Croton kapena codieum ndi mbewu zakunja zomwe sizingasokonezedwe ndi zikhalidwe zina. Izi ndi mitundu yoposa mitundu kwambiri yazomera zonse za mtengo wokongoletsa komanso wokongola m'nyumba ndi zitsamba. Kuphatikizika kosayerekezeka kwa mitundu yobiriwira, chikasu, lalanje, pinki, ofiira komanso mitundu ina m'malo osiyanasiyana ndi mitsempha yamasamba a croton kumapangitsa kuphulika kwa utoto. Koma mbewu iyi imawonekanso mokongola monga masamba, omwe codiae amasiyanasiyana. Phale la mtundu wamakono limakulitsa chaka chilichonse ndikupempha aliyense kuti asankhe croton momwe angafune. Ndipo kupirira kopitilira muyeso komanso chisamaliro chosavuta poyerekeza ndi mitundu yakale ndimangopindulitsa bonasi pokhazikitsa mbewuyi.
Kwa mawu. Codium (Codieum) - mtundu wazomera wa banja la Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae) Codium wokongola (Codieum mosagatum) M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndimakonda kuyitanitsa croton, komabe, Croton ndi mtundu wosiyana ndi banja lino.
Codieum mosagated (Codiaeum mosagatum)Zosiyanasiyana zamitundu mitundu
Kodiyum motley (Codieum mosagatum), yomwe timakondabe kuti croton, ngakhale atakhala ndi mbiri yakagwiritsidwe ntchito, amaonedwa kuti ndi mafashoni komanso amakono. Chitsamba chapaderachi chapadera kwambiri chinabwera ku Europe chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, chinapulumuka chisankho cholimba chomwe chinasinthira utoto wamtundu wodabwitsa uyu osati woimira, komanso wosangalatsa wa mitundu. Chifukwa cha kuswana kwa mitundu yokhala ndi masamba amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yayikulu yosiyanasiyana, ma crot amakulolani kuti musankhe mitundu yoyenera pafupifupi ntchito iliyonse yokongoletsa. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale atakambirana za mtundu uti, codium amadziwika nthawi zonse: ndiwo mbewu yokhala ndi umunthu wotchulidwa.
Kutchuka kwa ma croton sikuchepetsa kuchepa kwawo, komwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu amtunduwu wa Euphorbia, komanso kulima kovuta kwambiri komwe, ngakhale kusinthaku kukhala kwamitundu yamakono, sikukuloleza kuphatikizidwa kwa codium mndandanda wazikhalidwe zolimba komanso zosalemekeza.
Cirrus crustaceans muzipinda za chipinda amakula mpaka 35-100 cm, kutengera mitundu. Mphukira za mbewu pang'onopang'ono zimakhala zamitengo, zamphamvu kwambiri, zofupikitsa. Masamba a ma codec ali achikopa, owonda, onyezimira, okhala ndi mitsempha. Tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe ka masamba osiyanasiyana m'makola osiyanasiyana ndiosiyana kwambiri. Ndipo chomeracho chimatha kusintha kwambiri ndi zaka. Masamba obiriwira achikuda nthawi zambiri amasintha mtundu kukhala wokongola wazinthu zokongola mwa akulu. Kuphatikiza apo, zotere zimatha kuwoneka pachitsamba chilichonse cha masamba: pali masamba akulu owoneka bwino pansi, komanso osavuta, ofatsa komanso achichepere pamwamba. M'mitundu yambiri, maonekedwe a masamba amawonekera okha ndi zaka. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamitundu ndi mitundu ya croton, mitsempha yamasamba imapaka utoto wowoneka, wonyezimira. Koma mitundu ina yonse ya ma codiums amatha kusiyanasiyana. Croton ali ndi chowulungika, lanceolate, wogawika m'malo atatu, lobvy, dissected, curly, curled ndi mitundu ina yamitundu yosaoneka bwino ya mawonekedwe. Masiku ano, mitundu yokhotakhota, yomwe masamba amapotozedwa, imawonekera kwambiri.
