Mavwende

Mtundu wa herbaceous watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) ndi nthumwi ya mtundu wa Watermelon mu banja la Pumpkin. Chomera ichi ndi cha mavwende, chimachokera kum'mwera kwa Africa (Lesotho, South Africa, Botswana ndi Namibia). Masiku ano, m'malo awa mungapeze mtundu wa colocynt, womwe umakhudzana ndi mavwende, ndiye yemwe ndi kholo la mavwende azikhalidwe. M'zaka za m'ma 1900 BC, mavwende anali atalimidwa kale ku Egypt. Mbewu za mbewuyi zidapezeka manda a Tutankhamun. M'mavesi a Virgil ndikotheka kupeza umboni kuti Aroma akale amadziwa chomera ichi, amadya mavwende amchere komanso abwino, komanso amapangira uchi. Anakulira kudera la China, komwe amatchedwa "melon of the West", ndipo Aluya omwe adadya asanadyere matupi kuti ayeretsedwe amatenga nawo mbali pakulima kwa mavwende. Tithokoze chifukwa cha omwe adachita nkhondo, chikhalidwe ichi chidatha ku Europe, pomwe adabweretsa gawo la Russia yamakono mzaka za 13 mpaka 14 za nthawi yathu ino. Mtsogoleri pakukula kwa mavwende ndi China, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Iran, Turkey, Egypt, America, komanso Russia ndi Uzbekistan. Malo abwino kwambiri okulira kwa mavwende amawonedwa kuti ndi nthawi yayitali komanso yowuma nthawi yachilimwe, komanso nthawi yochepa komanso osati yozizira kwambiri.

Mawonekedwe a Watermelon

Mphukira zowonda za chivwende zimakhala zokwawa komanso zopindika, nthawi zambiri zimasunthidwa bwino, ndipo kutalika kwake zimafikira masentimita 400. Ngakhale chomera chaching'ono, mphukira zake zimakhala zowoneka bwino. Nthawi zonse masamba okhala okhwima amakhala opanda mawonekedwe pomwe pubescence imakhalapo. Masamba ali ndi mawonekedwe opakika-ovoid, pomwe m'munsi ali oumbika mtima. Kutalika kwa maula kumasiyanasiyana masentimita 8 mpaka 22, ndipo m'lifupi - kuchokera pa sentimita 5 mpaka 18. Maluwa amawoneka mchilimwe, maluwa amakhala achikazi, amphongo ndi hermaphroditic, pali mabulogu omwe amafanana ndi boti. Chipatsochi ndi zipatso za chivwende - ndi dzungu lokhala ndi mbewu zambiri, zomwe pamwamba pake zimakhala zosalala, thupi lake limakhala lokoma komanso yowutsa mudyo, limakhala ndi mtundu wofiira kapena wapinki. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi chikaso cha chikasu, pomwe kutumphuka kwa chipatso choterocho sikoyipa.

Kukula chivwende kuchokera ku mbewu

Kufesa poyera

Madzi amatha kubzala mu dothi lotseguka kokha mwa njira yopanga (mbewu). Nthawi yomweyo, mutha kumera chikhalidwe ichi kudzera mu mbande, ndikufesa mbewu poyera.

Kubzala mbewu m'nthaka kumachitika kokha m'malo otentha, pomwe nthaka ndiyofunika kutenthe mpaka madigiri 12-14, iyeneranso kukonzekereratu. Asanafesere, mbewu zimayenera kukonzekera. Kuti muchite izi, amathiridwa mu thermos, yomwe imadzaza ndi madzi ofunda (pafupifupi madigiri 50). Mbewuzo zikaonekera kuti zikumera, zimachotsedwa mosamala. Pofesa, muyenera kukonzekera mabowo, kuya kwake komwe kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 80 mm, pakati pawo kutalika kwa masentimita 100. M'dzenje lililonse muyenera kutsanulira 1 tsp. Ammofoski, 1 tbsp. l phulusa lamatabwa ndi 1 makilogalamu a humus, chilichonse chimayenera kusakanikirana bwino ndi nthaka. Kenako malita angapo a madzi amayenera kuthiridwa mu dzenjelo. Madzi atatha kulowererapo, mbewu ziwiri kapena zitatu zimayikidwa mu chitsime, pomwe sizili pafupi kwambiri. Zitatha izi, dzenjelo limadzaza ndi dothi, lomwe loponderezedwa bwino. Mbeu zikamaliza, kuthirira malowa sikofunikira. Pakatha masiku opitilira 7, mbande zoyambirira zitha kuoneka. Ngati kufesa kumachitika mu dothi lozizira, mbande zimawonekera pambuyo pake, ndipo nthawi zina zimafa konse. Kuti tipewe izi, kufesa mbewu panthaka sayenera kutero pasanathe zaka eyiti za Meyi. Masamba atatu kapena anayi enieni atayamba kupanga mbande, amayenera kudukiza pochotsa zovala zofowoka. Kuti muchite izi, mphukira imadulidwa mwachindunji pamwamba pamalowo.

