Mitengo ya chokoleti - mbewu zimakhala zongopeka ngati zipatso zake. Ndipo, mwina, ndimayanjano ndi zomwe mumakonda zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cocoa chamkati chikhale chokha mwanjira iliyonse yosonkhanitsa mbewu. Mitengo ya cocoa ndi imodzi mwazovuta kwambiri kulima mbewu zamkati m'miphika. Zikuwoneka zoyambirira, koma osati zosowa, zimabweretsa zovuta pakuchoka. Ndipo mikhalidwe yomwe angafune imatha kutchedwa kuti nyumba zobiriwira. Komabe, chomera cha cocoa chikuyamba kutchuka, chikugawana zipatso zabwino kwambiri zamkati komanso makangaza ndi khofi.
Mtengo wa Chocolate m'chipindacho - mawonekedwe a cocoa omwe akukula.
Chozizwitsa cha chipinda cha chokoleti - ndi chiyani?
Zomera, zipatso zake zomwe zimapatsa dziko zipatso zapamwamba kwambiri - chokoleti, ndi chimodzi mwazomera zofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Cocoa, Mtengo wa Chocolate, kapena Mtengo wa cacao (Theobroma cacao) ndi chomera chotentha choimiridwa ndi mitundu yopitilira 30 ndi mitundu yambiri yomwe ilisiyanasiyana. Mbewuyi imachokera ku nkhalango zotentha komanso zotentha za Amazon, zomwe lero ndizomwe zimalimidwa kwambiri ku South America.
Oimira mtundu Theobroma (Theobroma) kale anali mgulu la banja la Sterculiaceae, koma mawonekedwe amakono asintha chisokonezochi ndipo awonjezera cocoa pagulu lofanananso ndi mbewu - Malvaceae.
Mwachilengedwe, mitengo ya chokoleti siyikulu kwambiri pazimphona zotentha, koma yosavuta kuzizindikira komanso yamphamvu nthawi zonse. Pokhala ndi thunthu lokwana masentimita 15 mpaka 30, mitengo ya coco imakwera kutalika mpaka 8 m; mu chipinda, cocoa chimakhala chofanana ndi zipatso zazikulu - zimatengera mapangidwe ake. Itha kukulira kuposa 50-90 cm, kapena itha kukhala chimphona chowona.
Dizilo limakhala lofanana komanso losazama, ngakhale kuti kukhalapo kwa tsinde kumafunikira kuti chithandizidwe chisamalidwe bwino. Makungwa ndi a brownish bulauni, pa nthambi zazing'ono - zobiriwira, mtundu umasinthika mosiyanasiyana. Coco chamkati inakonzera zodabwitsa zambiri, zodabwitsa ndi mawonekedwe ake okongola okongola ochokera masamba akulu ndi owoneka bwino. Chifukwa cha kuthana ndi mitengo yowonongera ndi kuwononga, mitengo yazipatso ya cocoa imawoneka yayikulu komanso yopatsa chidwi.
Akafika kutalika kwa 30 cm komanso m'lifupi mwake 15, kanyumba kokhala ngati kansalu kotsika, amasiya kuwoneka, nsalu zofananira ndi ukali wawo pang'ono, amakhala osiyana ndi mbewu zina zonse zachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe chawo. Masamba amakula mosazolowereka, nthawi yomweyo masamba a 3-4 amatuluka, chomera chimawoneka ngati chikhala chatsopano m'mizere kapena chikuwala ndi nthawi yophulika pakati pamasamba atatu kuyambira masabata atatu mpaka 12.
Mtundu wa amadyera m'mitengo ya cocoa ndi wapamwamba, wobiriwira wobiriwira, wamtali wozizira mbali yakumaso komanso wopepuka - pamunsi. Mbali yakumbuyo ya masamba ndi matte, koma kumtunda kwake ndikwakuwoneka bwino, nkhope zawo zidakwinyika ndikulungidwa. Masamba achichepere ndi opepuka chikasu kapena pinki, pang'onopang'ono amakonzanso ndikulimba. Masamba amalumikizidwa ndi petioles zoonda komanso zazifupi.
Maluwa a Cocoa ndi achikale kwambiri. M'magulu ang'onoang'ono, komanso cocoa chamkati - chambiri nthawi imodzi, chaching'ono, pafupifupi 1.5 masentimita, maluwa atakhala pazithunzi zazifupi ndi mitengo ya beige yachikasu ndi pinki, yodzazidwa ndi mitanda yamtundu pazomera ndi thunthu. Kamangidwe ka duwa ndi koyambirira, kamakumbutsa zam'munda wa aquilegia chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake.
