Palibe zovuta kulima fodya kapena shag. Nthawi zambiri timafunsidwa za njirayi, ndipo, kuphatikiza zomwe takumana nazo ndi upangiri wa owerenga odziwa, kuphatikiza owerenga athu, tidasankha kufalitsa nkhaniyi. Ndiyenera kunena kuti njira yolima fodya siyosiyana kwambiri ndi kukula, mwachitsanzo, tomato. Komabe, kukula fodya, muyenera kudziwa mbali zina za mbewuyi. Pazaku buku lathu.
Maluwa a fodya.
Zambiri pamtundu wa fodya
Fodya (Nicotiana) - mtundu wachikale ndi chomera pachaka wa banja la Solanaceae (Solanaceae) Kukula kuti mupeze zinthu zopangira fodya. Mu chikhalidwe, mitundu yotsatirayi imapezeka kwambiri:
- Fodya wamba, kapena fodya wa Namwali, kapena fodya weniweni (Nicotiana tabacum) Chomera mpaka 3 m kutalika ndi maluwa pinki, nimbus tubular wokhala ndi zofowoka, masamba oblong-lanceolate, sessile. Fodya weniweni ndi thermophilic, chifukwa chake imalimidwa bwino kwambiri kumadera otentha. Timalima fodya wamba kumwera kwa 55 ° kumpoto chakum'mwera (uku ndikutali kwa Ryazan, Smolensk, Ulyanovsk, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk ndi Kemerovo). Fodya wamba amalimidwa m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi ndipo ali ndi mitundu yambiri.
- Shag wamba, kapena fodya wamafutaNicotiana rustica) - mbewuyo ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa fodya wamba (mpaka 120 cm kutalika), maluwa amakhala achikasu, corolla yokhala ndi chubu chachifupi komanso lobes yozungulira, masamba ndi ovate, yopapatiza, yokhota kumapeto. Masamba a chomera chodabwitsachi chimakhala ndi chikonga chambiri.
M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ku Russia shag adalimidwa pamsika wamafuta kulikonse (ngakhale ku Urals ndi Siberia). Ndipo tsopano, anthu ena m'midzi mwathunthu amalima mbewuyi pambewu zawo.
Bolivia ndi Peru amadziwika kuti ndiye fodya; kutuluka kwa Christopher Columbus kumapita ku Europe. Madera azikhalidwe zachikhalidwe monga North America, China, India, ndi Asia Minor. Pa gawo la USSR yakale, fodya wamba amaletsedwa ku Transcaucasia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine, Crimea ndi Krasnodar Territory. Fodya ndi mbewu yotentha kwambiri, kutentha kotentha kwambiri mwina pafupifupi 30 ° C. Oyenera kuti akhale ndi dothi lonyowa, lopepuka, losalala. Fodya umafalitsidwa ndi njere, ndikukula mbande za iwo, zomwe zimabzalidwa pansi.
Zigawo zonse za mbewu zimakhala ndi chikonga (m'masamba a chikonga koposa - 0.75-2.88%). Nicotine ndi pototo neurotoxin ndi cardiotoxin yomwe imayambitsa euphoria yochepa. Kugwiritsa ntchito fodya munjira zosiyanasiyana komanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana (kusuta, kutafuna, kusuta) kumayambitsa kudalira kwakuthupi komanso kwamalingaliro. Nikotini ndi woopsa kwambiri. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimapezeka mufodya ndi carcinogenic. Chifukwa chake kusuta fodya kumawononga thanzi.
Kodi fodya ndiyofunika kukula?
Tiyerekeze kuti ndinu osuta, ndipo muli ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mwayi wokhala kumwera kwa Russia kapena ku Ukraine. Pomwe muli nako muli ma mahekitala mazana angapo a nthaka. Bwanji osayesa kutsata momwe Philip Morris, kapena Jack Vosmerkin, waku America?