Kubzala mbande zamadzi

M'madera omwe nthawi yachilimwe imakhala yochepa, mbewuyi imalimbikitsidwa kuti ibzalidwe kudzera mbande. Kubzala mbewu za mbande kumachitika mu Meyi. Popeza maungu a maungu samachita bwino kutola, makontena amodzi ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofesa, omwe kuchuluka kwake kumayenera kukhala 300 ml. Pofesa muyenera gawo lamtunda, lomwe limaphatikizapo tinthu tating'ono, peat ndi mchenga (1: 1: 1). Pa magawo asanu aliwonse azotsatira zosakanikirana, kutsanulira magalamu 50 a ammonium nitrate, potaziyamu sulfate ndi ufa wa dolomite, ndi magalamu zana amodzi a superphosphate iwiri. Mbewu zidzafunikira kukonzekera kubzala. Kwa mbewu iyi kwa mphindi 30. kumizidwa m'madzi ofunda (pafupifupi madigiri 55), kenako ndikuyika mumchenga wothira kuti umere, pomwe kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 25 digiri. Mbewu zikaonetsa mphukira zazing'ono, mutha kuyamba kufesa. Kuti muchite izi, zimayikidwa pambewu ziwiri pamtunda, zomwe muyenera kudzaza makapu amodzi. Mbewuzo zimyenera kuwazidwa pamwamba ndi mchenga, ndiye kuti zotengera ziyenera kuphimbidwa ndi galasi kapena polyethylene. Magalasi amayeretsedwa m'malo omwe kutentha kwa mpweya kumakhala osachepera 30 madigiri.

Mbande zoyambirira zimayenera kuonekera patatha masiku 7, mutatha kuchotsa pobisalira. Kutha kwa masiku 9 kusamutsidwa kumalo otentha (kuyambira 16 mpaka 18 madigiri). Mbeu zotere ziyenera kuthiriridwa, kudyetsedwa munthawi yake, ndipo ngati pangafunike, ndiye kuti kuunikiridwa, chifukwa maola maola ofunika pa mbewuyi ayenera kukhala osachepera maola 12. Kutsirira kumachitika m'magawo angapo, pomwe mukuyenera kudikirira mpaka madzi atadzaza gawo lonse, osaloleza kugwera masamba a mbewu. Pakapangidwa tsamba lachitatu loyenera, mbewu zizifunikira kudyetsedwa ndi mullein wamadzi kapena yankho la feteleza wovuta wa mchere. Pafupifupi milungu 1.5 mavwende asanagulitsidwe panthaka, ayenera kuyamba kuumitsa. Kuti muchite izi, mbande zimasinthidwa kukhala mpweya wabwino, pomwe nthawi ya njirayi iyenera kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, motero, kuyambira ola limodzi ndikupanga mpaka maola 24.

Mavwende kusankha

Zinatchulidwa kale pamwambapa kuti ndikosayenera kwambiri kutsamira mbande za mavwende, chifukwa ndizotheka kuvulaza kwambiri mizu yazomera. Kutsina ndiwosafunanso kwambiri.

Kudzala chivwende poyera

Nthawi yoti afike

Kubzala mbande za mavwende panthaka yoyipa ziyenera kukhala mwezi umodzi mutabzala mbewu mu gawo la 5-6 la tsamba. Monga lamulo, nthawi ino imagwera masiku omaliza a Meyi kapena khumi oyamba a Juni. Podzala, muyenera kusankha malo otentha kwambiri, omwe amateteza ku mphepo. Iyenera kupezeka kumwera chakum'mawa kapena kum'mwera, ndi chomera chomera cha herbaceous (melilot, alfalfa kapena sainfoin), kabichi, tirigu wozizira, anyezi, komanso mbewu za pachaka za pachaka zomwe zimamera pachaka cha vwende. Mapamba pomwe dzungu (zukini, chivwende, vwende kapena sikwashi) ndi nightshade (tomato, tsabola, mbatata ndi biringanya) sizinali zoyenera kubzala sizoyenera kubzala. Dziwani kuti m'dera lomwe mavwende adamera, zidzabzanso kubzala izi pokhapokha zaka 6-8.

