Chomera cha herbaceous chaka chilichonse kapena chobzala nyvyanik (Leucanthemum) ndi nthumwi ya banja la Astrovidae kapena Compositae. M'mbuyomu, mbewuyi idatengera mtundu wa Chrysanthemum. Leucanthemum imasiyana ndi chrysanthemum chifukwa ilibe fungo la mtunduwu, komanso ilibe kufooka, komwe kumakhala mulu wopepuka. Malinga ndi chidziwitso osiyanasiyana, mitundu 20-70 mitundu ndiyomwe ilipo. Dzina lasayansi la genus "leucantemum" m'Chigiriki limatanthawuza "duwa loyera", dzina la Chirasha la duwa "nyvyanik" limachokera ku liwu loti "niva". Mitundu yambiri ya Leucanthemum imapezeka ku Asia ndi Europe m'malo otentha. Chomerachi chitha kupezekanso ku New Zealand, North America ndi Australia. Wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amatcha chomera ichi chamomile chamomile. Ndizotchuka kwambiri pamawonekedwe a malo, komanso kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe.
Zolemba za Leucanthemum
Maluwa a herbaceous nyvyanik ali ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri. Masamba, ophukira owongoka amakhala opanda nthambi, kutalika kwake kumasiyana kuchokera pa 0.3 mpaka 1.2 m. Madambo onse okhala ndi masamba owoneka ndi masamba, okhala ndi masamba ali ndi mawonekedwe a lanceolate-oblong komanso mtundu wobiriwira wakuda. Ma plates a masamba ndi osaka kapena tsinde, ndipo izi zimatengera mtundu wa Leucanthemum. Maluwa akulu m'mimba mwake amafika 60-120 mm, ndipo kunja kwake amafanana kwambiri ndi daisies. Maluwa ndi mabasiketi a inflorescence, omwe amaphatikiza ndi maluwa achikasu achikasu ozungulira mabango achikasu kapena oyera. Ma inflorescence ali kumapeto kwa mphukira. Nyvyanik limamasula kawiri nyengo, kapena m'malo: mu Meyi-Julayi ndi August-September. Pakati pa mtanga, njere zimacha, zomwe zimatha kukhala zaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu.
Kukula Mbewu ya Leucanthemum
Pakulima chomera cha vernus kudzera mbande, pamakhala mwayi umodzi, chowonadi ndi chakuti mbewu zotere zimayamba kuphuka kale munyengo ino. Kufesa mbewu za mbande kumachitika m'masiku omaliza a February kapena oyamba - mu Marichi. Zomera, mutha kutenga chilichonse (chilichonse, mabokosi, makapu, makapu, ndi zina), chifukwa mtsogolo mbande zidzafunika kuphukika. Komabe, kuti zitheke kuthana ndi chinyontho m'nthaka, ndibwino kutenga chidebe chosaya kuti mubzale. Matanki ali ndi dothi losakanizika ndi dothi lokonzekera kubzala mbande za maluwa, koma ngati mungafune, mutha kutenga chisakanizo chopangidwa ndi mchenga ndi peat. Asanafesere, dothi losakaniza ndi chidebe ziyenera kupetedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya potaziyamu permanganate. Poyamba, danga labwino lokwanira liyenera kupangidwa pansi pa thankiyo, lomwe limadzaza ndi kusakaniza kwa dothi. Kukula kwake sikuyenera kudzazidwa pamwamba, 20-30 mm pansi m'mphepete. Pamwamba pa gawo lapansi muyenera kukongoletsedwanso, kenako ndikofunikira kugawa mbewu, zomwe zimayikidwa m'milimita 10 zokha ndikuwazidwa ndi dothi losalala. Mbewu ziyenera kukhala zothinitsidwa ndi kutsitsi labwino.
Chotengera sichifunikira kuphimbidwa, koma chimakonzedwanso pamalo otentha (pafupifupi madigiri 22). Mbewu yoyamba ikawonekera, botolo liyenera kukonzedwanso m'malo ozizira (kuyambira 18 mpaka 20 degrees). Zomera zikakhala ndi milungu 4, zimayenera kuphatikiza ndi yankho la mullein. Mbande zimasankhidwa zaka chimodzi ndi theka, chifukwa zimabzalidwa m'makanema amodzi, zomwe zimayenera kudzazidwa ndi dothi losakanikirana, koma humus pang'ono liyenera kuthiramo. Mukamasankha makapu, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti mbandezo zimamera zisanalowe dothi lotseguka. Pakadutsa masiku ochepa mutabzala, mbewuzo zidzafunika kuvala chovala chimodzi pamwamba, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yamoyo. Dziwani kuti pakati pazovala ziwiri zapamwamba izi pazikhala masiku pafupifupi 20-30. Mbande zibzalidwe dothi mu Meyi, koma pokhapokha kuwopseza kwa chisanu kumatha. Komabe, asanabzale kwa masiku 15, mbewuyo imayenera kuumitsidwa.