Choyamba, kusinkhasinkha pang'ono kosangalatsa. Ndudu imodzi imakhala ndi gramu ya fodya. Ndipo ndudu yotsika mtengo, imakhala yocheperako. Ndiye kuti, mu paketi pafupifupi 20 g. Ngati munthu amasuta paketi tsiku lililonse, adzafunika pafupifupi kilogalamu 6-8 za fodya pachaka.
Fodya
M'malo abwino, fodya pafupifupi 30 g amatha kupezeka pachomera chimodzi, ndipo mbewu zisanu ndi imodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri zitha kuyikidwa pa lalikulu mita. Kuchulukitsa kwa mitundu yayikulu-masamba ndi 70 x 30 cm, ndipo fodya wokhala ndi masamba apakatikati ndi shag ndi 70 × 20 cm.Chidziwikire kuti mbewu 270-300 zimafunikira kuti zikule, zomwe zimakhala pafupifupi 40 lalikulu. m. Komanso, ngati fodyayo wakhala "woipa" kwambiri, akhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi zimayambira.
Chifukwa chake, kuchokera pakuwona zachuma ndi zachuma, ndizopindulitsa kwa wosuta kulima fodya.
Zambiri za kukula kwa fodya
Komanso m'nkhaniyi tikambirana za kukula fodya wamba. Ngati mungaganize zokulitsa shag (Nicotiana rustica), ndiye ambiri a malangizowa omwe simufuna, shag ndiwosavuta kukula komanso osakonda kutentha. Panjira yapakatikati, kufesa kwake kumachitika mu Meyi m'nthaka pansi pa kanema kapena chophimba, ndipo imakwanitsa kukula ndikupanga mbewu.
Chifukwa chake, chinthu choyamba chosamalira ndi mbewu ndi kubzala. Mbewu tsopano zikugulitsidwa pa intaneti pamasamba ambiri, mumangofunika kusankha malo osungirako komanso fodya yabwino kwa inu.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fodya
Pali mitundu yambiri ya fodya wamba. Ndikofunika kunena kuti kwa nthawi kuyambira 1990 mpaka 2010. Mu "All-Russian Research Institute of Fodya", mitundu yoposa 20 yatsopano yopatsa thanzi komanso yopanda matenda yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yabwino yapangidwa.
Monga zamasamba, ndikwabwino kusankha mitundu yamderalo patsamba lanu. Chifukwa chake, timayika zina mwa zigawo za USSR wakale ndi mitundu yotchuka:
- Trapezond Kubanets. Kukula kwa nyengo kuyambira kubzala mbande mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku 103 mpaka 134. Ukadaulo bwino umasiya ma pc a 27 apakati. Zolemba za Nikotini 2.6%.
- Trapezond 92. Zosiyanasiyana zimagwirizana ndi zinthu zingapo zowononga, matenda a fodya. Imakhala ndi nyengo yochepa yopanda kufalikira. Pafupifupi, masiku 98 mutabzala, kudula masamba kumachitika.
- Samsun 85. Zosiyanasiyana zimakhala zamtundu wobiriwira kwambiri, pakati pa nyengo - kuchuluka kwa masiku kuchokera kubzala mpaka masamba kuthyoka kudzakhala pafupifupi masiku 105-110. Kuchuluka kwa masamba okhwima kuchokera pachitsamba chimodzi cha fodya ndi pafupifupi ma PC 50.
- Chikumbutso Chatsopano 142. Nthawi yamasamba kuchokera pakubzala mbande mpaka masamba okhwima a masiku osakwana 78, mpaka masiku omalizira 82. Zolemba chikonga mumasamba a 2.0-2.1%. Zosiyanasiyana zimasiyana ndi matenda a fodya.
- Holly 316. Mawonekedwe akachedwa, mtundu wamphamvu wamasamba wophukira. Otsika mu chikonga. Kuyambira kubzala mpaka kucha masamba omalizira masiku 120.