Dothi labwino

Pakubzala mavwende, mchenga kapena dothi lamchenga ndizoyenera kwambiri, pomwe pH yake imayenera kukhala 6.5-7. Konzani malowo kuti azikhala pasadakhale ndipo muzichita m'dzinja. Mukakumba dothi, feteleza ayenera kuthiramo, choncho magalamu 40-45 a superphosphate, 24-35 magalamu a ammonium sulfate, ma kilogalamu 4-5 a manyowa owola ndi magalamu 15-25 a mchere wa potaziyamu amatengedwa pa 1 mita imodzi ya malowo. Ngati dothi ndi lolemera, ndiye kuti ndikofunikira kuwonjezera zidebe za mchenga ziwiri pa mita imodzi. Manyowa atsopano sayenera kubweretsedwa pansi.

Malangizo pobzala mbande

Pabedi lokonzedwa, muyenera kupanga mabowo, mtunda pakati pawo ungasiyane ndi 100 mpaka 150 cm, ndipo pakati pa mizere muyenera kusiya mtunda wa masentimita 200. Kuchuluka kwa bowo lililonse kuyenera kuthira kuchokera ku 1.5 mpaka 2 malita a madzi. Mukabzala mbande, ndikofunikira kuzikulitsa pambale za masamba a cotyledon. Nthaka mutabzala iyenera kuiumbika, kenako pamalo ake pafupi ndi mbewu yopyapyala masentimita 10 iyenera kuphimbidwa ndi mchenga, zomwe zingathandizire kupewa kutulutsa mizu. Mbande zobzalidwa zimafunika kuthiridwa ndi madzi ofunda. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mpaka masamba adzabwezeretsa turgor, mmera uyenera kutetezedwa ku dzuwa.

Kukula mavwende mu wowonjezera kutentha

Ngati nthawi ya chilimwe kuderali imakhala yochepa komanso yozizira, tikulimbikitsidwa kukulitsa mavwende m'malo obiriwira, popeza nthawi yayitali yazomera zotere nthawi zina zimafika masiku 150, ndipo kumpoto kwa masiku otentha kumakhala kochepa kwambiri. Kuti tifulumizitse njirayi, mbande zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zibzalidwe mchipinda, ndiye zimabzalidwe mu greenhouse pansi pa firiji iwiri.

Kufesa mbewu za mbande kuchitika mchaka chachitatu cha Epulo. Kubzala mbande zokula mu wowonjezera kutentha zitha kuchitika pokhapokha dziko lapansi litatentha bwino (mpaka madigiri 12-14). Musaiwale kukonzanso dothi m'munda usanachitike, chifukwa izi zosunthira kumtunda kwa bayonet ziyenera kuchotsedwa. Motsatira trenchyo akuyenera kuyikamo mankhwalawa ndi udzu, pamwamba pa izi muyenera kuwaza ndi feteleza wokhala ndi nayitrogeni, kenako ndikuthiridwa ndi madzi otentha. Pamwamba pa izi, muyenera kuyala dothi lomwe linachotsedwa kale. Kuchokera pamwamba, bedi liyenera kuphimbidwa ndi nsalu yakuda, ingofunika kuchotsedwa mbuto zisanabzidwe nthawi yomweyo.

Maenje obzala ali pamabedi ali pa mtunda wa 0,7 m kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Mukabzala, musaiwale kukumba mbewuzo mpaka mainchesi 10 kulowa m'nthaka. Mutabzala, muthanso kukhazikitsa trellis, yomwe ikhoza kukhala zida zopweteka kwambiri. Kuti musonkhanitse zokolola zabwino, musaiwale kuthamangitsa njuchi zingapo mu wowonjezera kutentha. Komabe, ndikwabwino kwambiri ngati mumathira maluwa nokha, pamene muyenera kulingalira kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo wamaluwa achimuna ndi maola ochepa chabe. Ndikofunikira kudula maluwa angapo achimuna ndikudula masamba awo onse. Ikani ma anthers awo pazovuta za maluwa achikazi. Ndibwino kwambiri ngati maluwa amtundu uliwonse wamkazi amapukutidwa ndi maluwa amphongo angapo nthawi imodzi. Maermon ovuta kupukusa amafunikira m'mawa, pomwe pauwisi kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhala m'malo a 18-20 madigiri. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti usiku usanayambe kupukusa mpweya kutentha kwa wowonjezera kutentha sikuyenera kukhala kosakwana 12 madigiri.

Kuti ziphuphuzi zikule msanga, adzafunika uzitsine, koma ayenera kukumbukira kuti zosaposa masamba 3-5 ziyenera kukhalabe pamwamba pa chipatso, ndipo mphukira zonsezo zomwe ndi zofowoka kwambiri zimayenera kuchotsedwa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pachitsamba 1 sayenera kupitirira mazira 5, kotero owonjezera ayenera kudulidwa.

