kufufuza ndikuteteza mizu kuti isazizire.
Kubzala mbande za nkhaka potseguka kumapereka zipatso zambiri pakatikati ndipo kumpoto kwa mtunda, ndipo kum'mwera koyambirira kwa masamba koyambirira kumabzyala m'nthaka.
Zambiri zofesa mbewu panthaka
Alimi aluso amalimbikitsa kufesa mbewu mu Mlingo 2-3 kuti muteteze mbande kuchokera posachedwa posachedwa frost ndikutalika. Kubzala nkhaka potseguka ndi mbewu kumachitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Ndikofunika kuti musaphonye mphindi, chifukwa kutentha kwanyengo kumakhudza kukula kwa mbewu.
Kusankhidwa kwa mbewu
Mbewu zitha kugulidwa m'malo apadera kapena kusonkhanitsa palokha. Moyo wa alumali uyenera kukhala wosachepera zaka ziwiri, kuti mphukira zimakhala zamphamvu komanso zochezeka.
Nthanga za nkhaka pakubzala ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba kwambiri. Kuti muwone zinthu zosayenera, ziyenera kuyikidwa mumtsuko wamadzi ofunda. Mbewu zoyipa zimayandama pamwamba. Nthaka za nkango zobowola pansi, chisanachitike chithandizo, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofesa. Kuti mupeze mbande zoyambilira, mbewuyo imamera pothira dothi lonyowa, peat kapena nsalu. Pakumera, mbeu zofooka zimakanizidwanso.
Kukonzekeretsa mbewu yofesa
Kukonzekera kwa mbeu kumapanganso magawo angapo:
- Mbewu zosankhidwa zimayikidwa kwa mphindi zingapo mu njira ya manganese.
- Wouma ndi kutentha kwa maola awiri kutentha kwa madigiri 60. Izi zimathandizira kumayambiriro kwa zipatso.
- Pezani theka la tsiku mu njira yadzimadzi ndi manganese sulfate, potaziyamu nitrate ndi superphosphate.
- Imani ndi kubzala kachiwiri.
Ngati phukusi lilibe chidziwitso cha zamasamba, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa chithunzicho: nkhaka zoyenera kumata ndizophimbidwa ndi ziphuphu zakuda, ndipo zomwe zimadyedwa zatsopano ndi zoyera.
Kubzala mbewu za nkhaka panthaka ndikofunikira nyengo yofunda ikakhazikitsidwa komanso nthaka ikuwunda bwino. Ngati pali chiwopsezo cha chisanu, ndiye kuti ndikulimbikitsidwa kuphimba mbewu ndi filimu.
Malangizo pofesa mbewu panthaka yosatetezedwa
Pa zitunda zakonzedwa ndikupanga mabowo ndi kuwaza ndi madzi. Amayika njere, ndikukula ndi masentimita awiri, ndikutalika kwa 8-10 masentimita, ndikuwaza ndi kusakaniza kwa humus kapena dothi pamwamba ndikuwonjezera nkhuni zamatabwa. Kwa mita lalikulu 10, pafupifupi magalamu 50 a mbewu adzafunika. Ngati mbewu yabwino sikulimbikitsa chidaliro, ndiye kuti nthanga za 2-4 zitha kuyikidwa mu chitsime chimodzi.
Mawonekedwe a njira yokomera
Mutha kubzala mbande zamkaka m'chipinda chofunda. Ma tank obzala amadzazidwa ndi gawo lapansi kuchokera ku peat yosakanikirana ndi utuchi komanso kuwonjezera kwa ammonium nitrate ndi madzi.
Mbewu zakuya mwa gawo lapansi ndi 1 cm ndi kukapanda kuleka. Zombozo zimatsekedwa ndi polyethylene mpaka mphukira yoyamba. Mbewu zikamakula, muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti dothi limanyowa nthawi zonse. Musanabzale nkhaka panthaka, mbande zimafunikira kutentha kwa sabata, pang'onopang'ono kuzolowera mpweya wabwino.
Malamulo akumalo
Tsiku lodzala, mbande zikuyenera kuthiridwa bwino. Ndondomeko ikuchitika nyengo yotentha. Kubzala mbande zamkaka pamalo otseguka kumachitika ndi gawo la 10-15 masentimita kuti mbewu zisasokonezane. Ndi mizu yokha yomwe imalowera pansi, apo ayi pakhoza kukhala chiopsezo cha matenda owola mizu.
