Padziko Lapansi, moyo unangoyambira zomera zokha. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu imakula ndikupanga moyo kuti ungopanga moyo. Ndi masamba awo, amaphimba nthaka panthaka yopanda dzuwa, chifukwa cha iwo, manyowa amapezeka pamwamba panthaka, nthaka ndi yophatikiza ndi michere. Mizu yazomera siyilola kuti nthaka ichitsuke, ndipo zotsalazo zimakhala chakudya cha majeremusi ndi mphutsi, chifukwa nayitrogeni amawonekera m'nthaka. Chifukwa chokha chifukwa cha mbewu ndi pomwe nthaka idawonekera. Dziko lathuli limafa m'nthawi yochepa ngati mbewu zonse zitasowa nthawi imodzi. Alimi aluso amayesanso kupereka dothi koposa kutengapo, pomwe mbewu zimawerengedwa kuti ndiwothandiza kwambiri. Kuti nthaka ikhale bwino, iduleni ndi zinthu zofunikira ndikusintha kapangidwe kake, alimi amatembenuka mothandizidwa ndi mbeu monga manyowa obiriwira.
Siderata - ndi chiyani?
Siderata ndi feteleza wobiriwira yemwe amadzalidwa kuti athetse nthaka. Nthawi yakula, mbewu zotere zimadzaza dothi ndi nayitrogeni, komanso michere ndikuthandizira polimbana ndi namsongole. Mchilatini, liwu loti "sidera" limamasuliridwa kuti "nyenyezi yolandila mphamvu kuchokera kumwamba." Sideration ili ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwachilengedwe.
Siderites zimaphatikizapo mbewu zomwe zimakula mwachangu. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono ndikusyola, imasiyidwa panthaka kapena kuphatikizidwa, ndipo mizu yomwe yatsala m'nthaka itavunda imadzaza dothi ndikuphika ndi michere. Zomera zotere zimatha kumiza udzu ndi udzu wawo wobiliwira komanso kuteteza nthaka kuti isavulidwe ndi dzuwa. Ndipo mizere yamphamvu yokwanira mwa mbewu zotere imathandizira kuti udzu sutha kudya mwachizolowezi. Komanso mizu yake imapangitsa dothi kukhala lotayirira, ndipo likavunda, limapangitsa kuti lizitha kudutsa ndikuthilira madzi, komanso limathandizanso pakuthandiza.
Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri akamamera pamera mbewu zam'mera, zomwe zimachitika chaka ndi chaka (zomwe sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri), zomwe zimakhala ndi gawo lamphamvu kwambiri mlengalenga komanso katundu wa phytosanitary. Ndipo zosankha zabwino kwambiri za mundawo zidzakhala phala, wodziwika ndi kukula kwake mwachangu komanso kukana kuzizira. Komanso masamba oyambira kale, mbewu za banja la Compositae kapena Cruciferous ndizodziwika kwambiri.
Kubzala siderata
Kubzala masika
Siderata imafesedwa nthawi yonseyi, koma nthawi zambiri imachitika isanabzalidwe koyamba kapena itakolola. Koma ndi iti mwa siderates omwe ali oyenera kubzala masika? Zomera monga mpiru ndi phacelia zimafunika kubzala koyambirira. Zimalimbana ndi chisanu ndipo zimayamba kuwuka kutentha pambuyo pake pakamira pansi pa ziro. Ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, kugwiriridwa kwa masika ndi kugwiriridwa zitha kufesedwa, ndipo tikulimbikitsidwa kuti vetch ibzalidwe pamalo omwe asungidwa tomato ndi tsabola. Zomera zotere, zikafunika, kuti zibzale mbewu yayikulu, ziyenera kuchotsedwa. Ndipo pankhaniyi pali zosankha zingapo:
- Njira yosavuta, koma yosagwira bwino ntchito ndiyo kukumba malowo pamodzi ndi manyowa obiriwira. Pambuyo pake, mbewu yayikulu imabzala pamalopo.
- Kuti mupeze njira imeneyi, muyenera kudula ndege. Ndi thandizo lake, ndikofunikira kudula mbewu pang'ono masentimita angapo ndikukulitsa odulira ndege mu nthaka. Kenako mbewu yayikulu imabzalidwa pamalopo, ndipo yotsala yobiriwira yotsalayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mulch. Zimayambira zimayamba kuvunda ndipo pamapeto pake zimakhala feteleza. Koma pano ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ndikadula phacelia sikakulanso, koma mpiru suletsa kukula kwake.