Kubzala mbewu
Timalimbikitsa chaka choyamba kukula tchire zochepa chabe. Chifukwa chake mumayesa mphamvu zanu ndikuphunzira zabwino zonse zomwe zimachitika. Chifukwa chake, poyambira, mudzafunika mbeu zochepa. Mbewu za fodya ndizochepa ngati fumbi. Mu gramu imodzi pafupifupi 12,000-h ya mbewu za fodya, ndipo mumani zigawo pafupifupi 4,000. Kuti mupeze “chizoloŵezi” cha kusuta chaka chilichonse, muyenera kubzala mbewu imodzi ya kotala kapena magawo atatu a gramu ya shag. Simuyenera kuchita kugula mbewu zochulukirapo. Tchire ziwiri kapena zitatu ziwapatsa zochuluka kuposa zofunika pakufesa mahekitala.
Mbeu za fodya zimasungira kumera kwanthawi yayitali, kotero kufesa ndikuthekanso ndi mbewu zakale, ngakhale ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mphamvu yake ya kumera imachepa pakapita nthawi.
Fodya ingabzalidwe pa mbande pazolowera pazenera, popanda kutola. Msika wofunikira mmera ndi masiku 40-45. Koma njirayi ndi yabwino pazochepa zazing'ono (mpaka kotala zana limodzi). Komabe, poyesa koyamba sitikufuna zina. Pakulima fodya m'mavoliyumu akuluakulu, nthawi yomweyo imabzalidwe pansi (mu nyengo zotentha) kapena greenhouse ndi nazale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mbeu za fodya zimafesedwa mwapang'onopang'ono, ndikuzizaza panthaka.
Mfundo yofunika. Kuzama kwa kubzala mbewu za fodya sikupitilira masentimita 0.7-0.8 (0.3-0.5 cm kwa shag). Mutabzala, zimangopanikizidwa pang'ono ndikuthiriridwa bwino kuti mbewu zisazike mizu.
Simungafune kufesa mbewu, koma kumaswa. Poterepa, masiku 4 asanafesere, njere zimanyowetsedwa m'madzi ofunda ndikuyika pa chinyezi. Izi zimathandizira kumera kwa mbeu ndikuchepetsa nthawi yotsekeredwa kwa mbande sabata.
Kutentha kokwanira kumera kwa mbewu za fodya ndi + 25ºC ... + 28ºC. Ngati kutentha kwatsika, izi zitha kuchedwetsa mbande zamasamba, kapena mwina kuziwononga.
Kupitilira muyeso, komanso kubzala mbande mopitirira muyeso ndizosatheka. Ndikwabwino kuthilira pang'ono pafupifupi tsiku lililonse.
Kubzala mbande
Mbande zimabzalidwa ikafika kutalika kwa 15 masentimita, imakhala ndi mfundo zisanu ndi zinayi za 5.6 ndi mizu yoyambira bwino. Pakadali pano, chiwopsezo cha masika a masika chikuyenera kudutsa panja pa zenera, ndipo nthaka yakuya masentimita 10 itenthe pamwamba pa 10 ° C. M'magawo osiyanasiyana, nthawi iyi ndi yosiyana, koma, pafupifupi, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi.
Sabata imodzi musanabzale, muyenera kuyamba kuumitsa mbande, kuchepetsa kuthirira ndikuzolowera kuti zizitseguka. Pakadutsa masiku awiri musanabzalidwe, kuthirira mbande kumayimitsidwa ndi chilichonse, kuthirira kwambiri maola awiri 2-3 musanabzike.
Zomera zimabzalidwa kamodzi pachitsime, poyamba zimathira madzi okwanira 1 litre. Mwambiri, njirayi ikufanana kwambiri ndi kubzala mbande za phwetekere. Ndipo zowonadi, kuphatikizira kulikonse kumakhala kodetsa nkhawa kwa mbewuyo. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunika kusunga dothi lomwe mbewu zake zidakula.
Chisamaliro
Munthawi ya kukula, ndikofunikira kumasula dothi nthawi zonse, kuchotsa udzu, chakudya ndi madzi. Mutha kudyetsa mbewu potengera feteleza wa phwetekere. Kutsirira nthawi zambiri kumachepetsa madzi awiri kapena atatu pachilimwe, kumawononga madzi okwanira malita 6-8 pachomera chilichonse. Kutsirira ndibwino sikokwanira kuposa kuthirira.