Nthawi yoyamba yomwe mbewuzo zimadyetsedwa pambuyo poti mikwingwirima yake ifike pamtunda wa 0,25 mpaka 0,5. Kuti tichite izi, timitengo tija timapangidwa motalikirana ndi 0,2 m kuchokera pachomera, tikulimbikitsidwa kuthira ndowe zoziziritsa kuthirira kwa nkhuku (1:20) kapena yankho la mullein (1:10). Kachiwiri mavwende amadyetsedwa masamba asanapangidwe, ndipo lachitatu pomwe mazira amapangika, komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti m'nkhani yoyamba ndi yachiwiri ma grooves adzafunika apangidwe ndikusiyira kuthengo osachepera 0.4 m. Feteleza wachilengedwe (nkosi za nkhuku kapena mullein) zoyenera kudya chomera ichi, chifukwa chake chimagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba komanso yachiwiri. Zipatsozo zikayamba kukula mwachangu, ziyenera kusinthidwa pafupipafupi, zomwe zingatheke kuti zipse bwino. Ndikofunikanso kuti mwadongosolo muzimitsa kutentha.

Kusamalira Madzi

Ngati mavwende amakula kutchire, ndiye kuti kuwasamalira ndikosavuta. Koma kuti mukolole zokolola zabwino, muyenera kuganizira magawo angapo ofunika posamalira mbewuyi. Mukamasamalira mavwende, muyenera kudula mbande nthawi, madzi ndi udzu m'nthawi yake, komanso kutsina timiyeso ndikumasula nthaka. Pakapangidwa masamba atatu kapena anayi, mbande zidzafunikiratu, pomwe mbewu imodzi kapena ziwiri zikhalebe pabowo, mbande zonse zakumaso ziyenera kudulidwa pamwamba pamtunda. Ngati mungafune, mutha kuyesa kubzala zina zowonjezera, chifukwa pali mwayi wabwino kuti zitheke. Pamene thumba losunga mazira pachitsamba litapangidwa bwino, muyenera kusankha zidutswa 6 zokha, ndikuchotsa zina zonse. Ngati chipatso chagona panthaka, ndiye kuti chinthu chosakola (chidutswa cha pulasitiki, zofolerera kapena zojambulazo) ziyenera kuyikidwa pansi pake.

Momwe mungamwere

Kutsirira kumachitika nthawi 1 m'masiku 7, komabe kuyenera kukhala kochulukirapo, chifukwa madzi 30 a madziwa amatengedwa pa mita imodzi ya mraba ya mundawo. Ngati nyengo ndiyotentha kapena nthawi yamaluwa yayamba, ndiye kuti sabata imafunikira kuthirira kangapo, ndipo muyenera kupukuta ponse panthaka mozungulira mbewuzo ndi nthaka pakati pa mizere. Zipatso zikapangidwa, kuchepetsedwa pang'ono pang'ono kuthirira kumachitika, ndipo kwa usiku umodzi musanakolole, iyenera kuyimitsidwa paliponse. Panyengo yachilimwe, mbewu zimafuna kuthirira wambiri 3-4: pakapangidwa tsamba 5-7 lamasamba, nthawi yamaluwa, komanso ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa mapangidwe a zipatso.

Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yokukula, pakadutsa masiku 1-2 mutathirira, ndikofunikira kumasula pansi chiwembucho mpaka 60 mm, ndipo maudzu onse ayenera kutulutsidwa. Zomera zitatsekedwa m'mizere, udzu udzu sungathenso kuwononga. Pankhaniyi, kuyambira pano, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse kuchotsa udzu, komanso kumasula dothi, pomwe mizu ya chivwende imapitilira mbali zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ndizosavuta kuvulaza ndi wowaza.

Feteleza

Pakatenga theka la mwezi pambuyo pothira mbande pansi, mavwende adzafunika kuvala pamwamba. Mwa kudya koyamba, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito yankho la ammonium nitrate (pa malita 10 a madzi 20 magalamu a zinthu), pomwe malita angapo a zosakaniza zotere zimatengedwa pachitsamba chilichonse. M'malo mwa nitrate, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito dontho la nkhuku (1:20) kapena mullein (1:10), pomwe malita 10 osakanikirana muyenera kufafaniza magalamu 15 a calcium chloride ndi 30 gm ya superphosphate.

Kachiwiri mbewuzo zikadyetsedwa pakapangidwa masamba, pomwe magalamu 6 a superphosphate ndi 4 magalamu a ammonium nitrate ndi calcium chloride amatengedwa pachitsamba chilichonse. Ngati mumadyetsa mavwende ndi feteleza wouma, ndiye kuti malowo ayenera kuthiriridwa madzi musanadye kapena pambuyo pake.

