Opondera

Kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kutali ndi malire a Caucasus, malo okongoletsera a famu yamphesa ku Tsinandal ku Georgia ndi otchuka. Zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zimatha kuwoneka mu ngodya yapaderayi, yomwe idapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka zana lomaliza ndi katswiri wazopanga zojambula bwino malo A. A. Regel. Koma mbewu zonse zakunja zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pano kuchokera kumayiko opitilira 25, mapangidwe ake okongola a pakiyo komanso mawonekedwe a vivarium okhala ndi agwape ndi agwape, ma pikoko ndi zinyama zina zambiri ndi mbalame zimangodumphira m'mbuyo mukadzapezeka kuti muli mu labotale yobiriwira ya IG. Khmaladze.

Pafupifupi kotala makumi angapo zapitazo, wophunzira waku Academy of Arts Irakli Khmaladze adabwera kuno.anali ndi zovuta zambiri kuti abwezeretse ndikusintha kapangidwe kake ka pakiyo, kuti alemeretse mabodzawo ndi alendo ochokera kunja. Koma munthawi yake yopuma, wokangalayo wosatopa adakakulabe "zida zake zamankhwala". Apa Ngona chimphona chija chatseguka pa udzu, pakamwa kamatseguka thukuta, kambuku kochenjera patali pang'ono pang'ono, galu wamtondo ndi teddy chimbalangondo chapafupi, m'mawu, munda weniweni woweta. Koma chinthu ndichakuti nyama izi zimapangidwa kuchokera kuzomera zosiyanasiyana ndi manja a mbuye waluso. Kuleza mtima kopanda umunthu ndikofunikira kuyang'ana ntchito zabwinozonse zamaluso am'munda: mbewu zina zimafunika kuti muchepetse kukula kwake, zina zimafunikira kukokomeza, zina zimafuna kumeta mbali kapena kupindika kwapadera ndi misampha yambiri. Chaka chilichonse, kuchuluka kwa ntchito mu labotale yobiriwira ya Khmaladze kumawonjezeka, ndipo kutchuka kwa wopanga wawo amakula.

Zachidziwikire, aliyense adzakondwera ndi zomwe ambuye amapanga zojambula zokongola izi kuchokera. Wolemba sanapange chinsinsi ichi, koma nthawi zonse amapereka mowolowa manja zomwe akudziwa komanso chidziwitso cholemera chomwe amapeza pakukweza ziweto zake.

"Ndimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo ya mbewu pantchito yanga: Hornbeam ndi privet, viburnum ndi cypress. Komabe, boxwood ndi yew adziwonetsa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri pazithunzithunzi zamtunduwu," akutero I. Khmaladze. "Zowona, izi sizomwe ndakupeza, yew ndi boxwood ndizodziwika bwino. ankakonda kupanga zanyama m'gulu la zodabwitsa zisanu ndi ziwiri za dziko lapansi - m'minda yotalikirana ya Babeloni. Masiku ano, mitengo iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito zawo ndi azilimi a Soviet, okongoletsa, ndi ambuye a India, Egypt ndi mayiko ena .. Kuposa zonse, ndiodziwika kwambiri pakupachika ziboliboli zobiriwira theka mtunda wa Bombay . Rowe Malabar Hills skilfully wosweka denga madzi yaikulu mosungiramo imene madzi. pachilumbachi, lili wambirimbiri ziboliboli wobiriwira njovu, akadyamsonga, ngamila, agalu, akavalo ".

Izi zopangira zomera za ziboliboli zobiriwira zimapezeka m'nkhalango zachilengedwe, ndipo, ndizofunikira, osati zomangamanga zobiriwira zokha. Kuthengo, yew amapezeka ku Far East, Caucasus, nthawi zina ku Crimea, ku Carpathians komanso ku Baltic. The yew ndi boxwood adakulidwa kwambiri popanga: pafupifupi kulikonse ku Ukraine, Kuban, ndi North Caucasus.

