Hazelnut, hazel kapena hazel ndichomera chodziwika bwino kwa ambiri, omwe amapezeka kuthengo, ogwiritsidwa ntchito kutchera mitengo, ndipo chifukwa cha mtedza wokoma komanso wathanzi, adayamba kutchuka ngati chikhalidwe chamaluwa.
Oimira amtunduwu, omwe amagwirizanitsa pafupifupi mitundu iwiri ya mitengo ndi mitengo yabwino, amatha kuwoneka m'malo osiyanasiyana North America, Asia ndi Europe. Ngakhale pali kusiyana komanso kukula kwake, mitundu yonse imakhala yofanana. Choyamba, izi zimakhudza mawonekedwe a masamba a hazel, kapangidwe ka maluwa, zipatso, mawonekedwe a maluwa ndi kubereka kwake.
Kufotokozera kwa chomera cha hazel
Mu mtundu wa Corylus, zitsamba zazikulu zimalamulira, zopangidwa ndi mphukira zambiri ndikufika pamtunda wa 3-10 metres. Chosiyana ndi mtengo wotchedwa hazel wopangidwa ndi mitengo, wosakonda kutuluka mphukira ndipo pambuyo pake umasanduka mtengo wamphamvu wokhala ndiutali mpaka 20 mita.
Hazel yamtundu uliwonse imadziwika mosavuta ndi masamba owundana kapena masamba ozunguliridwa omwe ali ndi m'mphepete mwa sewero komanso malo owonekera bwino. Amapitilizabe nthata zazifupi, zazitali komanso zophimba nthambi zazitali zokhala ngati nthambi.
Maluwa a Hazel amagawidwa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. Maonekedwe a mphete ndi maluwa achimuna amawonedwa ngati chiyambi cha maluwa a masika onse. Kuchulukitsa kwa akazi achikazi kumachitika chifukwa cha kukula kwa mungu ndi kachilombo koyamba. Mu inflorescence, kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 5 mazira am'mimba amapangidwa. Chipatso cha hazel chotupa mkati mwa chipolopolo cholimba chimatchedwa nati.
Chizindikiro pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi kupezeka kwa mtundu wamtanda wozungulira thumba losunga mazira. Chimafanana ndi chisoti, kapena ma kory achi Greek, khunyu wopangidwa kuchokera ku chomangira. Chipatso chikamapsa, chimawuma ndikuwonetsa chipolopolo cha mtedza kapena chofiirira.
Kulima kwa Hazel
Kununkhira kokongola kwa ma hazelnuts kapena ma hazelnuts, kuchuluka kwa thanzi ndi zabwino zomwe zaka masauzande zapitazo zidayamikiridwa ndi makolo athu. Kwa zaka zambiri, azungu ankatuta zipatso za hazel, zomwe zimamera zochuluka m'nkhalango zowuma. Zomera zoyamba zachikhalidwe, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi zolembedwa, zitha kupezeka m'dera la Balkan amakono, Mediterranean kumwera kwa Europe, kapena pagombe la Black Sea. Chifukwa chake, ku Caucasus, mtedza udalimidwa zaka zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo, ndipo dzina lawo lambiri "hazelnuts" ndi lochokera ku Turkey.
Mitundu yam'mwera chakum'mwera imadziwika ndi mtedza waukulu komanso wopanda zipatso zabwino.
Koma kumadera akumpoto, komwe nyengo yotentha imakhala yoopsa kuposa ku Turkey, Italy kapena Azerbaijan, mbewu zimatha kufa kapena kupereka zokolola zochepa. Chifukwa chake, kubereka hazel ndi ntchito yofunika ya akatswiri apakhomo, yoyamba yomwe inali I.V. Michurin.
Hazel wamba (C. avellana)
Mitunduyi, yotchedwa dera lachi Italiya la Avellano, lomwe ndi malo akale okulima ku Europe, ndi imodzi mwazofala kwambiri. Mitundu yachilengedwe ya Hazel wamba kapena hazelnut weniweni imakhala kumadzulo kwa kontrakitala ya Europe, komanso gawo lofunikira la Russia kuchokera ku dera la Leningrad kumpoto kupita ku Crimea ndi Caucasus kumwera.