- Cholemetsa kwambiri ndi njira yachitatu. Zamasamba zimabzalidwa pamalowa pomwe manyowa obiriwira amakula. Chifukwa chake, izi zimamera limodzi ndi manyowa obiriwira kwa masabata awiri kapena atatu. Pambuyo pake, "feteleza wobiriwira" ayenera kudulidwa ndi lumo, pomwe tsinde lotsala liyenera kukhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 5. Dulani misa yobiriwira iyenera kuwumbidwa pamalo omwewo pamtunda. Mbewuzo zikamereranso, kumathandiza kuti mitengoyo izikuliranso. Ndipo kotero njirayi iyenera kubwerezedwa mpaka nthawi yokolola.
Kulima chilimwe
Njirayi imawonedwa ngati yabwino kwambiri pakusintha dothi ngati kulibe mbewu zamasamba chaka chino. Kubzala kumachitika mchaka, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, siderates oterowo amasankhidwa omwe amakula mwachangu mutatha kupakidwa. Munthawi yachilimwe, manyowa obiriwira amadulira mwadongosolo, ndipo ndikulimbikitsa kuti izi zichitike maluwa asanayambe. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa michere kumapezeka m'miphukira yaying'ono, ndipo amathanso kuvunda mwachangu kwambiri. Udzuwo ukadzisenda, samachotsa pamalowo.
Kukula kwa manyowa obiriwira nthawi yakuthengo
Ndikulimbikitsidwa kubzala rye nthawi yophukira, komanso mpiru. Kubzala mbewuzi kumachitika masamba atachotsedwa pamalowo ndipo, monga lamulo, nthawi ino kugwera kumapeto kwa nyengo yachilimwe ikayamba nthawi yophukira. Kukula kwa mpiru sikuyima mpaka nyengo yozizira kwambiri, ndipo zobiriwira zake zimakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Mu nthawi yamasika, mpiru uyenera kudulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito wodula ndege, ndipo mbewu yayikulu ya masamba iyenera kubzalidwa pamwamba pa nsonga zotsalira. M'dzinja, ndikofunikira kukolola rye ngakhale mawonekedwe a spikelets asanafike. Kuti tichite izi, ndikofunikira kudula kokhotakhota komwe kumakhala pansi. Unyinji wobiriwira ukhoza kumasiyidwa panthaka kapena kuyika kompositi.
Zinyalala za manyowa obiriwira agawidwa m'magulu:
- kudziyimira pawokha - manyowa obiriwira okha ndiwo amabzala pamalopo;
- wopangidwa - "feteleza wobiriwira" ndi mbewu zamasamba zitakula;
- masana- "feteleza wobiriwira" akabzala m'malo osiyanasiyana kapena m'njira ndi kanjira.
Kuika m'manda (kununkhiza) siderata
Akatswiri akuti kulima "feteleza wobiriwira" kumakupatsani mwayi wopanga dothi labwino, komanso kupewa kuphatikizika kwa dengalo. Ngakhale siderates zimathandizira kuti pakhale kusintha kwamphamvu kwamadzi ndi chinyezi. Zonsezi zimathandizira kuti magwiridwe antchito a Microbiological. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kukwirira kapena kununkhira feteleza wobiriwira masiku 7 mpaka 14 mbewu isanabzalidwe. Nthawi yomweyo, munthu asayiwale kuti manyowa obiriwira ayenera kutchetchera kapena kudula nthawi yophukira isanayambe. Koma omwe adagwiritsa ntchito njirayi akukhulupirira kuti chifukwa chokumba kapena kulima siderates, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe mbewu timafunikira zimasowa, ndipo izi zimatithandizanso kuphwanya dothi. Amalangiza kudula "feteleza wobiriwira" ndi wodula ndege, kukumba m'nthaka ndi masentimita 5, ndipo mphukira zoyesererazo ziyenera kuyikidwa pansi pamabedi ndikuzikhomera kuchokera pamwamba kuti zisaume. Amadulidwa kumtunda kwa manyowa obiriwira amakhala kompositi pakapita nthawi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni kumasulidwa. Mizu, yomwe imatsala m'nthaka, chifukwa cha ma tizilombo tosiyanasiyana komanso ma fumbi, imawola pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale humus. Sitikulimbikitsidwa makamaka kununkhiza manyowa obiriwira nthawi yachisanu, chifukwa mwanjira iyi pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya manyowa obiriwira amatayika. Mukadula kapena kukongoletsa "feteleza wobiriwira" amachiyala panthaka nthawi yachisanu. Kutentha, chipale chofewa chimasungunuka, ndipo simudzaziwona izi pamalowo, koma nthaka ndiyomasuka kwambiri.