Kukoma kosasangalatsa kwa cocoa - mtundu wobwezerera zipatso zambiri zokondweretsa. Fungo lonyansa la mitengo ya chokoleti limakopa mungu wochokera m'chilengedwe, chifukwa zipatso za cocoa zam'nyumba zimafunika kupukutidwa. Zomera zimatha kuphuka kuchokera mchaka chachiwiri, koma zimayamba kubala zipatso pofika zaka 4-5. Mzipinda zambiri samabala zipatso, pokhapokha pazoyenera.
Zipatso za cocoa ndizopindika, zodutsa, zamtundu wamtundu wachikasu kapena zofiirira, zobisala nyama yowoneka bwino yokhala pansi pa khungu loyipa komanso lakuda. Mbewu - nyemba zomwezo za cocoa - zimapangidwa m'mizere iwiri. Kufikira nyemba 50 zokha. Zipatso zimacha kuyambira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka 12, pang'onopang'ono komanso pang'onopang'ono. Mukadzala, mbewuzo zimatha kumera mu chipatso. Mbewu pambuyo m'zigawo muyenera sabata la nayonso mphamvu ndi kuyanika bwino.
Mitengo ya cocoa ndi imodzi mwamavuto ovuta kulima ndi kusunga zipatso zamitengo yobala zipatso.
Mikhalidwe yakukula mkati mwa cocoa
Mitengo ya cocoa ndi imodzi mwamavuto ovuta kulima ndi kusunga zipatso zamitengo yobala zipatso. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe chofatsa komanso chopatsa chidwi chomwe chimakhudzana ndi kuwonongeka ndi kusintha kwa zinthu, zomwe zimafotokoza osati mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya nyemba za cocoa, komanso zovuta paminda yomwe ikusungidwa nyengo yosintha.
Mitengo ya chokoleti imatengera mawonekedwe awo achisoni ngakhale chikhalidwe chawo. Chomera sichothandiza aliyense, chifukwa mitengo ya cocoa muyenera kupanga nyengo yokhayo. Kwa cocoa mu mawonekedwe osungika, muyenera kubwezeretsanso zinthu zovuta - kuyatsa kwayekha ndi chinyezi chambiri kwambiri.
Mitengo ya chokoleti ndioyenera bwino kukula m'malo obisalamo nkhokwe kapena malo osungirako zachilengedwe otentha, zopereka za maluwa otentha kuposa zipinda wamba. Sizovuta kuti zikule ngati chomera, koma zimatheka ngati kuwunikira, kutentha ndi chinyezi zimayendetsedwa mosamala.
Kuyatsa ndi kuyika
Mwachilengedwe, cocoa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumera m'nkhokwe ya m'nkhalango yotentha yosiyanasiyana. Mu mawonekedwe a chipindacho, mitengo ya chokoleti imasintha pang'ono, ndikuyamba kukhazikika mwamphamvu, koma osatha kuyimirira. Chifukwa cha kulolerana kwa mthunzi, sizifunikira kusintha kwanyengo.
Mitengo ya Cocoa imamva bwino pazenera za kum'mawa. Mawindo oyang'ana kum'mwera pang'ono nawonso ndi oyenera kwa iwo, pomwe mbewu zimayikidwa ndi chitetezero ku dzuwa. Mitengo ya cocoa itha kulowetsedwa mkati momwe muli mazenera okhazikika kapena akumwera, ndipo ngakhale sichikhala kutali kwambiri ndi zenera.
Kutentha ndi mpweya wabwino
Mitengo ya cocoa ndi zomera zotentha kwambiri. Amwalira pomwe kutentha kumatsikira pansi madigiri 10, ndikuwonetsa madigiri 15-16, mavuto ndi kuphwanya kowoneka mu kukula kwawo kumayamba. Kuti mukule mtengo wa cocoa, muyenera kupanga malo abwino, otentha kwa iwo. Zoyenera, kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhalabe pa + 24 ... + 25 ° C digiri chaka chonse. Kutentha kwambiri, zofunikira kupitirira madigiri 28, mtengowo sufuna, koma dontho pansi pazitsamba 23 limayamba kukhudza masamba ake. Zotentha zomwezi zimasungidwa chaka chonse.
Cocoa silivomereza kulembera, kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kutentha, kuyandikira kwa magetsi othandizira. Ndikwabwino kusuntha kapena kutaya mbewu nthawi zambiri. Mitengo ya cocoa siyimayima.