Tchire la Hazel wamba latengera moyo wamnkhalango zachilengedwe, nkhalango zokhazikika, komanso ngakhale madera oponderapo.
Zomera zazikulu zimatha kutalika pafupifupi 5 metres ndipo m'malo abwino, zimakula bwino, ndikupanga wandiweyani, wovuta kudutsa m'nkhokwe. Makamaka ojambulidwa bwino pachithunzichi. Nayi mbewu:
- otetezedwa ku chisanu;
- kukhala ndi chakudya chokwanira komanso chinyezi;
- koma chifukwa chakugawa bwino, mungu samabala zipatso zonse kapena sapanga chiberekero.
Malingaliro amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu. Chifukwa chokhala cholimba, chosasimbika komanso kuuma kwa dzinja, hazel imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuswana. Masiku ano, mitundu yopitilira 20 yokolola Hazel, yopatsa ma hazelnuts abwino kwambiri, ndi mitundu yosangalatsa yokongoletsa yomwe idzakongoletsa bwino mundawo komanso malo akumatauni afalikira ku Russia.
Mafomu okongoletsa a Hazel
Kupeza mtedza sindicho cholinga chokha cha hazel. Mitundu yokongoletsera ya mmera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, yomwe imasiyana ndi kholo lakutchire ndi mtundu wa masamba, mawonekedwe a korona ndi mphukira payokha.
Hazel wotchuka kwambiri ndiwofiyira. Chitsamba chimasiyana pang'ono ndi mbewu wamba, koma masamba ake amakhala ndi mtundu wofiyira. Nthawi yomweyo, pamatamba a masamba achichepere, redness imakhala yowala kwambiri kuposa pansi pa mphukira, ndipo matani obiriwira ochulukirapo amawonekera mumthunzi. Chizindikiro cha hazel C. avellana Atropurpurea ndi mitundu ya anthocyanin osati masamba okha, komanso kuphatikiza kuzungulira m'mimba.
Mitundu yambiri ya hazelnut ya ku Russia imadziwikanso ndi masamba ofiira, omwe amapereka mawonekedwe owonjezereka kwa obzala.
Kuphatikiza pa hazel purpurea, mitundu ina imatha kuwoneka m'minda yaku Russia. Mwachitsanzo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana:
- Albovariegata, yodziwika ndi masamba, pomwe mzere wobiriwira kapena pang'ono loyera m'mphepete umawonekera bwino;
- Aurea, mumtundu wa masamba ndi korona yonse yomwe matupi achikasu ndi obiriwira obiriwira amakhala;
- Aureomarginata, momwe mtundu wagolide umangokhudza m'mphepete mwa tsamba ndipo amapanga malire.
Potengera opanga malo ndi wina aliyense amene alibe chidwi ndi zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, pali mitundu ina ya hazel yomwe ili ndi masamba odziwika, amtundu wa cirrus, masamba ena.
Hazel ndiosakayikitsa:
- kulira kapena C. pendula, kukula mu mtengo wokhazikika ndi nthambi zotambalala;
- yokhota kapena C. contorta, yonse yomwe mphukira zake zimadulidwa mwachisawawa, ndipo liwiro pakamwa limatsika kangapo poyerekeza ndi mbewu wamba.
Hazel yayikulu (C. maxima)
Mitundu yomwe kulimapo kwa ma hazelnuts idayamba kutchedwa Hazel yayikulu. Kuyambira kale, mbewuyi, monga yopatsa thanzi komanso mtedza wabwino, yalimidwa ku Balkans, Italy, Turkey, Caucasus ndi Crimea. Potchedwa dera lachi Italiya lotchedwa Lombardy, nyamazo zinayamba kutchedwa Lombard nati, ndipo anthu a ku Nyanja Yakuda adaudziwa kuti ndi Pontic.
