Munjira zambiri, njira zosamalirira peyala ndizofanana ndi machitidwe azaulimi pakukula mitengo ya apulo. Komabe, pali zosiyana zina paukadaulo waulimi wa kulima mitengo ya zipatso. Kuti muzisamalira mapeyala molondola, monga zimafunikira ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwechi, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti munyengo zotentha ndi zowuma, maluwa ake amatuluka mwachangu kwambiri, choncho simuyenera kuphonya mphindi kuti mupeze chithandizo cha nthawi yake kuchokera ku tizirombo.
Peyalayo ili ndi mawonekedwe ake. Poyerekeza ndi mtengo wa maapozi, mtengo wa peyala uli ndi thunthu lokhazikika komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba akorona. Mizu ya mtengo wa peyala ndiyofunika kwambiri, ikulowera mu dothi. Kuchuluka kwa mizu kumakhala m'nthaka mozama 20-80 masentimita, ndipo kumbali yopingasa mizu imakhala ndi malo 1.5-2 mainchesi a korona.
Phunzirani kusamalira mapeyala m'munda patsamba lino.
Mawonekedwe a mapeyala akukula: zofunikira zadothi
Zabwino kwambiri pamapichesi ndizopanda dothi, zachonde, zokhala ndi humus, zochepa za acid kapena zosalowerera ndale. Peat yosavomerezeka, ma peat bogs, okhala ndi ma carbonates ambiri. Komanso, chimodzi mwamagawo ofunikira a dothi lakulima ndi kuperewera kwa nthaka yapamwamba. Imalekerera kuwala kwambiri (mchenga, miyala ya miyala ndimiyala). Mitengo ya peyala yobzalidwa pamtsetse imakhala nthawi yayitali ndipo imabala zipatso bwino.
M'chaka chodzala mitengo, feteleza sagwiritsidwa ntchito panthaka. Mchaka cha 2-3 mutabzala mu nthawi ya masika, feteleza wa nayitrogeni amayikidwa kuzinthu zozungulira pamiyeso ya 12-18 g ya urea (urea) kapena 17-25 g ya ammonium nitrate pa 1 m2. Kwa zaka 4-5 ndi wotsatira, ndikofunikira kupereka feteleza wathunthu wa 6 g / m2 yogwira mankhwala (nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu). Feteleza zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi pachaka chilichonse cha 3-4.
Wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mbande zogulidwa. Kubalana kungathamangitsidwe pogwiritsa ntchito njira za katemera. Malo abwino kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mapeyala atchire (ma mullet), omwe kale anali ozikika mosiyana.
Ambiri olima dimba amabzala peyala pa phulusa wamba la kumapiri, peyala, hawthorn.
Ndi kusayanjana kwakuthupi kwa scion ndi stock (nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika pamene peyalayo idalumikizidwa kumtengo wa apulo), komanso ngati ikwatula thunthu kapena nthambi ndi waya kapena chingwe, masamba amasintha mtundu pakati pa chilimwe kukhala wobiriwira kukhala wofiyira) kenako nkugwa. Nthambi payekha kapena mtengo wonsewo umafa.
Pokhala ndi mzere wamtchire, mitundu yosankha ya TSHA imakwanira: Cathedral, Lada, Moskvichka, Otradnenskaya, Memory of Zhigalov, Potapovskaya, Chizhovskaya ndi ena ambiri.
Zotsatira zodalirika kwambiri mdera Losakhala Black Earth zimaperekedwa ndi kubzala kwamasika. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimakula mapeyala ndikuti mbande zimalekerera kudulira. M'chaka chodzala, mizu yochepa kwambiri imapangidwa pamizu yachigoba, ndipo mitengo ina ilibe ngakhale mizu. Zotsatira zake, masamba mwina satsegula kwathunthu kapena kutsegulira mochedwa. Ndipo mchaka chachiwiri mutabzala, malinga ndi kubwezeretsa pang'ono kwa mizu, gawo la mlengalenga limayamba kukhazikika.
Kusamalira peyala mutabzala mu Non-Black Earth
Mukamasamalira mapeyala mutabzala, kumbukirani kuti kuphukira mu dothi Losakhala Wakuda kumayambira kutentha kwapakati pa 6 ° C kumapeto kwa Epulo - Meyi woyamba. Zipatso zamaluwa zimaphukira masiku angapo m'mbuyomu kuposa masamba. Pamtunda womwewo, kukula kwa mizu kumayamba, mpaka kufika pamlingo wotentha wa 10-20 ° C.
Pakatikati, masamba amayamba kukula nthawi yomweyo, ndipo pofika nthawi yakuwuka zaka zawo sizofanana. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazomwe chimapangitsa masamba osagwa bwino kugwa nthawi yophukira masamba - gawo lomaliza la kukula kwa zipatso.
Peyala imayamba kuphuka masiku 2-5 kale kuposa mtengo wa apulo. M'mikhalidwe ya Non-Chernozem Territory, izi zimawonedwa mu theka lachiwiri la Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni, pafupifupi masiku 15-30 pambuyo pake masamba atatseguka, pomwe kutentha kwa mpweya kumakwera mpaka 15-18 ° C. Munthawi yotentha, maluwa a peyala amatha masiku 3-5, pomwe nthawi yozizira komanso yonyowa - kuposa milungu iwiri. Ngati maluwa otseguka agwera kumapeto kwa chilimwe, ndiye kuti madontho a dzimbiri ndi mphete kenako amapanga zipatso.
Mukamasamalira mapeyala ang'onoang'ono, musaiwale kuti, nthawi yomweyo ndi maluwa, kukula kwa mphukira kumayamba. Zimakhala pafupi miyezi iwiri. Kukula kwa mphukira kumatha, monga mmera wazipatso zonse, ndikupanga apical bud.
Zidadziwika kuti kukula kwa peyalayo kudachitikadi chifukwa cha minda ya phulusa la mapiri a Nevezhinsky.
Momwe mungasamalire peyala yaying'ono: kudulira koyenera
M'chaka chodzala, peyala imakula mofooka ndipo pafupifupi safuna kudulira kumapeto. Kusamalira mapeyala, monga momwe akatswiri akufotokozera paukadaulo woyenera, panthawi yomwe kukula kwa nthcito zimapangidwa, mafupa a korona akapangidwa, kudulira kumachepetsedwa. M'nyengo yamasika ndi chilimwe, nthambi zonse zowonongeka nthawi yozizira zimadulidwa ndikufupikitsidwa kukhala gawo labwino, pomwe masamba sawoneka.
Mukakulitsa ndi kusamalira mapeyala, kudulira mitengo ya zipatso ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kutalika kwa nthawi ya zipatso ndikuwonjezera zipatso. Chizindikiro chakufupikitsa nthambi m'mbali zonse za korona ndikuchepa kwa kutalika kwa 20-25 cm.
Mitengo yamitundu yambiri yamapira imakhala yabwino kuphukira komanso kuperewera bwino. Kodi kusamalira ana ang'ono angati? Asanathenso zipatso, amazidulira chimodzimodzi monga mitengo ya maapulo yomwe ili ndi mphete yazipatso (Grushovka Moscow, Julayi Chernenko, Spartak, etc.). Mu mitengo yokhala ndi korona wa piramidi yokhala ndi zipatso zambiri, kudula masamba akulu okha ndikofunikira.
