Ponena za mbewu zomwe zimakongoletsa, nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa malinga ndi nthawi yoteteza masamba obiriwira. Ena mwa mbewu zokongoletsera zimasunga masamba kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yophukira, ena amasintha kukhala obiriwira nthawi yayitali, ena amakhala ndi zokongoletsera za nthawi yayitali ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono amayamba kukopa.
Kukongola kwa mbeu ndiko kusiyanasiyana kwawo. Amakhala osiyana nthawi zonse: nthawi zosiyanasiyana masana, nthawi ya masika, yotentha komanso yophukira. Kukongola kwawo kumatengera kupezeka ndi mtundu wa masamba, utoto ndi maluwa ambiri. Nthawi ya maluwa ndiyofunikanso. Kupatula apo, aliyense amadziwa momwe zimawakhudzira maonekedwe a duwa loyambirira la chipale chofewa lomwe limatuluka mchaka, ngakhale laling'ono ndi laling'ono.
Malinga ndi kukhalapo kwa masamba obiriwira, zipatso zosatha zimakhala m'magulu atatu:
- kukongoletsa mosabisa (masamba obiriwira kapena masamba obiriwira kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yophukira mpaka kumapeto kwa nyundo);
- kukongoletsa kokhazikika (masamba amapezeka nthawi yayitali);
- zokongoletsera zosakhazikika (ephemeroids, i.e. mitundu yomwe masamba amafera kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe).
Zomera zowola: ferns ndi mbewu monga chimanga
Mitundu yambiri yofotokozedwayo imawonetsedwa ngati yokongoletsa mosadukiza, ndipo ina mwa mitunduyi imakhala yobiriwira komanso yokongoletsa.
Kupanga dimba lokhala ndi maluwa ndikusankha mbewu kuti zibzalidwe, katswiri waz maluwa samalabadira maluwa, mawonekedwe ake, kukula kwake ndi mtundu wake, komanso masamba owoneka bwino a mbewuzo. Pali gulu lonse la zomera zowoneka bwino zomwe sizimachita maluwa (kapena ferns) kapena zamaluwa ang'onoang'ono osakhwima (chowawa, stachis, mbewu zambiri). Koma ali ndi masamba okongola kwambiri, okongoletsa, tsamba losangalatsa. Mitundu yotere nthawi zambiri imakhala chokongoletsera chachikulu cha kubzala.
Botanists ndi mitundu pafupifupi 10,000 ya zokongoletsera fern - maluwa akalewa alibe maluwa. M'malo mwa maluwa amakhala ndi sporangia, m'malo mwa mbewu - spores, m'malo mwa masamba - vai.
Kuti mudziwe bwino mbeu izi, zimagawika m'magulu awiri molingana ndi kutalika kwa chitsamba: ferns yayitali (pamtunda wa masentimita 50); ma fern ali otsika (pansi pa 50 cm).
Yang'anirani chithunzi cha mitundu ikuluikulu yokongoletsera ya ferns (kabichi, chithokomiro, nthiwatiwa, bracken): amapanga mawonekedwe otheka, tchire lawo lokongola limakhala loyambirira komanso lokongoletsa mosadukiza nyengo yonse.
Zabzalidwe bwino m'ma tchire pakati pa mitengo yotsika. Potere, kukongola kwa masamba awo, mawonekedwe ake akunenedwa. Gulu losangalatsa lazomera zokongoletsera zamaluwa limayimilidwa ndi zazifupi komanso zochepa kwambiri ferns - adiantum, Woodsia, cysticus. Ndizachikongoletso chachikulu cha miyala yamiyala, yomwe ili pamthunzi.
Chinsinsi cha bwino pakukula kwa ferns ndikusankha tsamba loyenerera, momwe mikhalidwe yake ikuyendera mogwirizana ndi zofunikira zachilengedwe. M'malo oyenera, ma fern amakula kwa nthawi yayitali, amakula, ndipo ena amayamba kudzipanga.
Kumbukirani: Ngati mbewu ikhoza kupanga khungwa - imapanga mu zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu (nthiwatiwa, bracken). Ndipo fern ikamamera ngati tchire (scutellaria, kochedzhizhniki) - ndiye kuti m'munda wamaluwa uyenera kukhala umodzi, malo okhawokha.
Ndipo nsonga yomaliza. Ngati ma ferns anu akukula bwino pamalopo, mudzadzipatula nokha - mugawane ndi oyandikana nawo, kapena kubwezerani zokongoletsera kunkhalango.
M'minda yamaluwa yamakono, njere zokongoletsera ndi udzu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pang'onopang'ono, masamba a masamba obiriwira kapena masamba amtunduwu amasonkhanitsidwa mumtundu, zitsamba zopangira (zitsamba zotayirira - gulu la hedgehog, Chinese miscanthus), sods (zitsamba zowonda - nthenga za nthenga, pike) kapena m'nkhwawa, monga miscanthus yotulutsa shuga kapena gingerbread.
Monga tikuonera pachithunzichi, mbewu zodzikongoletsera ndizofunikira kwambiri m'minda yamaluwa momwe adalankhulira "dimba lachilengedwe". Masamba otsika amakongoletsa miyala: butelois, mawonekedwe amtambo wa buluu, etc. Maphala okonda madzi ndi abwino pakupanga maiwe: mabango, moliny, amphaka, etc.
Zomera Zodzikongoletsera za evergreen ndi Ephemeroids
Chilimwe chochepa chapakatikati pa Russia chimasankha chidwi chomera chomwe mbewu zathu zimakula m'maluwa athu omwe akukongoletsa chaka chonse, i.e. ndi masamba achisanu Ndipo ngakhale nthawi yozizira mbewu zokongoletsera zoterezi sizimawoneka pansi pa chipale chofewa, amatha kukongoletsa dimba lanu kuyambira koyambirira kwamasika, chisanu chikasungunuka, mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, pomwe chipale chofunda chimakwirira maluwa.
Mwa mitundu yomwe yatchulidwa pansipa, pali mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi zosowa zachilengedwe, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakukula, nthawi ya maluwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zokongoletsera zamaluwa okongoletsedwa mulimonse, ndikofunikira kusankha mosamalitsa.
Ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa gulu la otchedwa ephemeroids - mbewu zomwe zimataya msanga zokongoletsera zake. Amakhala pakati pamagulu okonda mthunzi komanso olekerera, mwachitsanzo, nkhalango.
Ma ephemeroids ambiri (tulips, daffodils, hazel grouse, etc.) ndi okongola komanso otulutsa maluwa ambiri; M'mabedi a maluwa otetemera, mbewu zazing'ono, zamaluwa, monga maluwa obiriwira, chipale chofewa, corydalis, ndi zina, ndizofunikira kwambiri.