Kukoma kosasangalatsa kwa cocoa - mtundu wobwezerera zipatso zambiri zokondweretsa.
Chisamaliro cha Cocoa Kunyumba
Cocoa ndiwosokonekera ndipo akufuna kuchokapo. Amafuna chisamaliro, kusamalitsa mosamala ndi kusamalira bwino. Chovuta kwambiri ndikusunga chinyontho cha mpweya kwambiri.
Kuthirira ndi chinyezi
Ngakhale kuti m'nkhalango za Amazonia, cocoa imamera ndi kusefukira pang'ono komanso kulekerera nyengo yonyowa, imakonda kwambiri madzi ndikusokonekera pachikhalidwe chachipinda. Ndikofunikira kuthirira cocoa mosamala kwambiri, kuonetsetsa kuti palibe madzi otsalira m'matumba, ndipo gawo lapansi pang'ono, kumtunda kwa 2-x-3 cm, louma pakati pa njirazi. M'nyengo yozizira, ngakhale pamtunda wokhazikika, kuthilira cocoa kumachepetsedwa, ndikuwonjezera nthawi yomwe kuthirira pakati pa masiku awiri ndi awiri kuchokera pakayimitsidwa pamtunda wapansi ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi.
Kwa mitengo ya koko, madzi ofunda, ofunda amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutentha kwake kuyenera kupitirira kutentha kwa mpweya m'chipindacho.
Chinyezi chachikulu, kuchokera pa 70% ndi pamwambapa ndi pomwe mbewu singabzalidwe. Mitengo ya chokoleti singathe kulekerera mpweya wouma ndipo imafota msanga m'malo abwino. Kukula chikhalidwe ichi, ndikofunika kuganizira njira zonse zotheka kupanga chinyezi - kuyambira kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mpaka kukhazikitsa ma humidifiers.
Mukadzala m'malo osungirako otentha, mmerowo umakhala wokhutira ndi moisturizer wamba limodzi ndi mbewu zina zotentha. Ngati cocoa ndiye chomera chokhacho chokha chomwe chimakonda kusonkhanitsa, ndiye m'malo mwa chida chapadera, mutha kuyesa kupanga chinyezi chachikulu ndi ma analogi apanyumba - mapepala okhala ndi moss onyowa, akasupe amkati, makapu amadzi, ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Mukapopera mbewu, muyenera kusankha madulira ochepa ndikupewa kunyowetsa masamba, kuchititsa izi motalikirana ndi mbewu komanso kutalika.
Mtengo wa maluwa achokoleti.
Feteleza ndi kuphatikizira feteleza
Ngakhale mitengo ya cocoa ya mkati imakonda organic osati feteleza wa mchere. Zitha kuphatikizidwa ndikusinthidwa. Mukamasankha kukonzekera kovuta, zokonda ziyenera kuperekedwa kwa feteleza wokhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa nayitrogeni - makonzedwe okongoletsera ndi mbewu zabwino.
Kwa cocoa, kufalikira kwa feteleza kumakhala koyenera kamodzi pa sabata iliyonse kwa feteleza wa mineral kamodzi pamwezi kwa organic. Feteleza umagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chonse, kuchepetsa theka la dzinja. Zomera zazing'ono, mungasinthe kudya kwachilengedwe kwamadzimadzi.
Mukukula ndi kupanga
Popanda mapangidwe a cocoa, sichikhala chopindika kapena kukongola kwa masamba. Palibe chovuta kudulira chomera: ngati mukufuna, kuyambira paubwana komanso kutalika kwa 30 cm, mutha kufupikitsa nsonga za mphukira za cocoa kuti mupange silhouette ina ndikukulitsa korona. Nthawi zambiri, kutsina nsonga za mbewu kapena mitengo kuchokera pa 1/3 mpaka ½ wa mphukira zomwe zimakula kwambiri komanso zazitali.
Osatengera zaka, mawonekedwe ndi kukula, kwa mitengo yamtundu wa chokoleti, amadula zowuma, zowonongeka, zofooka, zopyapyala komanso nthambi zambiri zosabereka.
Chifukwa cha izi, kudulira mbewu kumachitika kumayambiriro kwamasika.