Kugawidwa kwa croton kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokongoletsera ndi mitundu kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa malo osiyanasiyana maluwa amagulitsa mbewu zomwezo pansi pa mayina osiyanasiyana, nthawi zina mitundu ya croton imagawidwa ngati mitundu kapena,, mitundu ina yakhala nthano kwambiri kotero kuti mayina awo amawatengedwa ngati mitundu yosiyana crotons, ngakhale kuti mwomera mbewu zotere ndi mitundu chabe. Chifukwa chake, mmalo mwa mawu oti Codiaeum mosagatum cv.Petra, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya "odium "Petra" imagulitsidwanso ngati Codiaeum petra. Kuzindikira mitundu yama croton komanso osalakwitsa posankha sikophweka mawonekedwe. Zomera zazing'ono nthawi zambiri sizimawonetsa mitundu yonse yamitundu, nthawi zina mbewu zina zimagulitsidwa pansi pa dzina la mitundu ina, mbewu zamtundu uliwonse ndizofanana ndipo zimatha kusokonezeka mosavuta. Koma zingakhale momwe zilili, mitundu yosakanizidwa yamakono kapena mitundu yosankhidwa ya motley croton imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe amodzi ofunika kwambiri - kukula komposavuta, zitsamba zazing'ono zopanda masamba zowonekera bwino. Zomera izi, mosiyana ndi ma codec akale akale omwe adangotuluka m'nyumba zathu m'zaka zapitazi, sakhala ndi chiphuphu chofewa komanso olimba. Amataya masamba ochepa nthawi yozizira, amabwezeretseka mosavuta pakadutsa njira imodzi yamadzi, ngakhale amafunika chisamaliro mosamalitsa, komabe sizovuta kuti akule.
Makanema achichepere.
Tiyeni tidziwe bwino mitundu yamakono yamakedzana a croton (codium) ndi mitundu yomwe tiyenera kuyisamalira.
"Petra" - Mitundu yapadera ya croton, lero idaganiza kuti ndiodziwika bwino kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amagulitsidwa. Mu mbewu iyi, lalikulu ovoid amasiya mpaka 30 cm kutalika amapanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, odabwitsa okongoletsa. Chowoneka mosiyanitsa cha mitunduyo ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu yobiriwira ndi yachikaso ndi mitsempha yakuda kwambiri yomwe ili pakatikati pa tsamba ndikutuluka kuchokera kwa iyo ndi "nthiti" zopindika. Masamba ofala kwambiri a croton okha ndi omwe amatha m'mphepete mwa tsamba ndipo mkati mwake mumakhala kamvekedwe kakang'ono kwambiri.
"Star Star" - mtundu umodzi wokongola kwambiri wachikasu ndi zobiriwira za croton. Mtsempha wachikasu wamkati ndi malire osasinthika pamasamba, nthawi zina wogwiritsa masamba ambiri pamasamba achichepere, utoto wokongoletsa korona ndi mawanga agolide, umaphatikizidwa ndi zopendekera zochepa kwambiri komanso zokongola zambiri ndi masamba ofanana ndi malilime okhala ndi m'mphepete mwavu, zomwe zimawoneka zachilendo kwambiri.
"Norma" - imodzi mwamafuta okongola kwambiri a croton. Masamba okhala ndi lanceolate, ozungulira, amakumbukira pang'ono masamba a ruby ficus amawoneka ovuta. Zowunikiridwa ndi mawanga achikaso, ndi masamba akale - ndi mitsempha yofiyira, masamba obiriwira amdima omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osintha mosiyanasiyana amawoneka owoneka bwino, amakondwerero komanso apamwamba nthawi yomweyo.
"Amayi Iceton" - komanso yayikulu-yoyera, yokhala ndi masamba akulu owoneka bwino, ndi ma croton osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola okongola. Masamba achikuda obiriwira oterewa amasinthidwa ndi pinki, ofiira, lalanje kapena pafupifupi obiriwira wakuda, ena mwa mawanga omwe amawoneka ndi kukula kwake. Mu croton iyi, mitsempha nthawi zambiri imapakidwa utoto wakuda. Amakhala ndi ma hybrids - omwe amakhala ndi chikasu kapena chofiirira.