Monga mitundu ina, mbewuyi ikufunika panthaka. Komwe Hazel imamera:
- nthaka imadzaza kale ndi michere;
- samalani kuthirira nthawi zonse ndi kuthandizira;
- Zakudya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zithetse mbewu yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika.
Chikhalidwe chomwe chimatulutsa ma hazelnuts apamwamba kwambiri kapena ma hazelnuts amatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi tchire lalikulu, lopindika kambiri lomwe limafikira kutalika kwa 10 mita.
Masamba awiri okhazikika, ozungulira kapena pafupifupi masamba ozungulira amadziwika pansipa. Mpweya umawonekera bwino pamasamba, ndipo masamba aang'ono nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ya anthocyanin yowala. Mitundu yamafuta imakhalanso itali, yopanda matipi yomwe imabisiratu mtedzawu.
Mtengo wa Hazel (C. colurna)
Hazel, yomwe imawoneka ngati chitsamba chodziwika bwino kwa ambiri, koma mtengo wamtali, imatchedwa mtengo. Mitundu yomwe ili ndi Asia Minor, Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia, komanso Balkan Peninsula, komanso Pontic nati ndi azikhalidwe zakale zomwe zimakondweretsa munthu zipatso zawo.
Mtengo wa Hazel udalipo kale ku Turkey, koma lero watenga njira yobala zipatso zochulukirapo komanso zosavuta pantchito zaulimi.
Mitengo yomwe imakhala ndi zaka mazana awiri zakubadwa ikupeza malo mosamalitsa. Zomera, zomwe zimadziwika kuti mtedza wa chimbalangondo, zimatha kuzindikira chifukwa:
- mitengo yopyapyala yokutidwa ndi makungwa amaso;
- chisoti chovekedwa ngati kandulo kapena chitsulo chachikulu;
- masamba obiriwira amdima;
- 3-8 wa zipatso, zobisika mu velvety, plseed kwambiri plush.
Ma Hazelnuts amtunduwu sikuti amangokhala, koma okoma kwambiri. Zimacha kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena theka loyambirira la Seputembala. Ku Russia, mitengo ya hazel imatha kubereka zipatso kokha kum'mwera kwambiri, mkanjira yapakati chikhalidwecho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chokongoletsera.
Hazelnuts (C. heterophylla)
Mitundu ya ku Asia ndi yofalikira komwe dera la hazel wamba limatha. Ma hazegated hazel, omwe amatchedwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a masamba, amatha kupezeka ku Far East, Chita Region, China, Mongolia, komanso ku Peninsula ya Korea komanso ku zilumba za Japan.
Monga msonkhano wake, nyanjayi imakonda malo otsetsereka, pomwe imalima mofunitsitsa, nkhalango zosakanizika zophatikizika ndi mitengo yazitona. Shrub:
- imasiyanasiyana korona wozungulira wozungulira, wopangidwa ndi mitengo ingapo yotalika ndi mainchesi mpaka 10 cm;
- imafika kutalika kwamamita atatu;
- m'malo abwino, amapanga nkhokwe zowuma zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kwa mitundu ina yokhala pansi pa chisa.
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya hazel varicoloured ndi masamba a masamba okhala ndi gawo laling'ono lowongoka komanso gawo lapamwamba.
Komanso, mitunduyi imadziwika ndi maluwa oyambirira ndi zipatso. Thumba lachiberekero limazunguliridwa ndi mbali ziwiri, pubescent bun, yofanana ndi belu. Ma hazelnuts akucha amafika mainchesi 15 mm. Phata pake imabisidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba kwambiri.
Chomera chake ndi cholimba kwambiri, chimalekerera chilala bwino kuposa mitundu ina ndipo sichiopa chisanu. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mukule Hazel ku Siberia, gwiritsani ntchito kulimbikitsa malo otsetsereka a chigwa, chomera chomwe chimatha kukokoloka ndi mphepo.
Chachikulu ndikuti malo omwe chitsamba chikukula ayenera kutetezedwa kuti asasefukira kapena kusefukira kwa madzi osungunuka kapena mvula.