Chitsamba chokhala ndi mizu chimatha kuzika mamita angapo, ndipo alimi ambiri a fodya amawona kuthirira tchire akuluakulu kukhala koopsa. Komabe, masiku angapo asanakolole, zingakhale bwino kuthirira fodya.
Zomera zamaluwa, inflorescence imasweka (budding) ndi mphukira zamotsatira (kutsina) zimachotsedwa nthawi zonse.
Maluwa a fodya.
Dothi
Fodya imabzalidwa pamalo atsopano, chifukwa chosowa, imayikidwa pambuyo poti isabemo, kapena pambuyo pa mbewu yozizira kapena mbewu zina, ndikuyika zofunika panthaka pokhudzana ndi michere. Pazifukwa izi, fodya sayenera kubzala, mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa beets ndi mbatata.
Dothi labwino kwambiri la fodya liyenera kuonedwa ngati mchenga wamchenga, wodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa potaziyamu ndi nayitrogeni, wofunikira pa chomera cha fodya.
Monga anthu onse ochokera ku Dziko Latsopano, fodya akuwononga nthaka mwachangu. Koma mankhwalawa amadziwika - feteleza amathetsa vutoli bwino.
Feteleza wabwino kwambiri kwa fodya ndi ndowe. Zitosi za mbalame, makeke amafuta nawonso amaonedwa ngati feteleza wabwino kwa fodya. Pa dothi losauka la laimu, kuyimitsa ntchito kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, kumakhala ndi phindu osati pa mbewuyo, komanso pakufalikira kwathunthu kwa fodya.
Kukolola kumayamba pomwe tsamba la tsamba la fodya lasintha kuchokera kubiriwira kukhala wobiriwira wachikasu kapena wobiriwira. Popeza pachitsamba chimodzi pamakhala masamba osiyanasiyana, ndiye kuyeretsa kumatha kutalika kwa milungu ingapo.
Tizilombo ndi Matenda a Fodya
Fodya wawonongeka ndi tizirombo tambiri, tomwe ndi:
- Peach aphid, Aphid wowonjezera kutentha, fodya wa Aphid. Zovuta za fodya. Mtundu wofalikira womwe umadyera zomera zambiri zolimidwa komanso zamtchire. Peach aphid imadzaza ziwalo zonse za fodya ndikuyamwa madziwo, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika kwa zipatso ndi zipatso.
- Mwendo wakuda. Amawonetsedwa ndi kugona ndi kufa kwa mbande zambiri. Pansi pa tsinde ndi kupatulira komanso kuzungulira. Chovala chakuda kapena choyera. Mthandizi wa causative amasungidwa m'nthaka.
- Powdery Mildew Imawonedwa posachedwa pambuyo pokweza mbande mu nthaka. Pamasamba otsika, mawamba osiyana ndi utoto wa cobweb-powdery amawonekera; ndiye kuti chidikicho chimakhala cholimba ndikuphimba masamba akumtunda. Bowa onunkhira pamtunda zinyalala. Matendawa amachepetsa photosynthesis, kumabweretsa zoletsa zamitundu. Amachepetsa zokolola ndi mtundu wa zopangira.
- Wakuda muzu zowola Nthawi zambiri zimakhudza mbande, koma mbewu zazikuluzonso zimadwala. Pa mbande zomwe zakhudzidwa, masamba amazimiririka, amasanduka achikasu ndi kufota, mizu imasanduka yofiirira kapena kufota ndipo nthawi zambiri imafota. Zomera zazikulu, masamba amamangiriza, ndipo masamba akuda ndi oyera mawonekedwe kumapeto kwa mizu.
- Broomrape wamba. Kugawidwa kulikonse kumwera ndi kumwera chakummaawa kwa Kazakhstan. Tizilombo timeneti timakhala pamizu ya fodya ndipo timayamba chifukwa cha chomeracho, ndipo timapanga timitengo tambiri tofiirira. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matenda obwera chifukwa cha mbewu ndi broomrape, kuchulukitsa kwa fodya komanso mtundu wa zopangira zamtopola. Broomrape imafalitsidwa ndi njere zomwe zimapitilirabe m'nthaka zaka zambiri.