Motley codium "Petra" (Codieum mosagatum 'Petra') 
Motley codium "Dzuwa Loyaka" (Codiaeum mosagatum 'Dzuwa Lophulika')"Bravo" - Mtundu wina wokongola kwambiri wachikasu komanso zobiriwira za croton. Masamba achichepere amakhala achikaso kwambiri, mtundu wake umawoneka kuti umayamba kutuluka m'mitsempha yonse. Koma pamasamba akale a codeiumyi pamangokhala mitsempha yopepuka yowala, ndipo utoto wamtunduwo uli ndi mataso akuda kwambiri ukuoneka kuti ukuphimba chomera chonse. Pamwamba pang'ono pamdima ndikuyang'ana modabwitsa.
"Batik" ndi zochititsa chidwi modabwitsa, ngati kuti zojambulidwa ndi wojambula, masamba, omwe amaphatikiza pafupifupi wakuda, wobiriwira wonyezimira, wofiyira, lalanje, wachikaso ndi mitundu yonse yowoneka bwino ya maluwa a bulauni m'malo owoneka bwino komanso okongola kwambiri, amadabwa ndi kufanana kwa "timadontho" tating'ono. Maonekedwe amtunduwu wa mitundu ya croton amaphatikiza mithunzi yambiri, ndipo mitundu iwiri yokha imakonda kuperekedwa pa pepala lililonse.
"Baron J. De Rothschild" - wabwino kwambiri wamitundu yosiyanasiyana wokhala ndi masamba obiriwira a azitona obiriwira osintha mtundu wawo kukhala pinki ndi lalanje. Mitsempha ya codium iyi si yachikaso, koma yofiyira komanso mbali ina yamasamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino komanso yowoneka bwino.
"Dzuwa Golide" - wobiriwira wokongola kwambiri wachikasu wobiriwira, pomwe masamba ang'onoang'ono amapaka utoto wonyezimira, ndiye kuti amakhala wachikaso chowoneka bwino, kenako kutembenukira wobiriwira, kokha mwa kamvekedwe kwamdima. Mbali yayikulu ya codium iyi ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono pazitsamba zama masamba omwe amafanana pang'ono ndi Dieffenbach.
"Star Star" - mitundu yopyapyala ya croton, masamba ake omwe amapanga zokongola kapena ma whorls, mawonekedwe ake ndikufanana kwenikweni ndi nyenyezi zowala. Mtengowo umakongoletsedwa ndi madontho achikasu osasinthika, omwe amawoneka mosiyana pamasamba akale ndi achinyamata. Pa podium iyi mutha kuwona pafupifupi masamba achikasu kwathunthu, ndipo masamba obiriwira okhaokha owoneka bwino ndi madontho achikaso.
Zosiyanasiyana zophatikizika za "Amayi Ayston" (Codiaeum mosagatum 'Mayi Iceton').
Motley codium "Bravo" (Codieum mosagatum 'Bravo')"Kalonga Wakuda" - croton yosangalatsa yosanja yokhala ndi masamba okongola ambiri, masamba ake omwe amapaka utoto wobiriwira ndipo amawoneka kuti amathiriridwa ndi mitsinje yopyapyala ya utoto wachikasu, lalanje ndi yapinki. Gawo la codium uyu limasiyanikanso chifukwa silinatchulidwe mitsempha.
"Chala chagolide" - imodzi mw mitundu yoyambirira kwambiri ya croton. Sizinatchulidwe mwangozi kuti "Chala Chachikulu Chagolide": mawonekedwe a masamba owongoka bwino, owongoka, ofanana ndi zala kapena zilankhulo zimayambitsa mayanjano oterowo. Mtundu wobiriwira wamdothi uyu umaphatikizidwa ndi mzere wakuda kwambiri wachikaso wosagwirizana kapena malo amkati mwa mtsempha wapakati ndi zingwe zazikasu zachikasu zomwe zimawoneka mosavomerezeka patsamba. Ali aang'ono, mitunduyi ya croton imawoneka ngati maluwa olimba masamba, mphukira zake zimafupikitsidwa ndikukula msanga kwa nthawi yayitali.