Mwa chiwembu chamunthu, hazel yatsimikizira kuti ndi yopanda tsankho komanso yopunthwitsa. Ndiwofewetsa, koma imatha kukula pang'ono pang'ono, chisoti chachifumu chokhazikika chimayikidwa mosavuta mothandizidwa ndi secateurs, ndipo chisamaliro choyenera, tchire limakhala ndi kubereka zipatso kwa zaka zambiri.
Manchurian hazel (C. sieboldiana var. Mandshurica)
Ku Russia Far East, ku Korea komanso kumpoto kwa China, Hazel ya Manchurian ikukula. Mitundu iyi imasiyana ndi mbewu zomwe tafotokozazi pamwambo wosazolowereka wa tambala. Ndikupanga chubu chokulirapo chamafuta, chimakula mpaka 6 cm.
Mphukira zomwe zimapanga chitsamba chofika mpaka 4 metre zimakutidwa ndi makungwa a bulauni, osalala pamitengo yaying'ono ndipo yokutidwa ndi ming'alu pamatanda osatha. Mtunduwu uli ndi masamba akuluakulu ofewa. Thumba losunga mazira lomwe limapangika maluwa pambuyo pa Meyi limasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi pazidutswa za 3-4 Mtedza wakucha mu theka loyamba la yophukira uli ndi mawonekedwe owongoka. Ming'aluyo imakhala ndi timatumba tating'onoting'ono komanso timadyedwe, koma kupeza mtedza kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha zinthu zazifupi.
Chomera sichimawopa chisanu. Chifukwa chake, ndi malo oyenera obzala hazel ku Siberia ndi chisamaliro, chikhalidwecho chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nati komanso kukongoletsa.
Momwe mungakulire Hazel
Hazelnut ndi chikhalidwe chosasinthika, chisamaliro chomwe chitha kuthekera ngakhale kwa oyambitsa wamaluwa. Kukonzekera kubzala komanso kusamalira hazel wamba kumayambira posankha malo oyenera.
Hazel amakonda kuwala, koma amatha kumera. Koma ngati masamba a mmera ali ofiira, amawoneka bwino kwambiri padzuwa. Mthunzi, mbewu zoterezi zimatha kusiya kukongola ndikupanga zobiriwira. Udzu wokhala ndi utoto woyera kapena wachikaso, umatentha ndi dzuwa mwachindunji, ndipo apa ndikofunikira kusamalira chitetezo kwa maola otentha kwambiri.
Kutchire, zitsamba zimakhazikika m'nkhalango zowuma zokhala ndi dothi lonyowa lopanda chimbudzi. Nthawi yomweyo, muzu wa mbewu sulekerera chinyezi, ndipo chilala chimapweteketsa masamba ndi kutaya mbewu.
Mu kasupe, mbewuyo imadzuka m'mawa kwambiri, ndikusunthira kumalo atsopano kumatha kubweretsa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yabwino kubzala hazel ndi yophukira.
Maenje okhala ndi kukula kwa osachepera 50 × 60 cm amakonzedwa pasadakhale. Ngati mukuyenera kulima ma hazelnuts ndi kusamalira kamodzi pazoyimira zingapo, pakati pawo kusiya masamba 4-5 aulere. Kuti mupeze kuzizira msanga komanso kukula mwachangu podzaza, osakaniza amakonzedwa motengera:
- nthaka yachonde;
- 10 makilogalamu a humus yabwino;
- 200 g wa superphosphate;
- 50 g wa feteleza wa potashi.
Kamangidwe kake kamayikidwa pansi ngati mawonekedwe a cone, pomwe mizu ya chitsamba imayikidwa mosamala kuti khosi la mizu likhale pansi. Dzenje likadzaza, dothi limakongoleredwa, kuthiriridwa madzi, kenaka ndikuwumbirira kuti chinyontho chikhala bwino.
Momwe mungakulitsire hazel, osakongoletsa malowa, komanso kusangalala nthawi zonse ndi mtedza wokoma. Akatswiri amakulangizani kuti musankhe mitundu malinga ndi nthawi ya maluwa, komanso lingalirani za kuthekera kwa kupukutidwa ndi mphepo.