Ku Lviv, Rostov, Uzhgorod, Odessa, Volgograd, Kiev, mutha nthawi zonse, ngakhale nthawi yozizira, kuti mupeze malire obiriwira komanso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a geometric omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku yew ndi boxwood. Amisiri a Kamyanets-Podilsky amapanga ngakhale mipando yazoyambira kuchokera kwa iwo. Wina akufuna kukhala pa sofa yokhazikika ya boxwood ku Kamenetz-Podolsky Botanical Garden. Zambiri pazovala zamutu wobiriwira zimakhala pafupi ndi sofa: matebulo a ana, mipando, mipando yosuntha, mipira yayikulu ndi yaying'ono ndi ma cubes.

Botanists amadziwa mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya yew, yomwe imodzi yokha imapezeka kuthengo ku Europe, zitatu zimamera ku East Asia ndipo zinayi ku North America, komabe, zonsezi sizisiyana kwambiri kuchokera kwa mzake. Ku Soviet Union, mitundu iwiri imamera mosatulutsa - yew mabulosi, kapena European, ndi spiky yew, kapena Far Eastern. Lingaliro lokwanira la mtengo wamtengowu litha kupezeka mwa kuchezera ku Caucasus. Ndikwabwino kukaona malo otetezedwa a Khostinsky pafupi ndi Sochi, kuno, panjira, mutha kuwonanso boxwood.

Ingodutsani mlatho wowoloka wapa mtsinje wodutsa Khosta ndikudutsa khomalo ndikulemba kuti "Caucasian State Nature Reserve; yew-boxwood grove", monga zachilendo za malo otentha awa ziphulika. Tili ndi ngongole yamphamvu nthawi yayitali nthawi zambiri nyengo yotentha yotentha. Madera atidabwitse osati izi. Pakhomo la nyumbayo pali beech wamkulu wazaka 350, wazaka zoyenera ngati mdzukulu wa mtengo wa yew, modzichepetsa ataima pambali ndikuyamba chibwenzi zaka 2000. Zowona, sizingaganizidwe kuti ndizachikale kwambiri: Kupatula apo, zaka zambiri za yew pazachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimaposa zaka 4000. Mwa njira, yew amatengedwa kuti ndi woimira zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi lomera lazomera, lomwe lidakhalapo zaka mamiliyoni angapo zapitazo.

Yew ndi chomera chotsika, ngakhale ali ndi zaka 2000 kutalika kwake sikokwanira kupitirira mamitala angapo, koma anthu 5-6 okha ndi omwe amatha kudziwa thunthu la mtengo wakalewu wa Caucasus.

Ambiri mwa anansi achidule ndi mitengo yabwino, pomwe imakhala ya masamba obiriwira nthawi zonse. Mitengo yake ndi yopondera: imawoneka ngati yopangidwa ndi mphukira zambiri zomwe zimapangidwa pamodzi. Utoto wofiirira wa thunthu ndi nthambi za yew zimangowoneka ngati cholungamitsa dzinalo lomwe linakonzedwera kwa anthu - mahogany. Kuphatikiza pa utoto wachilendo, mitengo ya yew imadziwika ndi kulimba komanso mphamvu zosowa. Nthawi zina mtengo wa yew umatchedwanso mtengo wa mongrel, womwe umatsimikiziranso kukana kwake nkhuni, panthawiyi kuti asavunde. Matabwa a yew, mosiyana ndi nkhuni zosankhidwa, amawonongeka kwambiri ndi bowa wa microscopic; iye, monga, makungwa ake ndi masamba, ndi oopsa kwambiri.

Amaluwa kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, nthambi zake zobiriwira zakutidwa ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono. M'nkhalango ya yew, mutha kupeza mitengo yamphongo yokhala ndi mphete zagolide ndi mitengo yazikazi yokhala ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono ngati ma cones. Mbewu yofiyira yomwe imakhala chisanu ikapsa pakatikati pa nthawi yophukira. Yewu sangathe kufalitsa mbewu zake. Koma ali ndi othandizira, koma osagwiritsa ntchito chidwi. Makina akuda ndi ma martens amapeza mosavuta mbewu zowala za yew. Pamodzi ndi zamkati, zimeza mbewu za yew zokha, zomwe amazitaya osaziphatika ndikumera.