"Matalala achikasu" - croton wosayerekezeka wosiyanasiyana, womwe unkawoneka kuti utapakidwa utoto wa mandimu. Mtundu woyambira wamasamba sizachilendo kwa ma codiums - moyera, pafupifupi wobiriwira. Patsamba lakale, masamba achikaso amateteza pafupifupi gawo lonse la mbale, pamasamba achichepere amawoneka ngati maluwa achikasu. Zosiyanazi zimadziwikanso ndi kuwonjezeka kwa bush bush, mawonekedwe amtundu wowonda kwambiri, masamba ndi elliptical ndi nsonga yolowera, yaying'ono.
"Aucubofolia" - Codium wokongola yemwe ali ndi masamba obiriwira amitundu yamaluso owoneka ndi malangizo, omwe amakula ndi ma whorls achilendo. Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a masamba aucuba: Madontho aang'ono achikasu mosawoneka bwino pamtunda wakuda, chomera chonsecho chikuwoneka ngati fumbi lagolide.
"Spirale" - Mitundu yapadera ya croton, masamba omwe "amawoneka" pafupifupi akuwonekera m'mwamba ndipo amapindika molingana ndi mtsempha mkati. Masamba achitsulo obiriwira amasintha pang'ono pang'ono kukhala utoto wofiirira kapena inki. Zosiyanasiyana zimawoneka modabwitsa komanso zowakumbutsa za algae.
"Golden Bell" - mtundu wa croton wokhala ndi masamba azilankhulo ataliitali, omwe, chifukwa cha kusinthika kwina, akuwoneka kuti ali opanikizika, ogawika magawo angapo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pakatikati pa tsamba, masamba a masamba kapena mbali zawo zimasokonezedwa, mtsempha wapakati umawululidwa.
Motley codieum "Golden Bell" (Codiaeum mosagatum 'Gold Bell') 
Motley codium "Mammy" (Codiaeum mosagatum 'Mammy')"Amayi" - mitundu yambiri ya masamba obiriwira, omwe mumatha kusilira mitundu yobiriwira ya masamba ndi masamba ofiira, ndipo nthawi zina pafupifupi masamba akale. Chofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zambiri zamtunduwu ndi mawonekedwe a masamba kapena fosholo ngati masamba ndi zopindika za masamba, zomwe nthawi zina zimapotozedwa kwambiri kotero kuti sizingatheke kupanga mawonekedwe awo.
"Holuffianaa" - mawonekedwe okongola kwambiri komanso okondedwa a croton, omwe masamba ake amafanana ndi thundu, koma atayang'anitsitsa zikuwonekeratu kuti ali ndi masamba atatu (moyenera, mano olimba m'mphepete amapanga mawonekedwe oak-ngati mawonekedwe owuma a masamba. Wobiriwira ndi mitsempha yachikasu, masamba achichepere a codium amasinthiratu mtundu kuti ukhale wofiyira wa carmine ndi misempha ya pinki - m'minda yachikulire.
"Opambana" - Wina wopangidwa ndi mitengo ya oak yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe okhwima kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amatulutsa mphukira wamtundu umodzi. Masamba akulu pazomera amapangidwa mwadongosolo. Masamba akumtunda obiriwira obiriwira obiriwira amasinthidwa ndi red-burgundy, ndipo mitsempha yopepuka pansi pa korona.
Zolemba zosiyanasiyana "Gold Star" ndi "Petra" (Codiaeum mosagatum 'Gold Star' & 'Petra')Mikhalidwe yamitundu yamakono ya codium
Ngati muli ndi croton kuchokera pakati pa mitundu yamakono yowala, ndiye kuti kusankha komwe mungayikidwe ndikuyatsa kwa iwo kuli kochepa. Codeium yotere imatha kuwonetsa bwino masamba pa masamba okha abwino, owala. Zomera zamtundu wamitundu sizingakane dzuwa mwachindunji (kupatula kuwala kwa masana masana). Kuwala kochuluka, kumakhala kwabwino kwa mbewu zotere. Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana pamithunzi imataya mawonekedwe awo.
