Dodger ndi mnansi wowopsa

Mitundu ya chakudyacho imaphatikizapo chowopsa kwambiri kwa mbewu zomwe zimabyala zamaluwa zam'mera, kuphatikiza mphamvu zazikulu ndi fecundity yayikulu. Dodger imachokera ku America otentha ndi ku Africa, komwe idafalikira kumpoto ndi kumwera, pang'onopang'ono kutengera zikhalidwe ndi mbewu zatsopano ndikupatula mitundu yatsopano (mpaka mitundu 100 imafotokozedwa). Pali mitundu yopyapyala komanso yolimba.

Dodger (Cuscuta) - mtundu wa mbewu zamasamba, mitundu yonse yomwe imayesedwa ngati namsongole yokhayokha. M'mbuyomu, banja losiyana la Povilikovy (Cuscutaceae), wopanga mtundu umodzi - Dodger. Kafukufuku wamakono a ma genetic awonetsa kuti ndizoyenera kwambiri kupatsa mtunduwu ku fuko la banja la Featherweed Convolvulus (Khalid).

Chitsamba chimakankhidwa ndi Povilika. © Stephen Kruso

M'dziko lathu, pali mitundu yopitilira 30 ya chakudya. Zonsezi ndi zinthu za kukhazikika mkati. Zambiri komanso zoyipa: Zakudya zam'munda (Cuscuta campestris), Clover (Cuscuta trifolii), Chiyembekezo (Cuscuta lupuliformis), Zoyimbidwa (Cuscuta epilinum), Chakudya chamtundu waufupi (Cuscuta breviflora), Chule cha Lehman (Cuscuta lehmaniana).

Ma Dodger ndi majeremusi a mlengalenga, thupi lawo lomwe lasinthika kukhala ngati fayilo kapena ngati chingwe, chokhotakhota, chikasu, chikasu kapena chikasu chofiyira kapena chofiyira, cholembera chamtundu wa chlorophyll chopanda mawonekedwe. Zomera zilibe mizu, zimadyetsa ndikuzigwirizanitsa ndi chomera chothandizidwacho mothandizidwa ndi makapu oyamwa - masamba opangira malo ophatikizana ndi chomera chodyetseracho ndikulowerera mkati mwake. Kuthamangitsidwa kwa michere kumachitika chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa osmotic a madzi am'magazi.

Pesi la khola lophimbidwa ndi maluwa ambiri owoneka ngati ang'ono, owoneka bwino kapena amfupi omwe amakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira, wophatikizidwa ndi glomerular, spike-like or spherical inflorescence. Chipatsocho ndi bokosi lokhala ndi zinayi, zomwe sizikhala ziwiri, imodzi yolowera kapena yopindika pang'ono (nthawi zina imakhala yopendekeka); Kuchokera mkatimo ndi angular, ophimbidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba.

Chitsamba chimakanidwa ndi Povilika. © Dennis Rex

Zodwala zimamera pa udzu wapachaka komanso wosatha, zitsamba ndi mitengo (nthangala zam'madzi, mafakitale, masamba, mavwende, zokongoletsera, minda yamphesa, mitengo yazipatso, masamba a mabulosi, udzu wamtchire, zitsamba ndi mitundu yamitengo). Kuphatikiza pa mbewu zomwe zimapezekanso, mitundu ina ya ufa imatha kupatsira mbeu zambiri zamabanja osiyanasiyana. Mitundu yocheperako ndiyomwe imapangidwa kuti izitha kudya zakudya zabwino.

Kuyika madzi ndi ma organic ndi maorganic ophatikizika anasungunuka mmenemo, kumalumikizana kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa metabolic mu zomera zomwe zachititsa, kufooketsa ndikuchepetsa kukula ndi chitukuko. Kukula mwachangu, tiziromboti timakhala ndi chikhalidwe chambiri chambiri, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapha mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa. Sikuti zokolola zimachepetsedwa zokha, komanso kuuma kwa nyengo yachisanu kwa mbewu, komanso mtundu wa zinthu zikuipiraipira. Udzu wodulidwa ndi msipu, wokhala ndi matenda, sauma bwino, sauma, samatayika, amatha kuyambitsa matenda a nyama, ndipo nthawi zina kufa kwawo. Dodger amagwiranso ntchito ngati chonyamula matenda a viral zomera.

