Mphesa ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimafuna chisamaliro chokhazikika kwa wolima dimba. Mukangosiya mbewuyo kwakanthawi popanda yosavuta, koma njira zowasamalirira, tchire limakula mosalamulirika, mphukira zimayamba kusokonekera. Mochulukitsa kwambiri mphesa zakumunda zimakhala malo okhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa zipatso zakucha ndi mtundu wawo zikutsika kwambiri.
Kodi minda yamphesa imafunikira nthawi yanji? Momwe mungasamalire mphesa, muzipatula ku tizirombo ndi matenda, madzi, kudula ndi kudyetsa?
Kusamalira mphesa mchaka choyamba chodzala
Kuyambira pomwe mudabzala, mphesa zimafunikira chisamaliro chokhazikika, koma chisamaliro chokhazikika, zomwe zimathandizira kuti mbewuyo ikhale ndi moyo mofulumira ndikuyamba zipatso.
M'chaka choyamba mutabzala, kusamalira mmera kumakhala kumasula nthaka, kuthirira, kukonza mphesa kuchokera ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, komanso kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yopanga mpesa wamtsogolo.
- Masamba atangoyamba kukhala ndi moyo, dothi lozungulira mbewu zansanjazo limamasulidwa, nthawi yomweyo ndikuchotsa namsongole yemwe akutuluka.
- Yoyamba ikayamba kufalikira, tsinde la mphesa limamasulidwa ku dothi. Bowo limapangidwa kuzungulira tchire kuti liumitse mbewuyo ndikutulutsa mosavuta mu June, kenako mu Ogasiti, mizu ya pansi yopangika pansi pa thunthu, yowazidwa ndi dziko lapansi. Mukapanda kusamala ndi chisamaliro cha mphesa m'chaka choyamba chodzala, muzu wa chitsamba udzaumbidwa bwino ndipo simudzauma. Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha June, chitsamba chimadulidwanso, ndipo pambuyo paudzu wa August m'mizu, dzenje limakumbidwa 10 cm.
- Mwa mphukira 3-4 zopangidwa mu June, zolimba kwambiri zatsalira, zomwe pambuyo pake zimadzakhala maziko a chitsamba champhamvu, ndipo zina zonse zimadulidwa.
- Kuti mupulumuke ndikukula, mphesa zazing'ono zimathiriridwa pamlingo wa malita 10 pachitsamba chilichonse, ndipo kutengera nyengo yamvula, pafupifupi, mbewuyo imayenera kulandira chinyezi kamodzi pa sabata.
- Ndikathirira, mutha kuphatikiza kuvala kwapamwamba kwa mphesa ndi superphosphate ndi zokonzekera zomwe zimakhala ndi nayitrogeni zomwe zimathandizira kukulitsa kukula kwa mbewuyo.
Wogulitsa mphesa
Kumphuka m'munda wamphesa kumayamba ndi kutsegulidwa kwa mphesa zosapsa, kudulira tchire ndi garter wawo. Mpaka pomwe mbewuyo ipanga masamba ndipo mphukira zatsopano zitawonekera, ndikofunikira kupanga gawo lowuma la mpesa mpaka trellis.
Ngati izi sizinachitike:
- kumawonjezera chiwopsezo chitha kuthengo chifukwa cha tizirombo ndi matenda a mphesa, mwachitsanzo, tsabola;
- kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri kupanga chitsamba chomwe chingabale zipatso zambiri;
- Zokolola kuchokera ku chitsamba chotere ndizochepa kwambiri, osati kokha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zipatso, komanso chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wosavomerezeka.
Kwa wophatikiza mphesa gwiritsani ntchito minyewa yosapweteka kapena yamasamba, komanso chida chapadera. Mwa zida zapamwamba, sikulimbikitsidwa kuti mutenge chingwe cha nylon kapena chingwe chodziwirira chomwe chimadula m'matipi a mphukira pomwe mpesa umakula.