Kusamalira mbewu ndi izi:
- kuthirira, ndikofunikira panthawi yakucha kwa mtedza;
- kuvala pamwamba kumayambiriro kwamasika komanso panthawi yopanga ovary;
- kudulira kuti kolona, kukonzanso kapena kukhala ndi thanzi labwino.
M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, zitsamba zazing'ono zimatha kuzizira. Amalangizidwa kuti agwada pansi ndikuphimba. Kudulira hazel mu kasupe kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mumasule chomera kuchokera ku nthambi zouma, zowuma kapena zouma. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yosavuta imathandizira kupanga korona molondola, kuti dzuwa lipatsidwe ndi nthambi iliyonse.
Pachifukwa ichi, m'tchire lirilonse, mphukira zolimba 8-10 zimatsalira, ndipo zina, kuyesera kumasula pakatikati, zimachotsedwa pamunsi. Kwa hazel, kulima pa trellis ndikotheka, komanso kupanga chomera chokhazikika.
Pofuna kufooketsa chitsamba, mphukira zoonjezereka zimadulidwa chaka chilichonse. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pamankhwala otemera.
Hazel: zothandiza katundu ndi contraindication
Chuma chachikulu cha mbewuyi ndi mtedza. Ichi ndi nkhokwe yeniyeni ya mavitamini, mafuta athanzi, mapuloteni ndi mchere.
Pafupifupi 65% ya kulemera kwenikweni kumakhala mafuta acids. Pakati pazinthu zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zomwe pali magnesium, potaziyamu ndi calcium, phosphorous ndi sulfure, zinc, manganese, fluorine. Mavitamini amayimiriridwa ndi gulu B, ascorbic acid, A, E ndi PP. Zopatsa mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu za 100 gm ya zipatso ndi 700 kcal.
Kuphatikizika kolemera ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamalowo kumatsimikizira phindu la hazel ndi contraindication zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa mukamadya mtedza wokoma.
Kodi hazelnut ndi yothandiza bwanji? Mtedza wopatsa thanzi wamafuta, magnesium ndi potaziyamu ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popewa matenda a mtima ndi mtima, makamaka:
- atherosulinosis;
- matenda amtsempha wamagazi
- matenda a ubongo;
- myocardial infaration.
Mankhwala achilengedwe samangoyambitsa minofu ya mtima, komanso amalimbitsa mitsempha yamagazi, amawongolera magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, mtedza wa hazel ndi wothandiza pazinthu zamanjenje komanso zam'mimba, zimapangitsa gallbladder, kusintha kagayidwe ndi kukana kukalamba kwa thupi.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mavitamini, mapuloteni ndi mafuta achesi, zipatso za hazel ndizofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwa anthu azomera, ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lactose amatha kusintha mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi mkaka wokoma komanso wathanzi. Zakudya zochepa za shuga zimatsimikizira kuti mchere wotsekemera wa hazel sichimakhudza thanzi la anthu odwala matenda ashuga ndipo sapangitsa kuti munthu azifuna kuwonda.
Pofotokoza zabwino za hazel wamba, sitingayiwale za masamba, makungwa, kuthengo ndi mbali zina za mbewu. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi zinthu zothandiza kuti zitheke, ma antipyretic, vasodilating, anti-yotupa, kubwezeretsa katundu kubzala. Infusions ndi nkhosa zochokera Hazel zimayambitsa mavuto ndi chimbudzi, matenda amitsempha, omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu wa genitourinary ndi helminthic.
Mafuta a Walnut ali ndi machiritso.Zimathandizira kuchotsa kukwiya msanga, kuchepetsa zilonda zam'mimba ndikuthandizira kusinthika kwa minofu. Mkaka wochotsa kumaso ndi njira yotsimikizika wowerengeka yothetsera gastritis, cholecystitis ndi enterocolitis, komanso pamavuto ena omwe amaperekedwa ndi spasms, mkwiyo ndi kupweteka.