Kukhota tambala. © Joan Simon

Kufalikira kwa mbewuzi zotulutsa maluwa kumachitika makamaka ndi njere za mbewu zobzalidwa bwino kuyeretsa. Kuphatikiza apo, amanyamulidwa ndi nyama, magalimoto, madzi, mphepo; imagwera paminda ndi manyowa ngati mbewu zodwala mkodzo zikuperekedwa ku ng'ombe; kufalitsa ndi zinthu zobzala, ma CD. Gwero la matenda atha kukhala zomera zam'munda ndi namsongole yemwe wadwala ndi tiziromboti.

Zochititsa chidwi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khola ndi kutsika kwa thunthu ndi maluwa, komanso kuphatikizika parasitization pazomera zina zopatsa thanzi.

At thyme nthambi zonyezimira ngati chikasu kapena ngati yofiyira imayandikira mpaka 1 mm, ndikukula makamaka pamunsi pamitengo ya chomera chodyetsacho, nthawi zambiri ndikupanga thovu pansi. Maluwa ndi oyera pamtunda waufupi kwambiri, wophatikizidwa mumtolo wokuluka. Kubala ndi zochuluka. Amayambitsa clover, alfalfa, vetch, beetroot, fulakesi, mbatata, timothy ndi maudzu ambiri.

Thyme (Cuscuta epithymum). © Hans Hillewaert

Zakudya zam'munda Ili ndi fayilo yotuwa yokongoletsedwa ndi chikasu chopindika pakati komanso kumtunda kwa mbewu zakhudzidwa. Maluwa ndi oyera. Kubala ndi zochuluka. Amayambitsa fodya, shag, beets, clover, vetch, nyemba, mphodza, nandolo, soya, kabichi, kaloti, chivwende, dzungu, mbatata, clover wachikasu ndi maudzu ambiri.

Field Cow (Cuscuta campestris). © RuB

At alfalfa kapena pafupi zimayambira, zowonda pang'ono, zachikasu ndi pinki kapena chobiriwira, chosalala, chosalala, chamaluwa oyera, chophatikizidwa mumiyalomo glomeruli yokhala ndi mabulangeti pansi. Kubala ndi zochuluka. Momwe zimakhudzira kwambiri alfalfa ndi mitundu yambiri ya herbaceous.

Alfalfa dodger, kapena pafupi. © Mikhail Knyazev

Clover ili ndi fayilo, mpaka ma 1 mm wandiweyani, mitengo yofiyira. Maluwa asanafike maluwa, amafalikira m'munsi mwa tsinde la chakudya, pomwe amapangika wandiweyani nthambi, ndipo pambuyo pake amatuluka pamwamba. Maluwa ndi ofiira, ocheperako - oyera, pamafupipafupi kwambiri, omwe amatengedwa mtolo wozungulira. Parasitates pa clover, nyemba, nsonga, beets, fulakesi, mbatata ndi namsongole angapo.

Zoyimbidwa ali ndi chikasu chofiirira, pakati, makulidwe, owoneka osakhazikika. Kapu yamaluwa achikasu ndi yofanana kutalika kwa corolla. Mbewu ndi imodzi kapena iwiri. Amalowa mu nyali, camelina, clover, nyemba, hemp, beets ndi zina zokulidwa ndi namsongole.

Linseed (Cuscuta epilinum). © A. Mrkvicka

Zakudya zaku Europe zofanana ndi thyme, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi tsinde lonenepa (2,5 mm). Maluwa ake ndi apinki. Mbewu ndi lozungulira kapena lozungulira. Amapha alfalfa, clover, sainfoin, hemp, nyemba, fodya, anakweranso, mbatata, lupins, kuyesa zamasamba zamasamba, maudzu ambiri, komanso zitsamba ndi mitengo.