Matenda ndi tizirombo ta mavwende

Matenda

Nthawi zambiri mavwende amakhudzidwa ndi zowola, imvi, zakuda ndi muzu, poty mphutsi - zenizeni komanso zabodza, anthracnose, angular ndi maolivi blotch ndi mosaic. Kuti mukulitse kwambiri kutsutsana kwa chikhalidwechi kumatenda ndi tizirombo, ndikofunikira kukonzekera bwino mbewu zofesa ndi nthaka kuti mubzale, muyenera kutsatanso malamulo onse aukadaulo waulimi pachikhalidwe ichi. Poterepa, tchire silidzapweteka konse, komanso palibe tizilombo tomwe timakhazikika. Koma, komabe, pali ngozi ya chivwende kuwonongeka ndi matenda ndi tizirombo, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudziwa nthawi yomwe mbewu zodwala ndikuzichitira.

Powdery mildew

Powdery mildew ndi matenda oyamba ndi bowa.Kuvala kwamaso oyera kumawonekera pamwamba pamasamba. Imfa ya masamba omwe akhudzidwa imawonedwa, zipatso zimataya kukoma kwawo ndipo sizimasinthidwa, ndipo kusinthika ndi kuwola kwawo kumawonedwanso.

Peronosporosis

Peronosporosis (downy mildew) ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Komabe, pankhaniyi, masamba akale okha ndi omwe amakhudzidwa, kenako achinyamata. Pamaso pake, masamba owoneka ngati achikaso achikuda, pomwe kuyala kwamtambo wamtambo kumawonekera kolakwika. Zipatso zimayamba kukhala zoyipa, ndipo zimakula.

Maolivi ojambula

Ngati chitsamba chimakhudzidwa ndi kufalikira kwa maolivi, ndiye kuti mawanga amapangika paliponse mlengalenga, popanda mawonekedwe. Chifukwa cha izi, masamba amasamba amadzaza, pomwe pali petioles ndikuwombera zilonda zamtundu wa azitona zimawonekera. Kuyanika ndi kufa kwa thumba losunga mazira kumawonedwa.

Kuwona kwamaso

Zonyamula zazikulu za bacteriosis (mawanga owoneka) ndi tizirombo. M'masamba omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ndege zam'mlengalenga, mawanga amafuta owera amaonekera. Popita nthawi, mabowo amapanga masamba ake, kenako amafa, mphukira kufota, zipatso zimawonekera, zofewa ndipo kukula kwawo kumayima.

Anthracnose

Copper (anthracnose) ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Chifukwa cha izo, mawanga amtundu wachikaso kapena zofiirira wokhala ndi mapilo apinki amakhala achikasu. Ngati nyengo ndi yonyowa, ndiye kuti chowoneka ngati pinki pamtunda. Ndi chigonjetso chachikulu, kuyanika chitsamba ndi kufa kwake kumawonedwa.

Gray zowola

Grey, oyera, zakuda, ndi zowola mizu zimadziwikanso ngati matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti matenda aliwonse amtunduwu angayambitse kufa kwa mbewu ndi mbewu. Grey, wakuda ndi woyera zowola zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mphukira, masamba ndi zipatso za mbewuyi, pomwe muzu wowola umakhudza mizu yamatchire.

Nkhaka Mose

Cucumber mosaic ndimatenda a virus omwe masiku ano amawaona kuti sangathe. Tchire lowoneka bwino, limapangidwa pamiyala ya masamba, yopaka utoto wobiriwira komanso wobiriwira. Tambalala la tchire likukula, ndipo pamwamba pake pali ma tubercles, kutupa ndi madontho.

Tizilombo

Choopsa chachikulu ku mbewuyi kuchokera ku tizilombo tonse zovulaza ndi kupukuta miseche, mapira ndi nsabwe za m'masamba.

Wireworms

Mawayilesiwo ndi mphutsi ya naticracker, yomwe imawoneka ngati waya wolimba. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timawononga mbewu, komanso mbande za mbewu.

Nsabwe za m'masamba

Mbewu ya aphon imayambitsa vuto lalikulu kwa chivwende, chifukwa chimayamwa masamba amadzimadzi kuchokera pamenepo. Ndipo tizilombo timene timayesedwa ndi chofalitsa chachikulu cha matenda osagoneka a virus monga mosaic.

Zisanu scoops

Zima, komanso kupindika phukusi, kuyikira mazira pa chivwende. Ana amphaka amatuluka mumazira, omwe amayamba kudya chomeracho, kwinakukutula mizu yake. Chifukwa cha izi, imasanduka chikaso ndikufa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Watermelon

Akatswiri amalangizidwa kuti athane ndi matenda a fungus mothandizidwa ndi fungicidal kukonzekera: Bordeaux fluid, Decis, Fundazole, Skor, etc. Mudzatha kusankha mankhwala oyenera mu malo ogulitsira apadera. Koma zingakhale bwino m'malo poletsa mbewuzo kudwala, chifukwa muyenera kutsatira malamulo aulimi a mbewu ndi kasinthasintha wa mbewu, komanso kusamalira bwino zipatso zakupsa. Pankhaniyi, mavuto okhala ndi mavwende sayenera kutuluka konse ndipo matenda a fungal amatha kuiwalika.