Mwa codium, nthawi zambiri amasintha malo awo nthawi yozizira, kupangitsa mbewu kukhala pamalo pomwe pali nyali zowala kwambiri. M'nyengo yotentha, croton imakhala yabwino kum'mawa kapena kumadzulo kwawindo, koma amatha nthawi yopuma ngakhale kumwera. Kusintha kwa masanjidwe kumakhala kofunikira nthawi zonse ndikusintha pang'onopang'ono.
Kutentha kokhazikika m'chipindacho momwe codium wamakhalira kuchokera pakati pa mitundu yamafashoni, ndibwino. Kutentha kwa mtengowu kumakhala madigiri 15-25. Nthawi yomweyo, matenthedwe pafupi ndi otsika ndi osafunika ngakhale nthawi yozizira: nthawi yopumula kutentha kwa madigiri 16-18 ndikofunikira, zizindikiro zowotcha zidzafunika njira zina zowasamalira. Mu nthawi ya chilimwe ndi nthawi yotentha, ma croton amamverera bwino m'malo otetezeka, koma kuwonjezereka kwa madigiri 25 sikumakhala bwino pamtengowu.
Mitambo yosiyanasiyana imakonda kusakonda kusinthasintha kwa kutentha. Ngati chomera chikusintha m'maulidwe osiyanitsa, ndiye kuti chitha kutaya masamba ake. Mukakulitsa codium, ndikofunikira kuti mupite kufupi ndi kuyika kwa chomeracho pokhudzana ndi zolemba zanu kapena zida zamagetsi.
Codieum mosagated (Codiaeum mosagatum)Croton chisamaliro kunyumba
Pofuna kuti mitundu ya zinthu zamtunduwu iziziwonetsa kukongola kwawo, ndikofunikira kusamalira chinyezi chokhazikika pamtunda. Madzi osasunthika poto kapena kuthirira kwambiri, kusungunuka kwa nthaka kosafunikira, komanso kuyanika kwathunthu kwa dothi. Codium imathiriridwa pafupipafupi, modekha, pambuyo poti 1-2 cm ya gawo lapansi itayimitsidwa. Kukula kochedwa kwa njirazi kumakhala pafupifupi kawiri mpaka katatu pa sabata kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso nthawi 1 m'masiku 5 kapena kuchepera nthawi yozizira. Madzi othirira ayenera kukhala ofewa, okhazikika, otentha pang'ono kuposa mpweya wamkati. Kuperewera kwa chinyezi, kufunika koyenda pafupipafupi kapena kuthirira, chomera, monga lamulo, chimadzizindikiritsa chokha - masamba owongoka kapena owonda. Poyankha panthawi yake, crotons imabwezeretseka ndipo masamba amasintha msanga.
Chinyezi cha croton chikuyenera kuchuluka. Chomerachi sichimalekerera malo owuma, makamaka chilimwe komanso pakugwira ntchito kwa magetsi othandizira. Nthawi yomweyo, njira zowonjezera chinyezi cha mpweya zimasankhidwa payekha. Ngati kachidutswaka kali pamalo owoneka bwino, ndiye kuti ndikosafunika kupaka, chifukwa kuwala komwe kumayambira dzuwa kungasiye kuwotcha masamba.Njira yabwino ndiyo kukhazikitsa manyowa (ngakhale osavuta kwambiri ngati threyi okhala ndi miyala, moss, dongo lotukulidwa). Ma Crot amafunika kutsuka masamba nthawi zonse ndi fumbi kapena chofunda. Chomerachi chimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito masamba a masamba, zophukira zapadera zowala, zomwe zimapangitsa kukongola kwake kuwalitsa ndi mphamvu zake zonse.
Zakudya zopangira codium amapangidwa chaka chonse. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, kuvala pamwamba kumachitika nthawi zambiri sabata limodzi, nthawi yophukira ndi nthawi yozizira - 1 nthawi pamwezi. Kwa croton, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wosiyanasiyana popanga zokongoletsera komanso zomanga thupi, mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza ovuta, mtundu wa masamba umawoneka wocheperako chifukwa cha kusowa bwino mu michere. Kodiyum amayankha bwino osati kungotengera zamakedzana, komanso kuvala zovala zapamwamba, koma ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wotsika.