Zomera za Siderat, mayina okhala ndi zithunzi
Siderat yabwino kwambiri
Ngati mukuyang'ana chomera chonse cha siderat chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito patsamba lililonse komanso pazomera zonse, ndiye kuti simungakhale ndi zoterezi. Palibe m'modzi mwa akatswiri omwe angayitane siderat iyi. Zomera zilizonse zimafuna manyowa obiriwira. Kuphatikiza apo, iliyonse ya siderayo ili ndi cholinga chake chapadera. Pankhani imeneyi, ndizosatheka kusiyanitsa zabwino pakati pawo. Mwachitsanzo, m'nthaka, "manyowa obiriwira" abwino kwambiri ndi mafuta amchere, rye, lupine, oats, komanso phacelia. Kwa sitiroberi, tikulimbikitsidwa kusankha rapeseed, buckwheat, radish yamafuta ndi mpiru. Kubzala m'nyengo yozizira, kugwiririra, oats, komanso vetch yozizira, rye ndi canola nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kudziwa bwino ndi gulu lirilonse la mbewu za siderat.
Ziphuphu
Izi zikuphatikiza - clover, nyemba, malenti, nsapato, seradella, lupins, clover wokoma, vetch, nomad, soya, anapiye ndi nyemba. Zotchuka kwambiri ndi:
- Lupine. Zimathandizira kuchulukitsa kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka. Pamalo pomwe siderat iyi idakula, mutha kubzala mbewu iliyonse yomwe imafunikira nayitrogeni. Kubzala kumachitika m'masiku omaliza a Julayi komanso mpaka theka la Ogasiti, mutatha kukolola mbatata kapena kabichi. Komabe, nthawi yabwino yofesa imawonedwa ngati masika.
- Melilot. Nyemba izi ndi pachaka. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mubzale pamtunda wosaloledwa kumayambiriro kwa masika. Komabe, ndioyenera kufesa nthawi yonse yotentha komanso nthawi yophukira.
Wopachika
Izi zikuphatikiza radish yamafuta, kugwiriridwa, mpiru ndi kugwiriridwa. Otchuka kwambiri ndi:
- White mpiru. Chofunika kwambiri pakasinthidwe kazomera. Acids apadera amamasulidwa ku mizu ya mbewu iyi. Zimayanjana ndi dothi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma phosphates ochepa osungunuka. Komanso ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la potaziyamu ndipo amathandizira kuti michere yoperewera bwino ndi mbeu isamatengeka mosavuta.
- Mchenga wamafuta. Izi pachaka zimapangitsa kuti nayitrogeni amange. Ndipo zimathandizanso kuti dothi lizitsukidwa ndi nematode, komanso tizilombo tina toyambitsa matenda. Monga lamulo, imabzalidwa limodzi ndi vetch kapena nyemba zina.
Chikhalidwe
Izi zikuphatikizapo oats, rye, tirigu, ndi barele.
Buckwheat
Woimira m'modzi yekha ndi buckwheat. Ichi ndi chomera chomwe chikukula mwachangu ndi mizu yayikulu kwambiri, kukula kwake komwe nthawi zina kumafika masentimita 150. Chomera ichi chimalimbikitsa kumasulira kwadothi ndikuchepa kwa acidity yake. Zimathandizanso kupangitsa kuti nthaka yopanda bwino ikhale ndi potaziyamu, phosphorous ndi organic.
Asters kapena Asteraceae
Oimira - mpendadzuwa ndi calendula. Mpendadzuwa uli ndi mizu yayikulu, yomwe imafikira mamita awiri m'litali. Mbewuyi imapereka udzu wobiriwira wambiri, ndipo sikuti ikufunikira panthaka.
Amaranth
Woimira yekhayo ndiye amaranth.