- Mose. Masamba a zomera zodwala amakhala ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira zomwe zimasinthana ndi kuwala kobiriwira. Pambuyo pake, madontho a minofu amachitika. Gwero lalikulu la matenda obzala mbewu ndi zotsalira zokolola zam'munda pambuyo pake, zonse m'malo obiriwira komanso m'munda.
- Bakiteriya Hazel. Pa nsonga za masamba a mbande zazing'ono kapena m'mphepete mwa masamba, masamba owoneka ngati mafuta kapena akulira. Mu nyengo yonyowa, zimawola, ndipo chomera chonsecho chimayamba kudwala. Palinso ma chlorotic ozungulira omwe amawoneka pamasamba achikulire, omwe amaphatikizana kuti apange zigamba za minofu yakufa. Wothandizira wa matendawa amasungidwa mumasamba a fodya, fumbi la fodya, pamndandanda.
Kupukuta fodya ndi kupesa
Gawo lofunika kwambiri kuti mupetse fodya ndi kupukusa ndi kupsa. Tisungitsa malo pompopompo: ngati simusuta, osadziwa kale zokhudzana ndi kusuta fodya, zingakhale zovuta kwa inu kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa kukonzekera. Simungathe kuumitsa, kapena kuwola. Komabe, ndikukumbutseni kuti agogo athu adakula ndikuuma shag popanda maphunziro apamwamba.
Kuyanika
Mukakolola, masamba a fodya amapachikidwa kuti aume m'chipinda chotsekeramo mpweya, ndipo mukupangiratu kuyika zotengera madzi pamenepo kuti muchotse chinyezi. Masamba amauma ngati mwezi umodzi.
Kenako masamba owuma ayenera kuti azikhathamiritsa ndi madzi oyera kuchokera ku botolo lothira ndi kumata, ndikuphimbidwa ndi polyethylene, ndikuloledwa kuyimirira mpaka tsiku kuti ngakhale linyowe. Masamba ayenera kukhala ofewa koma osanyowa. Pambuyo pake, masamba, athunthu kapena odulidwa, amakwiriridwa mumiyala yamagalasi yosindikizidwa (mabanki) kuti ipangidwe.
Fodya
Mafuta
Fermentation ndi njira yachilengedwe yomwe imachitika pakatentha kosachepera 50 ° C kwa masabata angapo. Fodya imapangidwa kuti ichepetse mphamvu, sinthani kukoma kwa bwino, muchepetse nikotini ndi ma resini. Izi zitha kuchitika, mwachitsanzo, mu uvuni wamagetsi pamoto wa + 50ºC ... +60 ºC. Nthawi zina zimakhala zosavuta kuwuma masamba osankhidwa m'malo monse.
Fodya wotsatirayo akhoza kusuta mapaipi, wokutira ndudu, zabwino, makina okuta ndi ndudu tsopano akugulitsidwa m'malo ambiri. Pomaliza, mutha kuyesa kupanga ndudu - ndiyosavuta komanso yosangalatsa.
Zachidziwikire, zinthu zathu siziyenera kukhala zowerenga mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo zinthu zambiri zobisika sizikhala zopanda anthu. Ndipo ngati muyamba kulima fodya mosamalitsa, muyenera kuwerenganso nkhaniyi. Koma kuti mupeze mbeu yoyamba - mukudziwa kale zokwanira.
Tidzakhala okondwa kuwerenga malingaliro anu ndi zinsinsi pa kukula kwa fodya, kuyanika ndi kupesa.
Ndipo pomaliza, tikukumbutsaninso: kusuta ndiwosokoneza bongo ndipo ndikuvulaza thanzi lanu. Ngati simukusuta, musayambe. Ngati mumasuta - mwina ndi nthawi yoti musiye? Nerd motsutsana ndi kusuta!