Pakatikati, mabowo akufika ayenera kukhala 0,3 m, mtunda pakati pawo mwachindunji kutengera kalasi la novice, ndipo umasiyana kuchokera pa 0.3 mpaka 0.7 mamita. Mtunda pakati pa mizere uyenera kukhala wosachepera 20 cm. Musanafike pansi pa dzenje, muyenera kuyika 20 magalamu a feteleza wokwanira wamafuta, komanso kuchokera 300 mpaka 400 magalamu a kompositi kapena humus. Kubzala mbande kumachitika limodzi ndi mtanda wa dziko lapansi, ndipo mabowo adakutidwa ndi dothi lomanga thupi. Zomera zobzalidwa zimafuna kuthirira kwambiri. Madziwo atakwiririka munthaka, ndikuwuma pang'ono, malowo amaphimbidwa ndi mulch, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosakaniza ndi sawdust (20 magalamu a saltpeter pa chidebe chimodzi cha utuchi).
Kukula kwa munda poyera
Ngati mbewu yofesedwa mwachidwi panthaka, ndiye kuti chaka choyamba, mapangidwe a tsamba ndi mizu adzawonedwa mu mbewu. Maluwa oyamba amatha kuwonekera mchaka chachiwiri cha kukula. Kufesa mbewu panthaka kumachitika kumayambiriro kwamasika kapena m'dzinja.
Pamalo omwewo popanda kuwaika, chomera ichi chitha kulimidwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, potengera izi, sankhani malo omwe mudzabzala ayenera kukhala osamala kwambiri. Malowa akuyenera kukhala ndi dzuwa ndi dothi lonyowa, lopanda madzi, pomwe likuyenera kulimidwa mpaka pakuya kwa 0.25 mpaka 0.3 m. Chernozem ndiyabwino kwambiri kukulira ryavnik. Ngati dothi lili louma kapena losauka, ndiye kuti kukula kwa mitengo yam'masamba omwe amalimapo amakhala ochepa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi omwe ali ndi nthaka yachonde. Tikamamera pamithunzi, tchire limadziwika ndi kutukuka pang'ono, pomwe maluwa ake sakhala opusa komanso owoneka bwino. Humus iyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku dothi lolemera kwambiri kapena lopepuka (makilogalamu 20 ndi 15 amatengedwa pa mita imodzi imodzi). Chikhalidwe ichi sichingabzalidwe mumchenga wowoneka bwino kapena dothi lolemera, komanso malo opanda chinyezi sayenera izi, chifukwa pali kuthekera kwakukulu kuti nyvnyak idwala ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus ndikuyamba kukalamba.
Pukutsani dothi ndikuwongolera pamwamba pake. Kenako muyenera kupanga ma grooves, pomwe mtunda pakati pawo uzikhala osachepera 20 cm. Ikani mbeu panthaka ndi 20 mm. Pambuyo pake, amasindikizidwa, ndipo malowa amadzala madzi ambiri. Tsiku lotsatira, pamwamba pamalowo paphimbidwa ndi mulch (peat). Mbewu zikaonekera, ndikofunikira kuzichepetsa.
Ngati kufesa inali nthawi yozizira, ndiye kuti mbande zoyambirira ziyenera kuonekera koyambirira kwa nthawi ya masika, ngati mu Meyi ndikudula mbewu zidzagwiritsika ntchito kumalo okhazikika, ndiye kuti pali kuthekera kwakukulu kuti tchire lidzaphuka m'dzinja. Ngati kufesa mbewu kudachitika mchaka, ndiye kuti mu kugwa mudzakhala mbande zolimba bwino. Iyenera kuikidwa pamalo osatha (chiwembu chofotokozedwa pamwambapa), chomera chikazika mizu, chidzafunika kuphimbidwa nthawi yachisanu.