Ziphuphu nthawi zambiri sizofunikira pakuchepetsa komanso kupanga mawonekedwe. Ngakhale mawonekedwe a chomera chokongoletsera chokhazikika, codium nthawi zambiri amatulutsa maluwa mchipinda, mothandizidwa ndi chisamaliro chokhazikika. Maluwa ang'onoang'ono a Nondescript amakhudza kwambiri kukongola kwa masamba a mbewuzi, ndipo ngati mukufuna kukongoletsa kwambiri kuchokera ku croton, ndibwino kuti musalole maluwa, kudula masamba panthawi yake.
Codieum mosagated (Codiaeum mosagatum)Kuphatikizira kwa Codium
Mitengo yama croton imasinthidwa nthawi yomweyo monga mbewu zambiri zamkati - kumayambiriro kwa kasupe. Koma ndikwabwino kuti ndikubzala pokhapokha ngati chomera chikufunikiradi, monga chikomokere chodzaza ndi mizu (chaka chilichonse kwa achinyamata ndipo kamodzi pa zaka 2-3 zanyengo zakale).
Kutha kwa croton kumawonjezera kubwezeretsedwa. Sakonda makontena omwe ali ndi lalikulu kwambiri, chowonjezera cha 2cm masentimita ndikokwanira.
Mukaziika pansi pa thankiyo, madzi okwanira amaikidwapo.
Ndiosavuta kusankha gawo lapansi la croton: Dothi losakanikirana ndi dothi lililonse lozikidwa panthaka yabwino ndiyabwino. Ngati mupanga gawo lapansi nokha, kenako sakanizani pepala, dothi la sod ndi mchenga m'magawo ofanana kapena mutenge gawo limodzi la sod mu osakaniza.
Mavuto mukukula croton:
- ngati kuphwanya malangizidwe paminyewa ya mpweya komanso kusapezeka kwa njira zowonjezerera, ma spider nthata nthawi zambiri amakhazikika pamiyala (ndikofunikira kuthana nawo ndikusamba masamba ndi mankhwala othandizira ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo);
- ngati mbewu zina zomwe zili m'gulu la zosungirazo zili ndi kachilomboka, ma codium akhoza kudwala mealybugs kapena tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (timalimbananso ndi tizirombo)
- masamba a croton amakhala ochepa ndikudya kosakwanira;
- kukulunga ndi kupukuta masamba a codium kumachitika pamene kuthirira sikokwanira kapena pamene kuwala kwamasana kumawakhudza;
- Masamba a codium amawola, mawanga a bulauni amawoneka iwo akamasefukira;
- mawanga owala ndi kuwotcha masamba nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakuwala kwambiri komanso kukonzekera;
- utoto wa croton umaziririka kapena kutha pang'ono pang'ono;
- kukula kwa codium kumazizira.
Codieum mosagated (Codiaeum mosagatum)Kubalana kwa crotons
Njira yoyenera yofalitsira ma codiums onse, kuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi njira yodulidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, zodula za apical zotalika pafupifupi 10 cm zimadulidwa ku chomera, chomwe chimadzalidwa munthaka yothinitsidwa ponseponse. Zidula zimatha kuthandizidwa ndimathandizo okukula, koma nthawi zambiri amazika mizu, ndi zina zotere ngati zimachitika bwino. Koma kukonza magawo kumayenera kuchitika mokulira (pofuna kuti madzi abwinobwino azitsekedwa. Choyamba, odula amaloledwa kuti aume pang'ono, kenako magawo amathandizidwa ndi malasha osweka. Mizu ya codium imachitidwa pansi pa hood pamtunda wa pafupifupi 24-25 madigiri kapena kupitirira. Kwa croton, ndikofunikira kukhala chinyezi chokhazikika chamtundu wa pansi. Akadula masamba oyamba, amawudula kuti apange chitsamba chowala.
Komanso codieum imatha kufalitsidwa ndi njere kapena kapangidwe ka mpweya.
