Zomera zazikuluzikulu zonse za banja lodziid zili mundime ya US ku Missouri. Ngakhale kuti patha zaka zambiri akusonkhanitsa zochitika za gulu la asayansi komanso ntchito yofufuza yomwe ikupitilira, sizinatheke kubzala ndi kukulitsa nthumwi zonse za omwe asankhidwa pano.
Inde, mwina izi sizingatheke. Malinga ndi gulu lomwe lilipoli, banja lalikulu kwambiri masiku ano limaphatikizapo mitundu ya anthu 113 ndi mitundu pafupifupi 3,000. Gawo lalikulu la mbewuzi, pomwe pali ena onga mitengo ndi maudzu, epiphytes ndi malo okhala, osambira, mitundu ikuluikulu komanso yaying'ono, amakhala m'madambo otentha komanso otentha. Koma pali mitundu yodziwika yomwe imakonda kukhazikika m'malo otentha, kukhazikika m'malo ovuta, mpaka kumadera akutali.
Mbiri yophunzirira ndi kufotokozedwa kwa wosayidwayo idayamba mu Middle Ages. Woyamba kutchula chomera chilichonse cha banja ili m'mabuku olembedwa anali Theophrastus, koma mpaka m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi kulibe kuyesa kutulutsa kapena kuphatikiza mitundu yofananira yoyesera. Mu 1789 zokha, Antoine Laurent de Jussier pofotokozera momwe amawaonera mabanja azomera adalengeza zakupezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Thandizo lofunika kwambiri m'gawoli la banja lidapangidwa ndi Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, yemwe adasindikiza chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900 ntchito zingapo pankhaniyi. Koma njira ya Schott idakhazikitsidwa ndikufanana kwakunja, chifukwa chake, mu 1876 ndipo pambuyo pake, mu 1920, kachitidweko adalandilidwa kwambiri potengera kapangidwe kazomera ndi mawonekedwe ena a morphological. Ndizosangalatsa kuti asayansi sangathe kubweretsa umodzi, kotero mbewu zingapo ndi mitundu yonse nthawi zina imasintha mayanjano awo ndi mayina awo.
Ndiye kodi mbewu zotere ndi ziti? Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe ali nazo, ndipo ndi mitundu iti yomwe imadziwika kwambiri kwa olima maluwa, omwe amakonda kwambiri zokongoletsa zamkati?
Zomera za Aroid: ndi chiyani?
Zomera zambiri za banja losadzipatula zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusakhalako konse kwa zimayambira zenizeni, zomwe ntchito zake zimachitika ndi ma rhizomes osinthidwa. Chokha chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi ma lianas, chifukwa cha mizu yaying'ono yam'mlengalenga yomwe imakwera mosavuta kupita pamalo opendekera ndikuzomera mbewu zazikulu kuti ikhalepo.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti mizu yamlengalenga, monga amodzi mwa mitundu ya epipremnum, sikuti imangothandiza kukhalabe ndi mphukira zazitali, komanso kudyetsa mbewuyo, kutulutsa chinyezi m'mlengalenga, ndi kuzika mizu ngati zingatheke.
Chifukwa chake, pamene tikukula mbewu zamkati, sizimachotsedwa konse, koma, m'malo mwake, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa ndikusunga kuthekera kwa mphukira zazitali.
Masamba azomera zamkati ndi zamkati zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, m'mitundu yambiri, petiole yotchulidwa imayang'aniridwa, ndipo maamba amtunduwu akukongola mosiyanasiyana, mitundu ndi mawonekedwe, monga dziko lapansi lomwe lazindikiridwa padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe likuwonetsedwa chithunzi cha chipinda chosiyana ndi zina zotchedwa caladium. Kuphatikiza pa masamba amtundu wonse, m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, munthu amatha kupeza masamba osakanizika bwino, ophatikizika, okhala ndi masamba osakanika mosiyanasiyana.
Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kotere ndikuwala, oimira banja adakondwera ndi mbewu zamkati komanso zokongoletsera.
Ponena zamaluwa, mosiyana ndi masamba, mawonekedwe okongola, palibe kusiyanasiyana. Zomera zonse zosiyanasiyana, kaya ndi zamkaka kapena zachilengedwe zomwe zimamera, zimapanga inflorescence mu makutu okhala ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, chingwe pakati pa maluwa achimuna ndi achikazi chikuwonekera bwino pa nkhanuyo. Komabe, m'mitundu ina, maluwawo amakhala awiriwa.