Kusamalira nyvyanik m'munda
Palibe chovuta kusamalira nyvyanik. Mabasi amayenera kuthirira panthawi yake, kuvala pamwamba, kudula, kumasula nthaka. Kuti tchire lizioneka lokongola nthawi zonse, muyenera kusankha madengu omwe anayamba kuzimiririka. Kutsirira kumachitika pokhapokha pachilala, pomwe chidebe 1 chamadzi chimayenera kumwa pa 1 mita imodzi ya chiwembu. Mvula ikadutsa kapena kuthilira, kuthana ndi nthaka pakati pa tchire kuyenera kumasulidwa, kwinaku ndikudula udzu wonse.
Ndikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito Nitrofoska kudyetsa nyvnik: kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yokukula, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito yankho lomwe zinthu za nayitrogeni zimakhala zazitali, ndipo potaziyamu ayenera kupezeka nthawi ya budts. Chikhalidwe ichi chimalimbikitsidwanso kuti chidyetse mullein solution. Ngati pali zotheka, ndiye kuti zinthu zofunikira kuzinthu zina ziyenera kuyikidwa munthaka 1 nthawi iliyonse mwezi uliwonse ndiye sizingakhale zofunikira kudyetsa leucanthem ndi feteleza wa mchere. Komabe, pankhani iyi, munthawi yophukira, chakudya cham'mafupa chimayenera kuwonjezedwa kunthaka m'malo mwa Nitrofoski. Maluwa atatha, tchire limayamba kutaya kukongoletsa kwawo mwachangu, chifukwa chake zimayambira ziyenera kufupikitsidwa mpaka sentimita 10-15.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Nthawi yamvula, tchire limatha kupatsira matenda oyamba ndi fungus, makamaka ngati kukugwa mvula kwanthawi yayitali. Leucanthemum imatha kukhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri, powdery mildew, peronosporosis, malo owoneka, fusarium, kuzungulira kwa tsinde ndi khansa ya bakiteriya. Pazizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda aliwonse omwe atchulidwa, chitsamba chimayenera kuthiridwa bwino ndi msanganizo wa Bordeaux (1%), ngati pakufunika izi, ndiye kuti njirayi idzafunika kubwereza kamodzi kapena katatu pakadutsa sabata limodzi ndi theka. Komabe, musanapitilize kukonzanso, tchire lomwe limakhudzidwa kwambiri limapezeka ndi kuwonongedwa.
Kutsegula ma penni, ma pulosesa ndi ma chrysanthemum akhoza kukhazikika patchire. Kuti ayeretse tchire kuchokera kuzakudya zoyipa zotere, iwo ndi dothi lomwe pansi pawo liyenera kutsanulidwa kangapo ndi yankho la Bazudin, Intavira, Aplaud kapena Vermitek. Komanso, pokonza, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kulowetsedwa kwa mbewu zokhala ndi tizinthu tina tating'onoting'ono monga celandine, marigold kapena yarrow. Ogwira ntchito zamaluwa aluso amalimbikitsa kuchitira mbewu pompopompo mankhwala ophera tizirombo, chifukwa ndiolimba kuposa mankhwala wowerengeka komanso othandiza.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya nivyanik yokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Wamaluwa amalima mitundu ingapo ya nyvyanik, komanso mitundu yake yambiri.
Marsh Leucanthemum (Leucanthemum paludosum), kapena Swamp Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum paludosum = Hymenostemma paludosum)
Mtunduwu umachokera ku zigawo zakumwera kwa Spain ndi Portugal. Kutalika kwa chitsamba sikupitilira 0.25 m, koma ndikuwoneka bwino chifukwa cha kukongola kwake kodabwitsa. Masamba ake, omwe amakhala ndi masamba, amatha kupendekeka kapena kuwongola. Masamba omata obiriwira obiriwira amakhala osyankhidwa kapena osakhazikika m'mphepete. Mabasiketi ambiri amakula, omwe m'mimba mwake amafika 30 mm, maluwa achikasu atumbuwa amatengedwa mu disk yayikulu, yomwe imapangidwa ndi maluwa ofika mabango. Maluwa amayamba m'masiku otsiriza a Juni ndipo amatenga mpaka chisanu choyamba.
