Zidzakhala pafupi ndi yams - monga mitundu ina yazomera za genus Dioscorea (Dioscorea) omwe amakhala ma tubers amatchedwa. Awa ndi masamba osatha a herbaceous okhala ndi masamba owoneka ngati mkondo. Pansi pomwe mitengo yazipatso imafanana ndi mbatata zowenda ndi mayendedwe, koma osati mkati, koma kunja. Ma Yams ndi mbewu za dioecious, i.e. maluwa achimuna ndi achikazi amakhala pamakope osiyanasiyana.
Diosorya mapiko, kapena mapiko, kapena Yam mapiko, kapena Indian Yam. © TauʻolungaYam ndi mbewu yofunika kwambiri yamayiko otentha komanso otentha. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 600 yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ena mwa iwo, mwachitsanzo, ma dioscorea aku Japan omwe akukula ku Far East, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala azomera. Muli zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi phindu pa ntchito ya minofu ya mtima, dongosolo la azimayi a endocrine. Mitundu ina yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamalima imalimidwa kuti idye, monga mbatata.
M'madera ambiri a dziko lathu, chikhalidwe ichi sichingathe kukula chifukwa chotalika komanso nthawi yayitali kutentha. Komabe, ena mwa olimawo adatha kuwononga masamba awa.
M'nyumba dioscorea samakonda kutulutsa, nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira. Maluwa ndi opanda pake, amakhala ndi calyx wopambanapamwamba, mphamvu 6 zamatumbo, 6 stamens ndi pestle yamitundu itatu. Pa mizu, timizere tating'onoting'ono toti timatumba tokhala ndi wowuma timapangidwa, chifukwa cha zomwe zamams zimadulidwa.
Yams tubers ali ndi khungu loyera komanso loyera kapena lachikasu, nthawi zina limafupika thupi. Tubers ndi wophika makamaka ndi kuphika osaphika. Anthu a ku Africa ndi Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, tubers zam'madzi zimaphika, kuphika, kuwiritsa, nthawi zina zouma kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ufa kapena wowuma.
Dioscorea Japan, kapena Yams Japanese. © namayasaiMalo anga otentha
Ndayesa mitundu isanu ya yam - mapiko (Dioscorea alata), sinamoni (Dioscorea Oppita), tuberous (Dioscorea bulbifera), Japan (Dioscorea japonica) ndi Chinese (Dioscorea batatas). Ndinafunika kukana awiri oyamba chifukwa chakuchepa kwambiri (munthawi zathu), lachitatu lidakhala lowawa kwambiri. Ndakhala ndikukula mitundu iwiri yomaliza kwa zaka zingapo, ndipo adziwonetsa bwino. Komabe, akatswiri ena amati mabwana achi Japan ndi China ndi mitundu yofanana. Inde, mawonekedwe ake ndi ofanana kwambiri, koma zokolola za ku Japan ndizochepa, ndipo tubers zimayikidwa mwakuya kwambiri.
Ma alim ku Japan ndi ku China safuna kutentha, chifukwa chake ndimadzala mwachindunji mu pansi ndi ma tubers (kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo). Kuphatikiza apo, tubers osapezedwa ndipo ngakhale tizidutswa tating'onoting'ono nthawi yozizira bwino popanda pogona ndikupereka mphukira zatsopano mu kasupe. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yokukula ndimawadyetsa yankho la urea komanso kangapo phulusa.
Ma Yam onse ndi mbewu zomwe zimakonda kuwala, komanso zimalekerera mthunzi wowala pang'ono. Zimayambira ndizitali komanso zopyapyala. Chifukwa chake, kuti chomera chikule bwino, ndimakhazikitsa kutalikirana osachepera 2 metres .. Zokolola zamos zimadalira pamtunda, osati kuchuluka kwa feteleza. Pa dothi lotayirira, limafikira 2 kg kuchokera kuthengo, ndipo dongo limatsika mpaka 0,5 kg. Kuphatikiza apo, tubers yoyipa imamera panthaka yolemera, yomwe imavuta kuyiyenda, ndipo pamtunda wamtundu wina ndionso. Kuphatikiza apo, ma tubers amapita pansi mu dothi (nthawi zina mpaka theka la mita). Chifukwa chake, ndikukonza kama wogona wokhazikika. Ngati izi sizichitika, ndiye kuti ma tubers adakunguliridwa m'dothi, amayenera kusankhidwa ndi kakhwawa ndipo akhoza kuwonongeka. Kuchokera pa dothi lotayirira kwambiri, ndimatulutsa zisa ndi dzanja langa, ngati karoti.
Ma Yams ndi mbewu zotentha kwambiri, kuti mukakolole bwino, mumafunikira kunyowetsa nthaka m'nthawi yachilimwe. Koma mbewu zimalekerera chilala chakanthawi kochepa ndi mphepo komanso kutentha kwambiri. Kutentha kwa mthunziwo kukafika pa 42 ° C, masamba sanabzalidwe pa iwo, pomwe mbatata "zinawotcha" kwathunthu.
Zomera za Yams. © Jurema OliveiraMachi Japan ndi Chinese zimaphukira mu Julayi. Maluwa awo ndi ochepa kwambiri, achikasu, ndi fungo labwino la sinamoni, lomwe limamveka patali mita angapo, komabe, sanatsegule kwathunthu komanso kupukutidwa bwino.
Kwa zaka zingapo sindinapeze matenda aliwonse pazomera. Ndipo pa tizirombo, makoswe tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa tubers mobisa. Komabe, sizinachititse ngozi yayikulu.
Mu Seputembala, tubers wozungulira amapangidwa mu axils masamba, ndimagwiritsa ntchito pofalitsa. Kucha, kugwera pamipingo. Ndinaika m'matumba apulasitiki, chifukwa ma tubers satha kuyanika, ndipo ndimawasungitsa pamalo otentha (5-10 ° C) kufikira nthawi yamasika.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti kumtunda kwa tubers kumalekerera chofowoka chisanu. Nthawi ina ndinawatenga ndikunyamula pang'ono (mphindi 5) C kumapeto kwa Novembala, pomwe sanali ma tubers onse amlengalenga. The tubers idayamba kugunda bwino ndikuphuka mchaka.
Ndimakumba mbatata zakucha pansi panthaka pomwe zisimbazo zimasanduka zachikaso ndi zowuma. Kenako ndimaziwuma bwino. Pansi pa ma tubers amasungidwa kutentha kochepa. Ine nthawi zonse, makamaka poyamba, ndimayang'anayang'ana ma yam, ndikuchotsa zowola. Ma tubers ena, makamaka owonongeka, amawuma pa kutentha osaposa 10 ° C (iwo amawola kutentha kwa chipinda).
Tibweya tating'ono ta mapondowa. © Forest & Kim StarrNdinakwanitsa kupeza zoyerekeza zamphongo zokha, chifukwa sindingathe kupeza zipatso ndi mbewu. Ndimalimbikitsa zamasamba. Ndimasunga mbande pamalo otentha, kuthilira madzi pang'ono, ndikuwadyetsa kamodzi masabata awiri. Kuti masamba asamangidwe, ndimapopera mbewuzo.
Ndimagwiritsa ntchito zisa mu chakudya monga mbatata - yophika, yokazinga, yophika. N`zosatheka kudya iyo yaiwisi - zamkati ndi mucous kwambiri, ndikosavuta kuyang'ana tuber. Ma Yams, makamaka okazinga ndi ophika, ndimakonda kwambiri kuposa mbatata. Ngati mukuphika tubers, musandipeze.
Wolemba: V. Chernyak, Tawuni ya Krasnodar, Tufall