Ngati nsabwe za m'masamba zikhazikika pamtchire, ndiye kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya wowerengeka kuti muwononge. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera ufa pazomera zomwe zimapezeka tizilombo, ndi msanganizo wokhala ndi fumbi la fodya ndi phulusa la nkhuni (1: 1), uyenera kuwazidwa ndi madzi. Gawo lachitatu la ola mutalandira chithandizo, nthaka ya pamalopo iyenera kumasulidwa, yomwe idzagwetse tizirombo tomwe tawonera pansi. Kuti athane ndi mbozizo, nyambo imawapangira iwo kuchokera ku zotsalira za zokoma kapena zidutswa za mafuta. Pakapita kanthawi, amasonkhanitsidwa, njirayi imathandizanso kuthyolako kwa waya. Kuti tipeze nyambo, ndikofunikira kupanga theka-mita ndikuzama pansi, kenako zidutswa za zokoma za mizu ndi keke zimaponyedwamo. Maenje oterowo ayenera okutidwa ndi zishango. Misampha imatsegulidwa pambuyo pa masiku 1-2, zomwe zili mu fossa zimachotsedwa ndikuwotchedwa. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti tizilombo zovulaza, monga lamulo, zimakhazikika pamatchi ofooka, omwe samayang'aniridwa bwino.

Kusonkhanitsa ndi kusungira mavwende

Mavwende amakolola pokhapokha akafika pagawo loyamba la kukhwima, nthawi zambiri kumachitika masiku asanu asanakhwime kwathunthu. Ngati zipatsozo zikololedwa pasadakhale, ndiye kuti sizingacha kucha. Ndipo mavwende osungidwa pambuyo pake sakhala oyenera kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali.

Kuti mudziwe mkhalidwe woyamba kukhwima, ndikofunikira kuyesa mtundu wa mbewu ndi zamkati za mwana wosabadwayo, mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse. Zipatso zosungidwa nthawi yake zimakhala ndi thupi lofiirira, pakukhwima zimacha ndipo mtundu wake umasandulika kukhala wofiyira, pomwe chivwende sichimataya kukoma kwake. Mavwende am'maphunziro omaliza amakhala oyenera kusungidwa nthawi yayitali, ali ndi peel yowonda komanso yolimba, pomwe mawonekedwe a zamkati ndi oyipa.

Mavwende am'nyengo yapakati komanso oyambira amayamba kukolola pamene akucha, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza (kuthamangitsa, kuwotcha kapena kupanga kupanikizana), komanso kudya zatsopano. Pankhaniyi, kukolola kwa mavwende amitundu yamapeto, komwe kumapangidwira kuti isungidwe kwakutali, kumachitika musanazizire chifukwa, pogwiritsa ntchito mpeni wakuthwa kapena secateurs, amadulidwa pamodzi ndi peduncle pafupifupi 50 mm kutalika. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kung'amba chipatso chija kuthawa, chifukwa pali kuthekera kwakukulu komwe zowola zimawonekera pamalo opatula.

Pakusungira kwakanthawi yayitali, zipatso zokhala ndi kukula kwakukulu ndi kutumphuka kwamiyala yosayenera kuvulazidwa (palibe zidutswa, ma denti, ming'alu, kapena malo ofewa) ndizoyenera. Sizoletsedwa kuponya zipatso panthawi ya mayendedwe, komanso siziyenera kuyikidwa pamalo olimba, magolovesi azigwiritsidwa ntchito pochita. Mukayika zipatso, ziyenera kuthandizidwa kuti sizikhudzana zomwe zingalepheretse zipatso zowola. Malo abwino kwambiri osungira mavwende amawonedwa kuti ndi chipinda chotseguka bwino, chotulutsa chinyezi kuyambira 75 mpaka 85 peresenti komanso kutentha kwa madigiri a 1-4. Pali njira zingapo zosungira:

1. M'nkhalango muyenera kutola moss wouma, muchite tsiku labwino. Tengani bokosi lamatabwa ndikuzungulira pansi ndi wosanjikiza, lomwe liyenera kukhala lokwanira mokwanira. Kenako chivwende chimayikidwa pamwamba, chimayenera kuphimbidwa kumbali zonse ndi moss womwewo. Kenako mutha kuyika mavwende ena m'bokosi lomwelo, ndipo musaiwale kuphimba iliyonse ndi moss.
2. Mseru ungalowe m'malo ndi phulusa la nkhuni ngati mukufuna. Mavwende amatha kumangika mu mbiya kapena m'mabokosi, pomwe amawathira phulusa. Zombozo ndizotsekedwa mwamphamvu ndikuyika mu cellar kuti zisungidwe.
3. Chilichonse mwazipatso ziyenera kumizidwa mu ma alabasitala kapena dothi loumbika, zomwe zimayenera kuwoneka ngati kirimu wowawasa wowawasa. Yembekezerani kuti phukusi liume kwathunthu, ndikusunga mavwende m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba kuti asungidwe.
4. Sinthani alabaster kapena dongo ndi parafini kapena sera. Ayenera kusungunuka ndi kusamba kwamadzi. Pambuyo pake, chivwende chilichonse chimakutidwa ndi chosanjikiza chomwe chimafikira masentimita 0.5. Pambuyo pake, zipatso zimatsitsidwa kuti zisungidwe m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba.
5. Chivwende chilichonse chimafunika kuti chizikulungika ndi nsalu yopaka, yomwe iyenera kukhala yachilengedwe. Kenako zimayikidwa mu gululi ndikuyiyimitsa kuchokera padenga m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba.
6. M'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa ma racks, pomwe udzu umayikidwa m'mashelufu awo osanjikiza wokwanira. Zipatso zimayikidwa pamashelefu awa, ndipo musaiwale kuzimata ndi udzu.
7. Pezani malo abwino m'nyumba anu kapena nyumba. Pamenepo muyenera kuyika zipatsozo posunga, ndipo tsiku lililonse ziyenera kutembenuzidwamo.

Njira iliyonse yosungira yomwe mungasankhe, akatswiri amalangizidwa kuyesa mavwende nthawi zonse (pafupifupi nthawi 1 m'masiku 7), momwe mungatithandizire kuchotsa zipatso zowola munthawi yake, zomwe zingapetse kufalikira kowonjezereka. Ngati mungasankhe mitundu yoyenera, komanso njira yoyenera ndi malo osungira, ndiye mavwende amatha kusungidwa mpaka nthawi yamasika.

Mitundu ndi mitundu yamavembe

Mavwende onse omwe wamaluwa amalima pamasamba awo, komanso omwe angagulidwe m'sitolo kapena pamsika, ndi mtundu wa Watermelon. Pali mitundu iwiri: Africanekwma melon (Citrullus lanatus var. Citroides), chomerachi chimatha kupezeka mu chilengedwe ku Botswana, South Africa, Namibia ndi Lesotho ndi chivwende cha woolly (Citrullus lanatus var. Lanatus), chomwe chimadziwika pafupifupi aliyense, chimapezeka mchikhalidwe chokha. mawonekedwe. Mavwende aubweya ali ndi mitundu yambiri, pomwe ambiri mwa iwo adabadwa chifukwa cha obereka aku Europe, America ndi Asia. Izi zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.

Mitundu yonse ya mavwende omwe cholinga chake ndi kulima dothi lotseguka amagawidwa kuti akhwime poyambira, pakati komanso mochedwa (iwo ndi okhwima m'madera omwe amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali komanso yabwino yotentha). Mukamasankha mitundu yabwino ya mbewuyi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiganizire zinthu zingapo: kukana chilala ndi kuzizira, kukana tizirombo ndi matenda, komanso kuthekera kwa kukula ndi kufunika kwa feteleza.

Mitundu yoyambirira kucha

1. Victoria. Uwu ndi msewu waku America, kucha kumene kumakhala masiku 62 (nthawi zina kutalika pang'ono). Madzi ndi ozunguliridwa ndipo amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 10 pa average.
2. Scorik. Mavwende ang'onoang'ono obiriwira amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu anayi. M'mphepete amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yosalala. Wofufuma wotsekemera amakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, amadziwika ndi kuthekera kwakukulu. Peelyo ndiyabwino.
3. Jenny. Mafuta osakanizidwa a ku America awa ndi oyambirirapo; Kuyambira pa 4 mpaka 6 mavwende oyera ndi oyera okhala ndi kukula wamba kukula pachitsamba chimodzi, amakhala ndi timizere tating'ono ta utoto wakuda. Nthawi zambiri, amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 1.5. Peel ndi yopyapyala, ndipo mbewuzo ndizofanana ndi mbewu ya mphesa. Dimbwa limakhala ndi mtundu wolemera komanso kukoma kwabwino kwambiri.
4. Stabolite. Mitundu iyi ndi yabwino kwambiri kuposa mitundu yonse yopanda mbewu. Kutalika kumawonedwa kuchokera masiku 62. Zipatso zazikulu zamphamvu zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso zamkati zokoma. Pukutira kwa mtundu wosakanizidwa kotere, mitundu ya Lady, Trophy kuchokera ku mapulogalamu a Nunems amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
5. Kununkha. Mitunduyi idasanjidwa ndi obereketsa aku Russia. Mavwende ang'onoang'ono, ophimbidwa ndi khungu loonda, amakhala ndi zamkoma zokoma, pafupifupi amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu awiri.
6. Dolby. Mtundu wosakanizika wa ku America woterewu sukulira kupsinjika ndi kubereka. Kusasitsa kumachitika pambuyo masiku 60.