Ndi mawonekedwe wamba a inflorescence, mawonekedwe awo ndi kukula kwake amatha kusiyanasiyana, ndipo ambiri a iwo nthawi zambiri amapereka chithunzi cha duwa limodzi lalikulu, osokeretsa okonda mbewu zapakhomo, ndipo ngakhale tizilombo tosokoneza mungu.
Perianth imapatsa kukongoletsa ndi maluwa ngati maluwa ku inflorescence, kutengera mtundu ndi mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake. Nthawi zambiri maluwa amakhala odabwitsa. Ndipo anthu omwe sanadzipereke makamaka ku mbewu za ogaid amafunsa: "Ndi chiyani?" M'malo mwake, ichi si orchid wosabereka, kapena cholengedwa mwaluso cha miyala yamtengo wapatali, koma ndi anaphillum inflorescence ochokera ku India.
Izi inflorescence yayikulu, yomwe idagwera mu Book of Record, ndi ya amorphophallus yayikulu. Kukula kwa cob, kuphatikiza maluwa pafupifupi 5,000, pamenepa amafika pamtunda wa 2-3 ndikuwonekera patali kuposa momwe amapangira wobiriwira wobiriwira.
Mu inflorescence wa pistil, maluwa ndi ochepa kwambiri, okha 5-9, ndipo kukula kwake sikupitirira 10 mm. Pafupifupi inflorescence yemweyo yemweyo imapatsa mtundu wina wa mbewu yosakhazikika - ragweed.
Mitundu yambiri yazomera zomwe zimapezeka mwachilengedwe komanso zamkati, perianth pang'ono kapena kubisala khutu, kugwira ntchito yoteteza ndipo, munthawi imodzimodziyo, kukopa chidwi cha kupukutira tizilombo ku inflorescence.
Nthawi yomweyo, chisinthiko chinapita patali kwambiri kotero kuti mbewu zinawonekera ndi timitengo tachikuto, kulola kuti tizisunga tizilomboti pafupi ndi maluwa achikazi, mpaka njira ya kupukusa kwathunthu itatha.
Chinyengo chachilendo cha tizilombo sichimangokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a pabedi kapena mitundu yake yowala, monga mu anthurium, chomera chodziyankhira, chomwe dzina lake ndi chithunzi zimadziwika kwambiri kwa olima maluwa.
Zomera zina mu banja lalikulu zimatulutsa fungo lokongola. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi ma callas omwe ambiri amakonda.
Koma pali mbewu zomwe zimakopa gulu linalake la opolera - ntchentche. Chifukwa chake, mitunduyi imayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira ndi zosayembekezereka kwathunthu. Chowoneka chosowa cha odzilekanawo ndi kuthekera koonjezera kutentha kwa khutu kufika pa 30-45 ° C, pomwe kuchokera pamwamba pa maluwa, zinthu zonunkhira zimayamba kutuluka mwachangu, ndikufalitsa fungo lamphamvu m'deralo kwa maola angapo.
Njira iyi "imagwiritsidwa ntchito" osati kokha ndi titanic amorphophallus, komanso ndi Symplocarpus foetidus, Helicodiceros muscivorus ndi Sauromatum venosum, maluwa ake omwe akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi. Ndizosangalatsa kuti, ngakhale fungo, chomera chosadziwikachi ndi chikhalidwe cha chipinda, chomwe chimakonda pakati pa okonda mitundu yachilendo.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kuti wamaluwa amene ali ndi chidwi ndi banjali azikumbukira kuti mbewu zowerengeka za nyumba ndizopanda poyizoni. M'madera onse azomera, kuyambira pa tubers, ma rhizomes ndi zimayambira, masamba ndi inflorescence, calcium oxalate imakhala, yomwe imakwiya kwambiri pakhungu ndi mucous nembanemba.
M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, momwe zinthuzi zimakhudzidwira zimasiyana, koma posamalira mitundu yodziwika m'nyumba, monga chithunzicho, limodzi ndi kulumikizana mwachindunji, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito magolovu, ndipo mukamaliza ntchito, sambani m'manja.
Zithunzi ndi mayina azomera zamkati
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, mitundu yambiri yosadzipikika ndi zomera zamkati zomwe zimakondwera ndi chikondi cha gulu lankhondo lamitundu yosiyanasiyana wamaluwa amateur.
Mwa zithunzi zambiri ndi mayina azomera zam'banja la Aroid, akatswiri oonera zinthu zakuthambo adzaona anthurium okhala ndi zikwanje zonyezimira zamitundu yonse yofiirira, yofiirira, yapinki, ndipo tsopano nayonso yoyera.
Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya spathiphyllums, yosiyana kukula kwa mbewu zomwezo komanso zokongola zoyera inflorescence, amasangalala ndi chikondi choona cha wamaluwa.
Zinyama zam'madzi, ma philodrendrons ndi mitundu yayikulu ya alocasia imakopa chidwi ndi masamba achilendo kwambiri, komabe, kuti mbewuzo zitheke, wophunzirayo amayenera kusankha chipinda chokulirapo, chifukwa zitsanzo zazikulu zimatha kuwonetsa kukongola kwenikweni. Koma ma alocasas ang'ono ndi oyenera m'nyumba komanso m'nyumba yazopanda anthu.
Aglaonema alibe zojambula ndipo samawonekera bwino, koma phale la wojambula aliyense amasilira mitundu ya masamba ake owoneka ndi mtima.
Zomwezi zitha kunenedwa za masamba a chomera chamkati choterocho monga caladium.
Kuphatikiza pa zimphona zazing'onoting'ono, ndi mbewu zoyenera kukula m'miphika yamkati, banjali lilinso ndi masamba ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, pistol ndi chomera chomwe chimafunidwa ndi okonda madzi am'madzi, ndi rosette m'mimba mwake osapitirira 10-15 cm.
Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino m'chipinda ndi Syngonium. Ichi ndi chomera chokula msanga kuchokera ku banja lokhalokha, ndikupanga masamba ophuka bwino. Syngonium ndi yosangalatsa mwa mawonekedwe apamwamba a masamba ndi mtundu wake wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, womwe umasintha ndi kukula kwa mbewu.
Ponena za banjali, palibe amene angathandize koma kukumbukira Dieffenbachia, komwe ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba kwambiri cha mbiya ndipo sanasiye ntchito yotukula maluwa kwa zaka zambiri. Maonekedwe a mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imathandizira kutchuka, monga chithunzi ndi chisamaliro chosavuta chomera chamkati.
Alimi a Rafidophore omwe ali ndi masamba yaying'ono yowoneka bwino ndi mphukira zazitali zomwe zimatha kukwera pafupifupi makoma owala osatchuka kwambiri.
Mitundu yambiri imafunidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamalitsa m'maluwa okongoletsa maluwa, oimiridwa ndi mitundu yambiri ndi ma hybrids. Koma ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotere, yodziyimira mwachilengedwe imakhala mumikhalidwe yofananira, chifukwa chake, kuzisiya zimakhala ndi zochitika zapafupi.
Android: chithunzi ndi chisamaliro kunyumba
Zomera zonse zamkati sizimalola kutentha kusintha mwadzidzidzi, ndipo zimakumana ndi mitsinje yamvula yozizira, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pakukonzekera, komwe kuli mawanga pa masamba ndikuchepa kwa turgor wa mlengalenga. Ngati chikhalidwechi chakhala mukuzizira kwa nthawi yayitali, chimatha kutaya masamba, zimatenga kuzizirira monga kuyamba kwa nyengo yachisanu.
Ngati nthawi yachilimwe anthu odzipatulira amafunika kuthirira pafupipafupi komanso ochulukirapo, ndipo mitundu ina ilipo m'malo am'madzi, ndiye kuti nthawi yozizira amachepetsa kuthirira. Kuthirira chaka chonse mochenjera kumangofunika kokha ku Zamiakulkas.
Zomera zonse kuchokera kubanja lino zimafuna panthaka. Ziyenera kukhala zopepuka, zotayirira, zopezeka bwino kwa onse ndi madzi ndi mpweya. Mukamasankha chisakanizo cha mbewu, makungwa a coniferous, ophika ndi osinthika, coconut fiber, sphagnum ndi perlite, komanso mchenga ndi peat, amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
M'nyengo yotentha, mbewu zosadzipindulitsa m'chipindacho zimakonzedwa kuti ziweto zizikhala ndi kuwala kwambiri, koma kuwala kwa dzuwa sikunayike masamba ndi masamba. M'nyengo yozizira, kuunikira kwambiri kumafunikiranso, ndipo chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito kuunikira kwake.
Patani mitundu yamitundu yodziwika bwino. Njira yophweka ndiyo njira zamasamba, mwachitsanzo, tubers za ana, monga alocasia, kapena pogawa chitsamba, ngati spathiphyllum.
Nthawi yomweyo, musaiwale za kawopsedwe wa zomera zakunyumba zosafunikira, zomwe samalimbikitsa kuti ziyikidwe m'malo a ana ang'onoang'ono ndi ziweto zomwe zimakhala m'nyumba.