Chithunzi chosaiwalika chimasiya kuyendera ma nw-boxwood thickets. Choyamba, chete kwawo kumadabwitsanso modabwitsa: palibe kuimba kwa mbalame kapena phokoso la nyama. Ngakhale mphezi za kum'mwera dzuwa sizimadutsa mu tenti yowonda ya akorona amitengo. Anthu pano samasokoneza moyo wa zomera, chifukwa chake amasunga mawonekedwe, pristine. Zimphona zazikulu za ma shaggy zimapachika pamabokosi awo akuwombera anzawo - abulu akale ndi mizimu yakuwala. Ndizosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso mwa dongosolo: mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ya iwo ndi botanists. Nthawi iliyonse pachaka, zokongoletsera zabwino kwambiri za mitengo ya yew-boxwood zimafanana ndi dziko lapansi pansi pamadzi okongola a algae.

Zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ndi zazing'ono, zazitali mamita 9, mitengo ya boxwood yokhala ndi nthambi, zokhala ndi masamba obiriwira owoneka ngati masamba obiriwira. Mitengo yawo imakhala mainchesi 15 mpaka 20, ndipo kutalika kwa mitengo yokhazikika nthawi zina imafika mpaka 1.5 metres. Makungwa a Boxwood amakula ndi millimeter imodzi pachaka. Mwiniwake wa thunthu lamphamvu kwambiri pamalo osungirako ali ndi zaka 500.

Zachilengedwe zimawoneka ngati simenti yamkango, yomwe imawoneka yolemera komanso yolimba kuposa mitengo ina iliyonse. Anthu am'derali amachitcha kuti kanjedza ku Caucasus kapena minyanga ya njovu. Mphamvu yamphamvu yamatanda ndi 1.06, ndipo imamira m'mwala ndi madzi. Makina apamwamba kwambiri a boxwood amatilola kupanga ma fani, mafonti, malata, ndi zokongola kuchokera pamenepo.

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Agiriki ndi Aroma akale ankawona kuti boxwood ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali. Homer adamuwuza iye mu nyimbo ya 24 ya Iliad, yomwe imalongosola kuyika goli kuchokera ku boxwood yosalala pa ng'ombe zamtundu wa Priam, ndipo wolemba ndakatulo wachiroma Ovid mu umodzi mwazomwe adalemba akunena kuti Minerva adapanga bwanji chitoliro choyamba kuchokera ku boxwood.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi maluwa a boxwood. Ndikupuma koyamba kwa kasupe, kubwerera kumayambiriro kwa Marichi, maluwa ang'onoang'ono agolide amawoneka kuchokera pamachapidwe a tsamba lililonse, kuphimba korona kwathunthu. Maluwa a Boxwood, mosiyana ndi maluwa a mbewu zina, samatulutsa timadzi tokoma, pomwe zipatso, zobiriwira kale, zadzaza msuzi wokoma wowonekera. Zipatso, kucha, ndi mphamvu zimamveka ndikusweka mbali zonse, osati patali kwambiri, koma, monga lamulo, zili kunja korona.

Mitengo yamtundu wa Boxwood imangiriridwa makamaka pagombe la Black Sea ku Caucasus komanso ku Far East. Koma palibe dziko lililonse padziko lapansi lomwe lingadzitamande chifukwa cha nkhalango yapaderayi monga yew-boxwood evergreen Museum pafupi ndi Hosta, ngakhale ili ndi malo ochepa - pafupifupi mahekitala 300. Ndizofunikanso mdera lino kuti yew ndi boxwood, osagwirizana kwambiri, amakula limodzi popanda kuponderezana kapena kupondana.

Maulalo azinthu:

• S. I. Ivchenko - Buku lonena za mitengo