European Cow (Cuscuta europaea). © Anneli Salo

Kholamu Limodzi ali ndi nthambi zopindika ngati chingwe ndi makulidwe a 2 mm kapena kuposerapo. Maluwa ake ndi osalala kapena pamafupi apafupi, omwe amatengedwa ngati ma inflorescence otayidwa ngati. Corolla chubu lalifupi, osatulutsa kapu. Zimagwira pa mphesa, mtengo ndi shrub, zimatha kupangitsa mpendadzuwa, thonje, beets, komanso namsongole wina (nettle, chowawa, quinoa).

Makatani Osiyanasiyana (Cuscuta monogyna). © Slava Bespalov

Zipatso zamafuta (makapisozi) zimakhala ndi 2 mpaka 5 yaying'ono, 1-3 mm m'mimba mwake, wokutidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba ndi cellular, pitped, yovuta.

Nyongolosi yomwe ili mu dodder siyimasiyanitsidwa kukhala ma cotyledons, muzu ndi tsinde ndi ulusi wopota womwe umamizidwa mu protein yokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri a gelatinous.

Mbewu za mitundu yambiri ya zakudyera ndizofanana kulemera, mawonekedwe, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamtundu wa mbewu zokulidwa.pa zomwe parasitize. Chifukwa chake, njere za chakudya cham'munda komanso zowononga zina ndizofanana kotero kuti zitha kuzindikirika pokhapokha ngati mwasamala. Kumanga nthangala za majeremusi pansi pa nthangala ya mbewu yobzalidwa kumachitika chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa parasitiki. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachilendo zopatulira mbewu za clover ndi nyemba za nyemba za nyemba za nyemba.

Chiwembu chokhudza dodder. © Forest ndi Kim Starr

Kuyeretsa mbewu kuyenera kuchitidwa mwapadera, chochita chomwe chimakhazikitsidwa pazosakanikirana ndi zowongolera ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina apadera a electromagnetic. Mbeu zamasamba zokhala ndi chisa cha uchi zimasakanikirana ndi ufa wamagalasi ndikulekanitsidwa ndi ma elekitiroma kuchokera ku mbewu za mbewu zobzalidwa momwe ufa sukukhalira pakhungu losalala la mbewu.

Mbeu za Dodger zimamera pa 5-5th tsiku mutabzala. Mbeu zosapsa zimatupa ndikumera posachedwa kuposa okhwima.

Mbewuyo ikatupa, mluza wowongoka umawongoka, kumapeto kwake, wopanda chipewa komanso wopanda tsitsi lopanda utoto, umakulira m'nthaka ndikumamwa madzi. Kumapeto kwotsalira kwa mbande kumasulidwa ku mbewu ya peel, ndikuwuka molunjika ndikuyamba kutembenuka mozungulira posaka mbewu yabwino.

Pakutukuka koyamba, mbande zimalandira michere kuchokera m'matumba a mbewu. Mmera umatha “kuwuluka” mtunda waufupi chifukwa cha kusuntha kwa michere kuchokera kumunsi kupita pachimake. Kukhala wodziyimira pawokha kumatha kukhala masiku 16-25, pomwe pali zochitika pomwe kutalika kwa mmera kukafika 30 cm kapena kupitilira.

Zakudya zaku Europe zimagwira udzu wa elderberry. © Joan Simon

Ngati tiziromboti sakumana ndi chomera choyenera kutengera matenda, chimafa.

Kuphatikizika kwa tiziromboti kwa wolandirayo ndi chakudya chake kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi haustoria, omwe amapangidwa pachimodzimodzi ndi phesi lamakutu kuchokera kumbali moyandikana ndi tsinde la chomera chomwe akukonzera. Zinthu zomwe zimasungidwa ndi makapu am'madzi zimachepetsa khungu, zomwe zimathandizira kulowetsedwa kwa majeremusi mu minofu ya chomera chopatsa thanzi. Ngati zovomerezeka ndizovomerezeka, mkati mwa woyamwa mumamera, ndikupanga chala cholimba.