Ma Hydrophiles
Izi zikuphatikiza phacelia, womwe ndi woimira banja lamadzi, komanso chomera chofunikira cha uchi. Chomera chikukula mwachangu, chakhazikitsa mizu, komanso chimamera chambiri chobiriwira. Osafuna kuunikira ndi dothi, komanso osamva kutentha. Zimathandizira kukonza mamangidwe a nthaka, komanso zimawonjezera kuperewera kwa mpweya.
Zoyenera kuzizira
Pakatikati, manyowa obiriwira amafesedwa mizere, ndipo m'dzinja, amangomwazika panthaka, ndipo mulch amaikidwa pamwamba pawo. Ngati zingafunike, zibzalidwe m'maphukira apadera mu nthawi yophukira, koma nthawi yomweyo, njere zisabzalidwe osayambira sentimita 3-4. Siderates yozizira yotere monga oats ndi rye ndi otchuka kwambiri.
- Rye Imalepheretsa kukula kwa udzu, imathandizira kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a fungal matenda, komanso nematode. Mizu ya rye imathandizira kumasula dothi. Siderat iyi imalimbikitsidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo omwe phwetekere, zukini, mbatata, dzungu, ndi nkhaka zitakula. Koma ndizovuta kudula ndi wodula ndege. Pamenepa, tikulimbikitsidwa kudula pamwamba pamtunda, ndikukumba dothi ndi mizu yotsala.
- Mafuta. Zimathandizira kumasula dongo, ndikumawononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda muzu. Monga lamulo, iwo amabzala pamodzi ndi wiki. Siderat iyi imalimbikitsidwa kuti ibzalidwe pamaso pa nkhaka.
Palinso mbewu zingapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chaka chilichonse:
- Colza. Zimathandizira kuteteza dothi ku matenda komanso tizilombo toopsa. Imakonza dothi ndi sulufule ndi phosphorous, komanso tikulepheretsa kukula kwa udzu. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kubzala pamaso pa tsabola, biringanya ndi tomato. Nthawi yofesa ndi August. Nthawi yomweyo, dothi losaphika ndi dothi la mbedza siliyenera kufesa.
- Vika. Imalemeretsa nthaka ndi nayitrogeni. Kubzala kumachitika m'mwezi woyamba wa yophukira, ndipo mbande zilizonse zingabzalidwe m'deralo momwe zidakuliramo masika.
- Zoyeserera. Amasintha nthaka. Pambuyo pake, ndikofunikira kubzala mbatata, mbewu monga chimanga kapena chimanga. Kubzala kumachitika mu Ogasiti.
Siderata ya mbatata
Ngati mbatata zibzalidwe pamalo amodzimodzi chaka chilichonse, nthaka yake imatha kutha msanga. Mbewu ikakololedwa, kubwezeretsa dothi lomwe mukufuna kufesa nandolo, oats, ndi mpiru woyera pamalowo. Siyani siderata nthawi yozizira. Chapakatikati, "feteleza wobiriwira" wophukirayo ayenera kudulidwa, kwinaku akuwukitsa wodula ndegeyo ndi masentimita 5-7 kulowa m'nthaka. Pambuyo masiku 7-14, mutha kubzala mbatata zoyambilira. Chapakatikati, mutha kubzala ma oat, phacelia ndi mpiru yoyera nthawi yomweyo, pokhapokha mutakhala kuti simunabzale nthaka ndi manyowa obiriwira kuyambira kugwa. Manyowa obiriwira awa amawadula milungu ingapo mutabzala ndi wodzivula ndege asanabzala mbatata. Monga lamulo, izi zimachitika mkati mwa Meyi. Mbewu ikakololedwa, “feteleza wobiriwira” amabzalanso pamalowo.
Malangizo Ofunika
- musabzale mbewu yayikulu ndi siderata pamalo amodzi pomwe zikugwirizana ndi banja limodzi;
- ndikofunikira kwambiri - kudula manyowa munthawi yake, mphukira zake siziyenera kuchepetsedwa, ndipo mbewu siziyenera kuloledwa kuti zipse, chifukwa izi zimabweretsa kukula kosalamulirika mdera la "feteleza wobiriwira";
- mukafesa, lingalirani malamulo a kasinthidwe kazomera, kuti musabzalemo manyowa omwewo pachimodzimodzi chaka chilichonse;
- kumbukirani kuti pali ma siderates omwe amafunikira nthaka yazakudya, ndipo pali zomwe zimamera panthaka yosauka.