Mphukira zobiriwira za mphesa zimakhala zopanda pake komanso zosalimba, ngati simupaka tchire lisanayambe kukula mwachangu, chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa kukula chikukula kwambiri.
Nthawi yomweyo, nthambi zomwe mbewu yayikulu ikuyembekezeka, pomwe garter, imakhazikika kumizere yopingasa kuti mphukira zobiriwira zimakula molungika. Chitani zomwezo ndi kulowetsa mphukira pafupi kwambiri ndi trellis. Nthawi yachiwiri yokweza mphesa imabwera pomwe mphukira zazifupi zimafikira 25c. M'tsogolomo, mphukira zimakhazikitsidwa ndikuthandizira ndikuwotcha milungu iwiri iliyonse, kuletsa mphukira kuti zisasunthike momasuka, makamaka pakupanga zipatso za ovary ndi kuthira zipatso.
Kupangidwa kwa mphesa
Pakupita zaka zochepa mutabzala, chitsamba cha mphesa chimapatsidwa mawonekedwe apadera omwe amakhala oyenererana ndi nyengo yanthawi komanso yoyenera pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kutengera momwe mmera umagwirira ntchito ku chisanu, mitundu imasiyanitsidwa:
- kufunafuna pogona nyengo yachisanu;
- kupulumuka ozizira popanda chitetezo chapadera.
Madera olima ndi mawonekedwe amtundu winawake zimakhudza kusankha njira yopangira chitsamba cha mphesa. Koma mulimonsemo, mukadulira ndikusintha, wolimi ayenera kukumbukira kuti chaka chamawa chabzalira pamtengo wamphesa, pomwe mphukira yachisanu imawonekera ngati mphukira zachisanu.
Kapangidwe kamtengo ka mphesa kamayambira pafupifupi kuyambira chaka choyamba cha moyo wa mbewuyo ndipo kumatenga zaka zingapo. Nthawi yeniyeni zimatengera mtundu wa mawonekedwe omwe adasankhidwa, ndipo kutha kwake kumatanthauza kuti mphesa imakhala ndi mafupa athunthu, ndikuwapatsa zipatso zonse.
M'zaka zotsatira, mbewuyo imafunikira kudulira koyambilira, komwe nthawi zambiri kukula kwamalimwe kumachotsedwa, kuphatikiza nthambi zosatha, mphukira zonse za chaka chotuluka, komanso zofowoka ndi zowonongeka.
Popeza mphesa nthawi zambiri zimayenera kusungidwa pakati pa Russia nthawi yozizira, zomwe zili ponseponse ndizomwe zimapangira kulima mphesa zosapsa ndipo zoyamba kufotokozedwa zaka 150 zapitazo ndi bwana wa zipatso zam'munda ku France Guyot. Kuphatikizika kwa kupangidwako ndi zimakupiza kunapereka mawonekedwe otchuka kwambiri a chitsamba lero. Kupangika kopanda zipatso kwa mphesa kumathandizanso kuti mitengoyo ikhale yosavuta kubzala komanso kuti mitengoyo ikhale yabwino;
Kumwaza mphesa m'malimwe
Njira zoteteza kuoneka ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toononga pa mitengo ya mphesa amatengedwa mchaka, pomwe tchire limamasulidwa m'malo obisalako nthawi yachisanu.
Kuthirira mphesa koyamba, kuthetsa magwero oopsa, kulanda nthaka pansi pa mpesa ndi mtengo wamtchire. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchita bwino kwa mwambowu kumatengera nthawi yochulukirapo momwe msipu wa mphesa udachitikira, popeza kupanga mbewa nthawi zambiri kumayamba ndikutulutsa koyamba kwa mvula, mosadziwa kunyamula bowa woopsa kuchokera panthaka kupita kumiphukira. Pa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa:
- 3% yankho la Bordeaux madzimadzi;
- 1% yankho la Ridomil;
- 3% yankho la ayironi sodium;
- 0,5% Tsineba yankho.