Sosalets imaswa khungu la woyamwa, imalowa kwambiri m'thupi la chodyetsa ndikupita kumalo ake ogwirira ntchito. Titafika ku nkhuni, maselo apakati a salsicle amasintha kukhala ma tracheid, ndipo zinthu za phloem, zimaphatikizana ndi zinthu zogwirizana ndi chomera cha gululi kukhala dongosolo wamba lomwe limalola majeremusi kuti alandire madzi ndi michere.

Melo itadziphatika ku chomera chodyetsa, kulumikizidwa ndi nthaka ndikuphwanyidwa ndikuyamba kukhala moyo pazinthu zomwe zimatengedwa pachomera chakecho. Pankhaniyi, majeremusi amakula modzidzimutsa, kuponyera mikwingwirima yayikulu yachikasu kapena ya lalanje, pamizu yomwe mitengo yotseka imayalidwa. Posakhalitsa, mbewu zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimayamba kulumikizidwa ndimiyala yayitali yamadyedwe. Kuchokera pambewu imodzi, chotupa chokhala ndi m'mimba mwake mpaka 6 m2 chimatha kupanga. Thupi lanyama la mkodzo limakhala ndi kuthinana kwambiri, komwe kumapangitsa kuti mphukira zisathe kwa masiku angapo.

Chitsamba chimakankhidwa ndi Povilika. © VanLap Hoang

Chifukwa cha zipolopolozi ndi maimidwe osiyanasiyana, mbewuzo zikamamera zimamera nthawi imodzi, kotero mbande zimatha kutalika kwa zaka zingapo.

Njira zopewera

Polimbana ndi zakudya, njira zodzitetezera ndizofunika kwambiri. Kubzala kumachitika ndi mbewu yoyesedwa ya ufa. Amachita kuyesa kwa mizu, kuyesa matenda a phytopathological, kuyika malire a anthu. Malinga ndi malamulo aboma, kufesa ndi nthangala zowonda ndi zoletsedwa.

Gwero lalikulu loyambitsa matenda kufesa ndi nthaka, pomwe m'matangadza akuluakulu mbewu za majeremusi zimadziunjikira. Chifukwa chake, madera osaphimbidwa amasankhidwa kuti afesere (kutengera kuyesa kumunda) kapena amayeretsa dothi. Chingwe chowoneka bwino chimayeretsedwa ndikulima mbewu zakumalo mozama mwakukulimitsa makulidwe ndi ma skimmers, kapena mwa kukonzanso kumera kwake, kenako ndikuwononga mbande ndi chithandizo pamtunda. M'madera aulimi wothiriridwa, kumera kwa mbeu kumalimbikitsidwa ndi nyengo yophukira komanso yophukira kwa masika.

Tsamba lomwe linakanthidwa ndi kukoka. © 石川 Shihchuan

Kuchokera pa alfalfa ndi mbewu za clover zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambukiridwa ndi chakudya, tiziromboti timafalikira ku mbewu zina, makamaka zomwe zimawatsata posinthana ndi mbewu. Chifukwa chake, paminda yomwe ili ndi kachilombo, mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa sizimachotsedwa pakusinthidwa kwazaka kwa zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Ngati dowel adatuluka mu mbewu za udzu osatha (clover, nyemba), amazisenda musanayambe maluwa kapena kufesa pang'onopang'ono. Kutchetchera munthawi yake ndi kothandiza kwambiri pothana ndi chakudya cham'munda, 95% ya zomata zake zomwe zimakhala kutali ndi masentimita 5 kuchokera panthaka, ndipo ndikudula kotsika zimachotsedwa mosavuta kumunda limodzi ndi udzu.

Zida Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito:

• Popkova. K.V. / General phytopathology: buku la m'masukulu apamwamba / K.V. Popkova, V.A. Shkalikov, Yu.M. Stroykov et al. - 2nd ed., Chiv. ndi kuwonjezera. - M: Drofa, 2005 .-- 445 p .: Ill. - (Makalasi a sayansi yasayansi).