Mtengo wokongola

Mukukumbukira nkhani za woyenda wosatopa Vladimir Klavdievich Arsenyev zamitundu yayikulu komanso yayikulu ya Ussuri Territory? Popeza ali olemera kwambiri, tsopano akudabwitsa ofufuza. Pali mitundu yambiri yosowa yamitengo, zitsamba, mipesa yomwe sudzaona nkhalango zachilengedwe zilizonse zadziko lapansi. Mtundu wa oak ndi mpesa waku China wa magnolia, Manchurian walnut ndi Ussuri peyala, magnolia ndi aralia.

Chimodzi mwazomera zachilengedwe zakum'mawa kwa Asia ndi kabokosi, kapena mtengo wamtengo wapatali. Patsiku lotentha kwambiri, khungubwi lofiirira lofiirira ndi nthambi zake zobiriwira zokhala ndi korona wobiriwira wamarimu zimawonekera bwino pamtunda wakuda wa taiga yaku Far East. Mtengo wa velvet ndiwokongola kwambiri pakugwa, mu chovala chagolide, mogwirizana ndi masango a zipatso zazing'ono zakuda. Ngakhale nthawi yozizira, masamba akugwa, mtengowu umakopa chidwi ndi nthambi yake yoyamba komanso makungwa a kork.

Amur Velvet, kapena mtengo wa Amur Cork (Phellodendron amurense)

Pamaso pa mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yamtunduwu titha kuzindikira moyenera ndi kukhudza. Mtengo wa velvet, kapena velvet, unaperekedwa kwa mtengo ndi nzika zoyambirira zaku Russia. Botanists amachitcha Amur velvet. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazomera zakale kwambiri zam'mera zodziwika bwino kwambiri, zomwe zimayambira nthawi yoyambirira. Amur velvet ndi chipilala chodabwitsa kwambiri cha nkhalango zam'madzi zomwe zinali ndi Europe, Siberia ndi East Asia m'masiku amenewo. Sizodziwikiratu kuti iye ndi m'bale wapamtima wa zipatso zamalanje (lalanje, ndimu, mandarin) ndipo ndi wa banja limodzi. Mitundu yopitilira 10 ya velvet imakula ku Japan, Sakhalin, Taiwan ndi Central China, koma onsewa ndi otsika poyerekeza ndi Amur pamlingo wa khungubwi la konkire. Mitundu ina ilibe dothi la cork konse kapena imakhala ndi yopyapyala komanso yoyipa kwambiri, pomwe Amur velvet imakula mpaka masentimita 6.

Amur velvet adakhazikika munkhalango za Far East makamaka m'malo a mitsinje ndi m'malo abwino. Nthawi zina amafika mpaka mamita 32 ndi thunthu mulifupi mwake mpaka mita. Mtengo nthawi zambiri umakhala zaka 150-200, ndipo nthawi zina zaka zopitilira 300.

Chapakatikati, taiga yonse ikakhala yobiriwira, velvet sikhala masamba pang'ono. Amawoneka pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kuposa mitengo ina. Botanists amaliona ngati mtundu woterewu ngati ungadzabwerenso kumapeto kwa nyengo yachisanu. Koma kuthamanga kwa maluwa velvet ngati kugwira. Iyamba kuphukira masamba atangotuluka, imazimiririka m'masiku 8-10.

Amur Velvet, kapena mtengo wa Amur Cork (Phellodendron amurense)

Nthawi imeneyi ikuwoneka kuti ikungoyembekezera njuchi mamiliyoni. Maluwa okongola a uchi wa Amur velvet pakati pa Mitundu yaku Far East ndi wachiwiri kwa Amanchurian linden onyamula uchi. Zowona, ziphuphu kuchokera ku velvet zidayambika, chifukwa zimaphukira milungu iwiri maluwa asanafike. Pakutulutsa maluwa ochokera kumiyala ya velvet, njuchi zosamveka imamveka, ikusonkhanitsa mwachangu osati nectar yokha, komanso mungu. Banja la njuchi lirilonse limakola ma kilogalamu 8-12 a uchi, ndipo makamaka pakakhala nyengo yabwino yosonkhanitsa tsiku ndi tsiku imafika ma kilogalamu awiri. Uchi wotengedwa kuchokera ku maluwa a Amur velvet ali ndi mtundu wonyezimira bwino komanso kukoma kwake ndi kununkhira kwambiri. Zinapezeka kuti ngakhale patatha zaka 23 kusungidwa, uchi uwu suwonetsa zizindikiro zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kulira. Imakhala kwathunthu kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kukoma kosangalatsa komanso machiritso. Amachiritsika makamaka chifuwa chachikulu.