Pofuna kuthana ndi tizirombo ta mphesa m'malo amateur, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito phytosporin yotetezeka komanso yotsika mtengo, yomwe imagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi bowa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nthaka yomwe ili pansi pa munda wamphesa ndi kanjira imakulilidwa, siyimasulidwa, koma kuyiyikiriridwa mokulira.
Kuthandizira kupewa mphesa ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga kumachitika nthawi yanyengo limodzi kukonzekera, pomwe masamba 4-5 achinyamata akuwonekera.
Nthawi yothira kupopera mbewu zina zimatengera nyengo komanso moyo wa mbewu. Masabata awiri asanafike maluwa, ngati kulibe mvula, tchire liyenera kulandira chithandizo, ndipo ndikofunikira kujambula masamba ndi mphukira zokha, komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawo amalowerera kwambiri korona. Nthawi yomwe nkotheka kuthira mphesa zomwe mwapeza ovary zimatha masabata atatu nthawi yokolola isanachitike.
Kuvala kwa mphesa kwapamwamba
Nthawi yakula, kufunikira kwa mphesa muzakudya zingapo komanso zinthu zikusintha. Izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwedwa pamene feteleza pansi pa zipatso zamasamba.
Monga mbewu zina zobzalidwa, munda wamphesa umafunika:
- mu nayitrogeni, ofunikira kuti apange zipatso zobiriwira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chaka chilichonse chikukula;
- mu potaziyamu ndi phosphorous, popanda izi kuti zitheke kupsa mpesa, kupsa zipatso zabwino ndi kukonza mbewuyo nthawi yachisanu.
Monga zikuwonekera bwino kuchokera pa vidiyoyi, chisamaliro cha mphesa mu kasupe ndi chilimwe ndizosatheka popanda kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wosankhidwa bwino. Zomera za mphesa zapachaka zimadyetsedwa kawiri pachaka:
- Mphukira zobiriwira zitakula mpaka kutalika kwa 10-15 masentimita, njira ya nitrophosphate imayambitsidwa pansi pa mizu, pamlingo wa magalamu 16-18 pa malita 10 a madzi.
- Mu Julayi kapena Ogasiti, kuvala pamwamba kumaphatikizapo magalamu 20 a superphosphate ndi magalamu 12 a potaziyamu sulfate pa 10 malita a madzi.
Ma bus omwe alowa mu nthawi ya zipatso akuphatikiza mpaka katatu pachaka:
- Kudyetsa koyamba kumachitika mkati mwa Meyi. Pafupifupi milungu iwiri isanakhale maluwa. Pakadali pano, mbewuzo zimalandira gawo la feteleza wa nayitrogeni, kaya ndi organic kapena ammonium nitrate, malita 10 a yankho kapena kulowetsedwa kumayambitsidwa pansi pa chitsamba.
- Kachiwiri mphesa zimadyetsedwa pakapangidwa ovary ndi kukula kwake. Kuphatikizidwa kwa feteleza pamenepa, kuwonjezera pa nayitrogeni, kuphatikiza phosphorous ndi potaziyamu pazotsatira 3: 2: 1, motero. Pafupifupi gramu 30 za osakaniza zimatengedwa kuthengo ndikusungunuka mumtsuko wamadzi.
- Chovala chachitatu chapamwamba chazipatso chimapangidwa kuyambira pakati pa Julayi mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti, pomwe zipatsozo zimayamba kupeza utoto, ndipo zimakhala 50-75 magalamu a superphosphate ndi theka la kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu sulfate pa 10 malita a madzi.
