Fusarium: Lekani kuphuka mbewu

Fusariosis ndi matenda oopsa komanso owopsa a fungus. Matenda a Fusarium ndimatenda opatsirana azomera (olimidwa ndi kuthengo) oyambitsidwa ndi bowa wa mtundu wa Fusarium. Zomera zimakhudzidwa ndi zaka zilizonse. Mafangayi ali m'nthaka ndipo amalowa mu dothiwo ndikuvulala. Zomera zazing'ono, matendawa amawonekera mu mawonekedwe akuwuka kwa mizu ndi muzu wa khosi. M'malo awa minofu imasanduka yofiirira, phesi limayamba kuwonda, masamba amasanduka achikasu. Posakhalitsa chomera chonsecho chimafota ndikufa. Matendawa amafalitsidwa makamaka ndi foci. Matendawa amafalikira kudothi. Zomera zofooka ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Kukula kwa matendawa kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ndi mpweya zizikhala kwambiri.

Matendawa ndiofala m'madera onse a nyengo. Ndi fusarium, dongosolo la mtima (fusarium wilt) ndi minofu yomera (zowola mizu, zipatso ndi njere, fusarium yamakutu, makutu, mitundu ina ya fusarium) zimakhudzidwa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapitilira kwakanthawi m'nthaka komanso zinyalala zam'mera, kulowa mumizu ndi gawo la tsinde.

Fusarium Tomato. © Scot Nelson

Mbeu zophatikizidwa ndi mbande zingakhale gwero la matenda. Zina zoyipa zimathandizira kukula kwamatendawa (kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi mlengalenga ndi nthaka, kusowa kwa chakudya cha nthaka, zina), kufooketsa mbewuyo, kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo, ndi zina. mycelium wa bowa ndi kutulutsa kwake poizoni (fusaric acid, lycomarasmin, etc.).

Matendawa amayamba ndi kuvunda kwamizu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timalowa m'dothi loyambira m'mizu yaying'ono, pomwe mycelium imakula, ndikukula. Kenako, kudzera pazombo zoyendetsazo, zimakwera mumtengamu ndikufikira masamba. Masamba otsika amazimera, m'mphepete mwa enawo amasanduka madzi, ndipo madera ena amakhala obiriwira kapena achikasu achikasu. Zotengera zamasamba ndi petioles zimafooka, ndipo masamba ochedwa amayendayenda pamtengo. Kutentha kotsika + 16 ° C, mbewu zodwala zimafa msanga mokwanira. Nthawi yomweyo, mafangayi amapanga poizoni yemwe amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa maselo a minofu, zowola muzu, zofiirira komanso zouma za masamba ndi masamba. Ndi chinyezi chowonjezereka cha mpweya, mitundu yofiyira yoyera pamtunda masamba.

Zizindikiro zakugonjetsedwa

Ndi fusarium, dongosolo la mtima (fusarium wilting) ndi minofu yomera (zowola mizu, zipatso ndi mbewu) zimakhudzidwa. Ndi fusarium wilting, zotupa ndi kufa kwa mbewu kumachitika chifukwa chakuphwanya kwakuthwa kwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa mitsempha ya magazi ndi mycelium ya bowa ndikumasulidwa kwa zinthu zapoizoni kwa iwo. Zomera zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikuwonetsa maluwa, maluwa achikasu ndi masamba, masamba amdima osadetsedwa, masamba obisika. Zombo zakuda zimawoneka pagawo la tsinde ndi masamba. Kutentha kotsika + 16 ° C, mbewu zodwala zimafa msanga mokwanira.

Fusarium spike. © MUExtension417

Pa mababu, nthawi zambiri pansi pamakhala mawanga ofiira otundumukira mkati (chifukwa chake, fusarium mu mababu nthawi zambiri amatchedwa red rot), yomwe, ikadzaza chinyezi, imakutidwa ndi duwa loyera. Pakusungidwa, matendawa amakula msanga ndipo mababu amawola, popeza ndi gwero lalikulu la matenda.

Fusarium wilt ndiyowopsa makamaka kwa mbewu zonse za babu, neoregelia, maluwa, chrysanthemums, echmei, anthurium, gerbera, cyclamen, basamu, zygocactus ndi ena cacti ogawanika.

Njira zomenyera nkhondo

Popewa mbewu za m'nyumba za Fusarium, nthaka iyenera kuwerengedwa kapena kuzizira, mbewu zimafunika kuzifutsa zisanabzike. Mukakonza dothi losakaniza, mutha kupanga mankhwala Trichodermin - mbewu zochepa poto limodzi ndi mainchesi 25. Osanyalanyaza malamulo osunga mbewu zakunyumba - matendawa amakula pokhapokha pazomera zopanda mphamvu.

Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amapezeka mochedwa kwambiri, pomwe njirayi idagwira chomera zambiri ndikufa kwake mosalephera. Zomera zodwala ndi mababu zimasiyanitsidwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo zathanzi zimathiridwa ndi Benomil (Fundazol). Mababu asanabzalidwe ndi kusungiramo timakhomera ndi Fludioxonil (Kukonzekera kwakukulu) kwa mphindi 30, kenako kuyesedwa kwa maola 24.

Fusarium Strawberry. © Aileen Reid

Ngati mbewuyo sikukhudzidwa kwambiri, mutha kuyesa kuzula phesi. Ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse pamwamba, mulowerere kwa maola 8 mu yankho la Benomil (Fundazole) ndikuphatikizira dontho la Epin. Ngati phesi limazika mizu osamwalira posachedwa, zikutanthauza kuti adapirira matendawa.