Zipatso za Velvet zimacha kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira ndipo zimapachikidwa m'mitundu yayikulu yakuda mpaka kuyamba kwa dzinja. Mipira yathu yakuda imakhala ndi njere zisanu, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri kwa mitengo yodulira mutu, maula abuluu, ndi zovala zakuda.

Amur Velvet, kapena mtengo wa Amur Cork (Phellodendron amurense)

Kuyambira kalekale, okhala m'derali akudziwa za kuchiritsa kwa bast, masamba ndi zipatso za mtengo wodabwitsawu. Mitengo ya Velvet imakhala yamtengo wapatali, yodziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso mtundu wa bulauni. Ndi yolimba, yopepuka, yotsika-hygroscopic. Koma "msonkho" waukulu womwe anthu amapereka pachimodzimodzi ndi chimphona cha anthu ambiri. Mwa njira, Amur velvet ndiye yekhayo woweta nkhumba yoyenera kupangira migodi ya nkhata.

Thunthu ndi nthambi zazikulu za velvet ndizazunguliridwa ndi khosi lambiri la cork, lomwe silifananizidwa ndi zinthu zina. Ichi ndi chozizwitsa chenicheni cha chilengedwe: pambuyo pake, cork samalola zakumwa zowonongeka kwambiri komanso mpweya wosasuntha kutha, sizikhudza kununkhira, kukoma kwa zinthu zomwe zimakumana nawo. Ili ndi kutentha kwambiri, mawu omveka komanso magetsi otchingira magetsi, sasintha mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala (ma acid, ma alkali, ma alcohols).

Pafupifupi 90 mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku nkhata. Ngakhale zinyalala ndi fumbi la cork zimasonkhanitsidwa mosamala ndikugwiritsa ntchito popanga linoleum, cholumikizira ndi zina zomanga ndi zomalizira.

Amur Velvet, kapena mtengo wa Amur Cork (Phellodendron amurense)

Ndizofunikira kuti akatswiri aku Soviet Union adatsegulira gawo ili loyesa kwambiri. Boma la tsarist silinayikire ngakhale kuti mtengo wolemera ngati womwewo wa nkhalango za ku Far East ndikuitanitsa nkokho kuchokera kunja. Ofufuzawo adachita zambiri kuti aphunzire sayansi ya Amur velvet ndi ukadaulo wa nkhata. M'chilimwe cha 1933, gulu loyesera (matani 90) a khungwa la konk linakonzedwa m'nkhalango za Far East. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zogula zakhala zikukulirakulira chaka ndi chaka. Mofananamo, kuyesa kwakukulu ndi kuswana kwa Amur velvet ku gawo la ku Europe kwa USSR kumachitika. Poyamba, mbewuyi idalimidwa kokha m'minda ya botanical ndi arboretums, kenako pang'onopang'ono idayamba kuwonjezeredwa mu malo oyesera komanso mafakitale a nkhalango.

Kuphatikizika, komwe kumakonzedwa kwambiri ku Amur velvet kumatha pafupifupi zaka 30. Mtengo wa nkhumba tsopano ukhoza kupezeka m'malo akuluakulu obzala nkhalango zatsopano ku Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine ndi Caucasus. Ku Ukraine kokha, Amur velvet amabzalidwa pamahekitala oposa 5,000; kumpoto kwa gawo la ku Europe la USSR, chikhalidwe chake chimafalikira ku Moscow ndi Leningrad. Zomera zatsopano chaka chilichonse zimapereka kuchuluka kwa mafakitale ambiri.

Amur Velvet, kapena mtengo wa Amur Cork (Phellodendron amurense)

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti danga la nkhata lingachotsedwe kale pamtengo wazaka 18, ndipo mtengo wazaka 25 zathanzi umapereka kwa kilo ya nkhata yamtengo wapatali. Mukakolola koyamba, mtengowu nthawi zambiri umapumulitsidwa kwa zaka 10-12. Panthawi imeneyi, nkhumba zomwe zidachotsedwa zimapangidwanso.

Kwa mamiliyoni a zaka, Amur velvet adakhala m'malo atsopano kapena kusiya akale, akumvera kokha koyamba kusewera kwachilengedwe, tsopano zomwe zili pano komanso zamtsogolo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi lingaliro ndi chifuniro cha anthu aku Soviet Union.