Malamulo Osamalira
Kukula chomera cha nkhaka kumaphatikizapo kusunga malamulo angapo omwe akuphatikiza kuthilira, kuthira feteleza, kulima ndi kubzala, komanso kuteteza ku matenda ndi tizirombo.
Mutabzala nkhaka panthaka, zimafunikira chisamaliro, chifukwa mbewuzo sizazolowera zinthu zatsopano ndipo sizivuta:
- Mbewu zikamakula, nthaka yake imafunikira kuti udzu wonse udzuchidwe. Kuti muwongolele ntchitoyi, mabedi amatha kuwumbika pogwiritsa ntchito utuchi kapena udzu.
- Kulowetsa. Nkhaka ndi hygrophilous, chifukwa chake amafunika kuthirira nthawi zonse. Ndikusowa chinyezi, kukoma kwa ndiwo zamasamba kumatayika, kuwawa kumawonekera. Masamba amayamba kuda ndi kugwa. Muyenera kuthirira nkhaka m'mawa kapena nthawi yamadzulo, pakadalibe dzuwa. Kuthirira pafupipafupi kumadalira nyengo, koma kuyenera kuchitika kamodzi pa sabata, ndipo nthawi ya fruiting, kuthirira kumachitika pafupipafupi.
- Mapangidwe tchire. Pambuyo pakupanga tsamba lachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndikulimbikitsidwa kutsina kuwombera kwakukulu. Izi zimathandizira kukula kwa zimayambira pambuyo pake komanso kulimbitsa mizu.
- Kumasuka. Ndondomeko iyenera kuchitika mutathirira aliyense, koma iyenera kuchitidwa mosamala, ndikukweza timiyendo. Mbande zazing'ono zimamasulidwa ndikuzama masentimita 2-3 tsiku lililonse, ndipo mbewu zakale - kamodzi pa sabata.
- Hilling imachitika kangapo pamnyengo. Njirayi imathandizira kukhazikitsa mizu yatsopano ndipo imagwira ntchito ngati bowa wa bowa.
- Ntchito feteleza. Ndizabwino kwambiri kuvala zovala za 3-4 pamnyengo ndi feteleza wovuta wokhala ndi nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu. Chovala choyambirira chapamwamba chimachitika pamene masamba awiri akuwonekera, chachiwiri - panthawi ya zipatso, ndipo chachitatu ndi chotsatira - panthawi ya zipatso.
Feteleza ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kuti masamba ake asatenthe. Ndondomeko amachitidwa nyengo yofunda bwino, apo ayi michereyo simatengeka ndi mizu.
Kuteteza matenda
Chikhalidwe cha nkhaka chili ndi adani ambiri. Koma matenda ofala kwambiri komanso oopsa ndi cladosporiosis. The causative wothandizila matendawa ndi bowa, omwe amayambitsa ntchito zawo pakusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha ndi kutentha kwambiri. Mawanga akuda okhala ndi pachimake pa mawonekedwe a sulufule pamtchire ndi nkhaka zazing'ono. Zipatso zake ndizowongoka.
Mankhwala, mankhwala a benzimidazole amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yothira utsi.
Powdery mildew amathanso kukhudza nkhaka. Awa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, omwe akuwoneka ndi mawonekedwe oyera pandala. Matendawa amafalikira mwachangu ndipo chomera chimafa.
Mankhwalawa, mankhwala okhala ndi sulufule ndi fungicidal amagwiritsidwa ntchito, udzu womera ndi mbali zowonongeka za chomera zimachotsedwa.
Kukolola bwino nkhaka kumadalira chisamaliro chabwino komanso kubzala koyenera. Malangizo atsatanetsatane obzala nkhaka poyera amatha kuwoneka muvidiyo.
Ntchito yokolola iyenera kuchitika m'mawa kapena madzulo, kuti masamba azikhalanso otakataka, aziwaphimbira ndi tarp kapena kuyikidwa pamalo abwino, otetezedwa. Mukamatsatira malamulo onse aukadaulo wa zaulimi ndikusankha mtundu woyenera, ndiye kuti zokolola zimakhala zokhazikika komanso zolemera.