Mankhwala antifungal mankhwala Trichodermin kapena Mikosan-B. Ndikofunika kuti mugwiritse ntchito Fitosporin-M, Fitocide kuchokera pa gawo lakufesa mbewu m'nthaka.

Kupewa

Kukula kwa matendawa kumapangitsa kuti dothi ndi mpweya zizikhala chinyezi kwambiri, nthawi zambiri mpweya wabwino m'malo, ndikumasula dothi lapansi ndikuthira dothi nthaka musanagwiritse ntchito. Mukamagwira ntchito, samatirani zida - mpeni, lumo komanso zovala zina (waya, ulusi) ndi mowa. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochokera m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe kapena madzi amvula, amatha kuwongolera ndi mankhwala a Fitosporin-M.

Fusarium muzomera zosiyanasiyana

Astra

Fusarium wilt, kapena Fusarium aster, ndimatenda am'mimba omwe amayamba chifukwa cha bowa limodzi la genus Fusarium. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amawonekera kale m'mera akuluakulu, pagawo la budding ndi chiyambi cha maluwa. Njira zoyesera pothana ndi matendawa sizinapangidwebe. Komabe, pali njira zoletsa zomwe zingachepetse izi. Ndikofunikira kuti aster apange kasinthasintha wa mbeu pamalopo, komanso kasinthasintha wa mbeu m'malo akulu. Astra isinthane ndi maluwa ndi masamba ena kuti abwerere pomwe sichinapezeke zaka 5 zitatha.

Fusarium aster (Callistefus). © Jaroslav Rod

Patsamba, lomwe likukonzekera kubzala asters, munthu sayenera kubweretsa manyowa ndi kompositi yatsopano, koma humus yekha ndi manyowa oyenera kompositi. Njira zonse zomwe zimathandizira kukana kwa thupi kumera kumakulitsa kukana kwa matenda a Fusarium, monga: kubzala mbewu chisanadze ndi mayankho a micherement, kukula bwino, mbande zolimba, kuvala pamwamba ndi zovala feteleza zazikulu komanso zazikulu. Zomera siziyenera kubzalidwa pang'ono, ndikofunikira kuti ma bulugamu amathandiziridwanso komanso madzi samayenda pakakhosi kamizu. Zomera zoyambitsidwa ndi Fusarium zimayenera kuchotsedwa posachedwa pamalopo kapena m'munda wamaluwa. Sayenera kuyikidwa m'manda pansi kapena kompositi. Zikuyenera kuwotchedwa. Inde, ndikofunikira kusankha mitundu yosagonjetseka ku Fusarium pakubzala

Tomato

Chizindikiro choyamba chowonongeka ndichakuti masamba am'munsi amazimiririka pang'ono ndikukhala chlorotic. M'munsi mwa tsinde, zotengera zimakhala zofiirira. Kukula kwa zizindikiro kumakulirakulira patsiku lotentha, pakapita nthawi, matendawa amakwirira chomera chonse. Masamba ambiri amazirala ndipo mbewuyo imafa. Vascular necrosis imapezeka kumtunda kwa tsinde ndi petioles.

Njira imodzi yodzitchinjiriza ndikugwiritsa ntchito mbeu mwathanzi. Kukula kopanda matenda osakanikirana (Red Arrow F1, Porthos F1, Titanic F1, Chibli F1, Erato F1, Santiago F1, etc.). Kukhazikitsidwa kwa trichodermin mu zosakaniza mmera (1-2 g / chomera) ndi dothi (pamlingo wa 100 kg / ha) musanabzalire malo osatha kungachepetse kuwonongeka kwa mbewu poyambilira komanso mukadzakula.

Kuthandizira kwa nyemba ndi fungicides ndi kutentha musanafesa kumathetsa matenda. Kumwaza mbewu ndikutaya dothi munyengo yakukula pamene zizindikiro zosokonekera zikuonekera ndi mankhwala ochokera ku gulu la benzimidazole zingalepheretse kukula kwa matendawa.

Spike

Matendawa amapezeka m'malo onse olimidwa tirigu ndipo ndi omwe amachititsa kuti mbewu zichepe kwambiri pa nthawi yokolola tirigu. Khola la tirigu limakhalanso ndi vuto lalikulu: kuthekera kwa kumera kumachepa, mikhalidwe yophika imachepa ndipo, chifukwa cha kupangika kwa mycotoxins, mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito njereyi ngati chakudya umachepetsedwa. Pamodzi ndi tirigu, barele ndi rye amatenga matenda a Fusarium.

Mwapadera, mawonekedwe onse amakhala osabereka. Koma, monga lamulo, ma spikelets amodzi okha ndi mbali zamakutu zimakhudzidwa (pang'ono pang'ono spikelet). Zovala zoterezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachikasu kapena zofiirira. Ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi bowa wa Gerlachia nivalis, mawanga a bulauni otanthauziridwa bwino amawonekera pamamba.

Mbatata

Matendawa amakula pamasamba posungira mbatata. Greyish-bulauni pang'ono nkhawa mawonekedwe mawonekedwe pa tubers. Kenako mnofu pansi pa banga umamasuka, umakhala wa bulauni. Voids amapangidwa mmenemo, odzaza ndi oyera, achikasu kapena khungu loyera la fungus. Tiziwalo tomwe timakhudzidwa timayanika msanga, khungu limakwiririka, ndikupanga makatani kuzungulira banga.

Kuti muwongolele, kutsatira boma losungira ndikofunikira; kupewa kuwonongeka kwamakina kwa ma tubers pakukolola; kayendedwe ka matenda ndi tizirombo m'nthawi ya kukula.

Kodi mumalimbana bwanji ndi matendawa? Kuyembekezera uphungu wanu!