Zambiri zadothi m'munda

Chofunikira pakusamalira munda ndi kawonedwe ka dothi, kamene kamapereka madzi abwino ndi chakudya cha mitengo ya zipatso. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu m'ndondomeko iyi ndikuwonjezera chonde m'nthaka, kupanga malo abwino ophukira ndi mitengo yazipatso, ndikuwonjezera zipatso.

M'malo osakwanira chinyezi, monga, mwachitsanzo, Western Kazakhstan, zabwino zimapezeka pamtundu wamtunda womwe uli pansi pamusi wakuda. Kafukufuku wa Aktobe State Agricultural Experimental Station adawona kuti zomwe zimayalidwa mzere pansi pa nthunzi yakuda sizimalola kuti nthaka ikhale yoyera kokha, komanso zimapangitsa kuti mitengo yazipatso itukuke komanso kukula bwino. Phula lakuda limakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri kuposa malo omwe nyemba zimabzalidwa. Ngati pathanthwe lakuda dothi lonyowa potengera malo omwe mizu yayikulu -0-50 cm imachokera ku 18.5-20.2%, ndiye kuti m'derali ndi nyemba panali 13.2-13.8%, i.e. chatsanulidwa.

Kuwunikira kwa dothi poyesa kuyeserera, kochitidwa ndi labotale ya agrochemical, kunawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu muzinthu za nayitrogeni. Pa chovala chakuda chinali chachikulu poyerekeza ndi malo a sod, momwe alfalfa imayamwa nayitrogeni, ndipo pafupifupi palibe mchere womwe unachitika. Kuperewera kwa madzi ndi michere (makamaka nayitrogeni) m'dera la sod sizinakhudze kukula ndi kukula kwa mitengo yazipatso yaying'ono.

Pokhudzana ndi kukula kwabwino kwa mitengo pamtambo wakuda, zipatso zidayamba kale. Kuwombera sikunali bwino konseko. Zotsatira zofananazo zidapezedwa ndi V.V. Selikhov (1947, 1949), V.I. Vasiliev ndi L. B. Balashova (1954), L.F. Vavilina ndi O.P. Bankovskaya (1957) pamalo otetezedwa a zipatso ku Ural. Chifukwa chake, maphunzirowa akuwonetsa kuti ali ndi mwayi wamtambo wakuda poyerekeza ndi sodding m'minda yaying'ono.

Komabe, popeza kuti akadali achichepere, mitengo yazipatso sigwiritsa ntchito bwino malo omwe muli anthu ndi madzi okwanira, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza nthenga zakuda ndikulima masamba (kabichi koyambirira, anyezi, mbewu za mizu), mbatata, ndi sitiroberi mumipata. Zozungulira ozungulira ziyenera kusungidwa pansi pa nthenga zakuda. Kafukufuku wochitidwa kumalo osungirako zipatso a Ural (V. I. Vasiliev, L. B. Balashova, 1954; L. F. Vavilina, O. P. Bankovskaya, 1957) adawonetsa kuti kulima masamba ndi masamba a mizere m'mizere pakati pa minda ya zipatso yaying'ono imakhala ndi vuto lililonse pakukula ndi mtengo wa apulo.

Ngati timiyala tomwe timasungidwa pansi pa nthunzi yakuda, tillage imatsitsidwa ndikutsatira. Mukugwa (mu Seputembala), kuwaza mizere ndi kukumba mitengo ikuluikulu kumachitika. Pafupi ndi mitengo yazipatso, kulima kapena kukumba dothi lakuya kwambiri. Kukumba dothi, ndikofunikira kuyika fosholo ndi m'mphepete kumtengo wa mtengo kuti tisawononge mizu yamifupa. Ndikofunika kulima kumapeto kwa ntchito yogwira mizu, yomwe imachitika pafupifupi mu khumi lachiwiri la Seputembala, koma osachedwa ndi kulima, kuti nthawi yotsalira isanazizidwe kukonza mizu yowonongeka.

Kumayambiriro kwam'mawa, dothi lisanayime, kuti dothi lisungunuke, nthaka imasungunuka m'mbali mwake ndikuzungulira pomwepo. Monga maudzu akuwonekera komanso mutathirira (ndi cholinga chowononga dothi lapansi ndikutchingira mizere), kudula ndi kumasula mitengo ikuluikulu ndikulima kwa mizere kumachitika. Kulima dimba m'minda, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zonse ziwiri za m'munda (zomangira zadula, zodulira masamba), ndi alimi azolinga zazikulu.