Kuril nimbus (Leucanthemum kurilense)
Mtunduwu ndiwosuta ku North Japan. Matanthwe a daisy amenewa amatulutsa mochedwa, ndipo amachokera kuzilumba za East Asia za Hokkaido, zilumba za Kuril ndi Honshu. Chomera chamuyaya ichi chimafika kutalika kwa 0,2 m zokha, ndipo chimakonda kumera pamchenga wam'mphepete mwa miyala, miyala ndi maphompho. Masamba okhala ndi masamba opindika ndi atatu-okoka atatu kapena asanu, m'mapangidwe - kuyambira impso mpaka kuzungulira. Mpweya wakewo ndi wakuda komanso wopanda mnofu. Ma inflorescence akulu amatha kukhala amodzi kapena ochepa, amaphatikiza maluwa achikasu ndi mabango oyera.
Lucanthemum maximum (Leucanthemum maximum)
Malo omwe mitunduyi imabadwira ndi a Pyrenees. Chosatha ichi chili ndi mizu yolimba. Ili ndi mphukira zambiri, kutalika kwake komwe kungakhale kosiyana ndi 0,5 mpaka 1 mita. Mapulogalamu amtundu wotsika ndi otsika - petiolate ndi scapular, komanso apamwamba - obala mawonekedwe, owoneka bwino komanso omata m'mphepete. Kutalika kwa inflorescences kuli pafupifupi masentimita 12, amaphatikiza maluwa aubweya wapakatikati wachikasu, komanso maluwa oyera okhala ngati bango, omwe amakhala m'mizere iwiri. Mu mitundu ya terry, mabasiketi ali ofanana kwambiri ndi ma chrysanthemums: ali odzazidwa ndi mizere ingapo yamaluwa amitundu yoyera, pomwe corolla, yopanga maluwa a tubular ndipo ili pakati, imapakidwa yoyera. Maluwa a mtunduwu amayamba pang'ono kuyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, kapena, patatha zaka khumi zoyambirira za Julayi. Kupangidwa kuyambira 1816. Mitundu yotchuka:
- Alaska. Ma inflorescences m'mimba mwake amafika masentimita 10, maluwa obisika amtundu woyera amapangidwa mzere umodzi.
- Achira. Tchire limaphuka kwambiri, ndipo kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi masentimita 50. Ma inflorescences ndi osavuta, akunja kofanana ndi chamomile.
- A Christine Hagemann. Kutalika kwa tchire kuli pafupifupi 0.7 m, mabasiketi atali.
- Mafumu achifumu. Kutalika kwa tchire lokomerali kuli pafupifupi m2, mamiliyoni inflorescence, oyera.
- Mayi wachisanu. Pazaka zotere, mabasiketi m'milimita awiri amafikira masentimita 17.
- Stern adapambana Antwerp. Tchire ndi lalitali, mabasiketi mulifupi mwake amafikira mainchesi 10. Maluwa a tubular ndi achikaso ndipo mabango ndi oyera.
Leucanthemum vulgare, kapena meadow chamomile
Mtunduwu ndiwotchuka kwambiri, umatchedwanso camomile wa m'munda. Kutchire, iye amakonda kukulitsa malo obiriwira m'nkhalango ndi madera akum'mwera kwa Siberia ndi Europe. Kutalika kwa osatha kotereku kumayambira pa 0.8 mpaka 0.9 mamita. Masamba a m'munsi ali ndi tsinde, lathunthu, ali ndi mawonekedwe a obovate, ndipo okwera kumtunda ndi oblong. Ma inflorescence amodzi m'mimba mwake amafika 60-70 mm, amaphatikiza apakati achikasu ndi mzere umodzi wamaluwa oyera. Wopangidwira kuyambira 1500. Chapakati pake, maluwa oyambira amatuluka m'masiku otsiriza a Meyi kapena masiku oyamba a June. Mitundu yotchuka:
- Maxima Koenig. Kutalika kwa tchire ndi pafupifupi masentimita 100. Pakatikati, inflorescence imafikira masentimita 12, imakhala ndi maluwa apakati achikuda achikuda, komanso mizere 1 kapena 2 yamaluwa oyera.
- Mai mfumukazi. Chitsamba chimafika kutalika kwa theka la mita. Ali ndi mabasiketi owoneka bwino, komanso maulemu okongola amtambo obiriwira.
- Sanssouci. Kutalika kwa tchire ndi pafupifupi masentimita 100. Madengu m'mimba mwake amafikira masentimita 12, amakhala ndi maluwa ochepa achikasu ndi maluwa oyera, ofika 50 mm kutalika ndipo adakhazikitsidwa mizere 6-8.