Ngati organic nkhani ikayambitsidwa pansi pa mphesa mu kugwa, ndiye kuti nthawi yamasika ikadyetsa ndibwino kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa feteleza ndi awiri. Momwe ungagwiritsire manyowa pansi pa chitsamba, komanso momwe mungasamalire mphesa kuti phindu la kuvala pamwamba ndikokwera? Kuchita kukuwonetsa kuti zothetsera zamafuta zimatha kufikira mizu ngati feteleza atayikidwa muzu wozungulira mozungulira kutalika kwa mita, ndi mabowo oboweka mpaka 40-50 cm. Njira yomweyo yatsimikizira bwino kuthirira mphesa.
Kuthirira mphesa
Kuthirira pa nthawi ya chisamaliro cha mphesa mchaka choyamba chodzala zimatengera ngati dothi lomwe linali pansi pa chisoti laphimbidwa.
- Dothi lophimbidwa limasungunuka milungu iwiri mutabzala. Ndipo pafupipafupi kuthirira kumadalira momwe dothi lilili.
- Malo otseguka amafunikira kuthirira. Mpaka pakati pa Julayi, mmera umakhala wothira sabata iliyonse, ndikuthira kuchokera ku zidebe 0,5 mpaka 1 zamadzi pansi pa chitsamba. Kenako, kuthirira mphesa kumachepetsedwa kapena kuyimitsidwa kwathunthu kuti mmera ukonzekere nthawi yachisanu.
Tchire losatha la mphesa limazindikira kuyanika panthaka:
- kasupe, pomwe mbewu sizimachokerako nthawi yozizira;
- m'mwezi wa Meyi, m'mbuyomu komanso pambuyo pa maluwa;
- mu Julayi, pomwe kudzazidwa kwa zipatso ndi kukonzekera kucha kucha kumayamba.
Kuthirira mphesa nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi kuvala kwapamwamba, pogwiritsa ntchito mabowo okhala m'nthaka kapena njira zothirira.
Pogona mphesa nthawi yachisanu ndi chitetezo ku chisanu
M'madera osiyanasiyana, mphesa zomwezi zimatha kulekerera nthawi yozizira ndikuwonjezeranso masika.
- Pakati panjira, mitundu yokhala ndi chisanu pansi pa 32 ° C sifunikira pogona.
- Kummwera kwa dzikolo, chitetezo sichofunikira pa mbewu zomwe zikukumana ndi -25 ° C.
Koma izi zimangogwira ntchito ngati mitengo ya mphesa yachikulire, ndipo chisamaliro cha mphesa mchaka choyamba mutabzala kwenikweni chimakhala malo okhala mbande. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika kumapeto kwa Okutobala kapena kumayambiriro kwa Novembala. Ngati mwamata ndi opaleshoni iyi, nkhuni za mphesa zimataya kunenepa kwake ndipo ndizovuta kuyika.
Zipangizo zilizonse zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mipesa, kuyambira dothi kuchokera patali. Kuti tichite izi, mphukira umayikidwa mu ngalande isanayambe kukumbidwa pa bayonet, yopindidwa ndi dothi ndikuwaza ndi dothi.
Kuphatikiza pa dothi, mpesa womwe unayikidwa pansi umakungika ndi utoto wapawiri kapena chovala chapadera, nthambi za spruce ndi singano, matoni okhala ndi makatoni, kutsika kwamatamba kumverera ndi tarpaulin. Kugwa kwa chipale chofewa kumakhala chitetezo chowonjezera.
Ngati wamaluwa savutika kuteteza tchire ku chisanu yozizira, ndiye kuti mungasamalire bwanji mphesa zomwe zikuwopsezedwa ndi chisanu chamvula? Pankhaniyi, zitha kuthandiza:
- pogona ndi zisanza, udzu, udzu, nthambi za spruce ndi zinthu zopanda nsalu;
- utsi ndi utuchi, masamba owuma, singano, zokutira ndi manyowa kuchokera kumbali ya leeward;
- kuthirira timipata.
Ndi chiphunzitso chosavomerezeka kwa masiku 10 mpaka 14, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kwa mphesa ndi yankho la sulfate yachitsulo kungachedwetse kumasulidwa kwa maso ku hibernation.