Thirani ndi gawo lapansi
Cocoa ilibe mizu, koma sikuti imakhala mizu yozama kwambiri. Chomeracho chikuyenera kukhala chobzala m'mipanda chakuya mwakuya kapena mainchesi ndi kutalika kofanana. Cocoa imakonda zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Kukula kwa chidebe kumawonjezeka masentimita angapo a mbewu zazing'ono ndi kukula kwa 2 akulu.
Pafupipafupi kupatsidwa zina zimadalira kukula kwa chitukuko cha mizu. Cocoa imasinthidwa kukhala zida zatsopano pokhapokha mizu yake itakulungidwa ndi mtanda.
Kwa mitengo ya chokoleti, muyenera kusankha dothi mosamala. Kuyankha kofatsa acidic mkati mwa pH kuchokera pa 5.8 mpaka 6.0 ndikwabwino. Kapangidwe ka dothi kazikhala kothiriridwa bwino, kopepuka, kopatsa thanzi.
Poika mbewu, mutha kuwombera kokha dothi laulere. Popewa kulumikizana ndi mizu, cocoa imasamutsidwira mumbale zatsopano.
Matenda, tizirombo ndi mavuto akukula
Cocoa imatha kuvutika ndi akangaude ndi nkhanu, koma nthawi zambiri zovuta zimayenderana ndi chisamaliro chosayenera. Ndi zizindikiro za nkhungu pamasamba, boma loponderezedwa, kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo, kumenyanako nthawi yomweyo kumathandizidwa mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso fungicides.
Mizu yodulidwa ya cocoa yamkati.
Kufalikira kwa cocoa wamkati
Coco chamkati nthawi zambiri chimadzulidwa ngati mbewu yomwe ndi yosavuta kubzyala mbewu. Koma, zoona zake, njira yambewu siyabwino kwambiri. Mbewu zobzyala zimafesedwa mutakolola kapena masabata awiri atacha. Amataya msanga mphamvu zawo zakumera ngakhale zimasungidwa kuzizira.
Kubzala kumachitika ponseponse lotayirira gawo lapansi kapena nthaka yolowera. Miphika yaying'ono ya cocoa imagwiritsidwa ntchito cocoa, m'malo mofesa m'mabokosi wamba. Mbewu imayikidwa ndi masentimita atatu, ndikuwona momwe mbewu zimafalikira. Nthaka imathiriridwa mutafesa, kenako ndikusunga chinyezi. Pa kumera kwa nyemba, si kutentha komwe kumafunikira, koma kutentha kwa 23 mpaka 25 degrees Celsius.
Zowunikira zimangofunika pambuyo kumera: mbande zimasunthidwa kukhala zowala koma zophatikiza, zimawonjezera chinyezi kapena kuyika mbewu mu wowonjezera kutentha. Nthata zazing'ono za cocoa zimakula msanga, m'miyezi ingapo zimatalika masentimita 30 ndikupanga masamba 8. Ndi panthawiyi pomwe amasamutsidwa kumiphika yayikulu ndikuyamba kupanga. Zomera zimafunika kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo a chisamaliro.
Njira yosavuta komanso yopindulitsa pofalitsa nkhani ndi maudzu. Mphukira zowoneka bwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku cocoa, pang'ono kusunga mtundu wobiriwira, koma masamba obiriwira kwathunthu. Kutalika kwa zodulidwaku kukufika masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Masamba 3-4 okha ndiwootsalira. Kukula kwa mankhwala othandizira kumathandizira kuzika kwamizu.
Zodulidwa zimabzalidwa munthaka yosalala kapena m'nthaka, m'malo okumbamo ambiri. Pakunyowa kwambiri, kuzika kumayenera kuchitika pa kutentha 26 mpaka 30 Celsius. Pogona kuchokera kudula kumachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono, mbewu zimathiriridwa mosamala. Cocoa imasamutsidwira mumadzi ena pokhapokha atapangidwa ndi mizu yolimba, miyezi ingapo atatha kuoneka kuti akuzika mizu. Mukadzala mbewuyo, kudula kochulukirapo kumadulidwapo, osadutsa mitengo itatu ya mitengo ya cocoa wazaka 1-3.
Nthawi zina, mbewu zimafalitsidwa ndi masamba odulidwa, omwe amadulidwa, kusiya kuwombera kwa 5 mm pamwamba ndi pansi pa bud. Zodulidwa zimakhazikika timitengo tating'onoting'ono, timakhazikika ndikucheka dothi ndikuzika mizu chimodzimodzi ndi odulidwa apical. Zosungidwa zofanana ndizofanana, koma kuzika kwamizu kumatenga nthawi yayitali.