Zosiyanasiyana zakucha kwapakatikati

1. Lobebok. Nthawi yakucha ndi masiku 75-90. Zosiyanasiyana zimagwirizana ndi chilala, matenda ndi tizirombo. Mavwende okhala ndi masamba obiriwira amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 5. Pamwamba pa peel yopyapyala pali timibulu. Phata lamkati lalitali limakhala lofiirira-kofiirira ndipo limakoma bwino.
2. Mfuti yapamwamba. Mitundu iyi ndi imodzi mwazodziwika za mitundu ya mbewu zaku America. Kucha nthawi ndi masiku 70-75. Mavwende akuluakulu ozungulira amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 10. Mnofu ndi wowuma, wopaka utoto wofiirira, mbewu zake ndizochepa. Mitundu iyi imagwirizana ndi anthracnose, ndipo zipatso zake zimasungidwa bwino.
3. Dumara. Wophatikiza uyu amasiyanitsidwa ndi zokolola zake, kusasitsa kumawonedwa kuchokera masiku 75. Mawonekedwe a mavwendewo ndi oval cuboid, mnofu ndiwofatsa komanso wokoma, mbewu zake ndizachifundo kwambiri.
4. Antey. Mavwende okhala ngati kanyumba kamakhala ndi zamkati, zotsekemera kuposa mitundu ina. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kudyetsa ndi feteleza wachilengedwe.
5. Ataman. Izi, zopangidwa ndi obereketsa zoweta, kukhwima m'masiku 66-86. Mavwende ozungulira mozungulira amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 10. Guwa limakhala lokoma kwambiri, lili ndi mtundu wofiira komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono.

Mochedwa kucha mitundu

1. Kasupe. Zosiyanasiyana ndizoyenera kukula mu wowonjezera kutentha ndi vwende. Mavwende osalala ali ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira, amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu atatu. Pamaso pa peel ali ndi golide wobiriwira bwino kwambiri. Mnofu wokoma ndi wofewa ndi wonyezimira, wopakidwa utoto wofiirira. Nthawi yakucha ndi pafupi masiku 105.
2. Icarus. Zosiyanasiyana sizigwirizana ndi chilala ndipo zimadziwika ndi zokolola. Nthawi yokhwima ndi masiku 88-110. Mavwende amalemera kilogalamu 3-16. Peyala yobiriwira yakuda ndiyolimba kwambiri, pamwamba pake pali mikwingwirima. Phwiti lokoma kwambiri limapakidwa utoto wofiirira. Zipatso zimasungidwa bwino (nthawi zina mpaka March).
3. Limbani. Mitundu iyi ndiyotchuka kwambiri pamitundu yonse yamapeto. Kucha nthawi ndi masiku 100. Mavwende okhala ndi mawonekedwe a Ellipse akulemera makilogalamu 15-25, iwo sagawika pang'onopang'ono, pamwamba pa khungwa lamphamvu, lopaka utoto wobiriwira, pali mikwingwirima yakuda. Yofiyira yofiyira ndimtambo wama pinki, mnofu ndiwotsekemera kwambiri. Mavwende amatha kusungidwa kwa miyezi itatu.
4. Melania. Uwu ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa woyambirira, umakhwima pakatha masiku 80. Mawonekedwe a mavwende ndi chowulungika, amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 12. Pamwamba pa mtengowo wobiriwira pali timizeremizere tamitundu tambiri. Ukama wofiira wakuda ndi wabwino kwambiri, mbeu zing'onozing'ono.

Ngati mukufunitsitsa kukulitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti mutha kusankha mtundu wa America wosakanizidwa wa California, zipatso zake ndizazikulu kwambiri, kapena mtundu wina wa ku Japan womwe sunakhalepo mgulu lakutali kuchokera ku chilumba cha Hokkaido Densuke, kutumphuka kwa mavwende ake kuli pafupifupi kwakuda. Pepkinos ili ndi mavwende ochepa kwambiri; amatha kuyikidwa mkamwa lonse. Chervonny King yopanda mbewu, ndi yoyenera kwa iwo omwe samakonda nthangala zamamadzi. Mtundu wosakhala wachilendo wopangidwa ndi woweta ku Astrakhan, zipatso zake zimakoma ndi nutmeg, adapanganso mitundu ya Lunar: mnofu wa mavwende ndi achikasu ndipo amakhala ndi kununkhira kwa mandimu.