Umuna woloza

Zomera zazikulu zimachotsedwa. Mabedi mulibe. Kuzizira kukuyandikira. Mphindi yofunika ikubwera - kukonza nthaka mukukolola mtsogolo. M'pofunika kukonzekeretsa munthawi yotentha yotsalayo, kuti nthawi ya masika nthawi yabwino yofesa ndi kubzala sizitengedwa kuntchito yosayenerana: kusaka zinyalala, kukumba (ngati kuli kofunikira), feteleza, ndi zina zotero. , yokonzedwa ndi microflora ya dothi, inali kupezeka kwa mbewu kuyambira koyambirira kwamasika. Nthawi yozizira, feteleza wachilengedwe samasintha mtundu wawo.

Umuna wamazira chonde.

Kodi feteleza kugwiritsa ntchito mu kugwa?

Feteleza

Zomera zimalandira michere kuchokera m'nthaka m'njira yofikika, koma yokhala ndi kuyenda kochepa (ndiye kuti, sizipitilira mizu limodzi ndi mvula yakugwa). Izi zimaphatikizapo miyala ya phosphorous ndi potaziyamu kuchokera ku mchere, ndi mitundu ya amoni kuchokera ku nayitrogeni. Feteleza Zachilengedwe zimachulukitsa chonde m'nthaka, koma zimachepetsa zachilengedwe ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa acidity, zomwe masamba ambiri m'munda sangathe kulekerera.

Kuti ndikwaniritse nthaka ndi feteleza ofunikira, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wovuta, momwe zinthuzo zilili pakukula kwa mbewu. Awa ndi mafuta a phosphorous-potashi, ena omwe amapangidwa ndi zinthu zina. Amakhala ndi nayitrogeni m'magulu ochepa. Kuyambira nthawi yophukira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiwonjezere azofoska, carboammophoska, Kemira-universal, Rost-1, Agrovitakva-AVA ndi ena kuma feteleza amenewa.

Phulusa

Feteleza wachilengedwe wachilengedwe wopezeka ndi moto woyaka ndi zinyalala zina za m'munda, namsongole ndi mitengo yamtengo. Phulusa lili ndi mndandanda waukulu wazinthu zofufuza. Pambuyo pokumba, mutatha zaka 3-4, 1-2 kg / sq. m. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti kuyambira nthawi yophukira manyowa ndi mabedi amoto a kabichi, mbatata ndi mbewu zina zofunika nthaka yosaloledwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali mafeteleza ena amachulukitsa nthaka, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala ndi zotsalira. Chifukwa chake, pakugwa, kuphatikiza feteleza wa mchere, umagwirira feteleza ngati manyowa watsopano ndi wakucha, kompositi kompositi ndi feteleza wobiriwira (manyowa obiriwira).

Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa Organic

Humus

Kuyambira nthawi yophukira, humus, ndowe za nkhuku, ndi kompositi nthawi zambiri zimawonjezedwa kuchokera feteleza wachilengedwe. Pamadothi osauka, manyowa atsopano amabweretsedwa mpaka 300-500 kg pa mamilimita zana. Mu Seputembala-Okutobala, adamwazikana kuzungulira malo omwe adasimbidwira ndikuwazika dothi. Nthawi zambiri, malowo amasiyidwa kwa chaka chimodzi ngati nthunzi yoyera, kututa namsongole munthawi yotentha, kowuma, kuthirira ndi madzi ambiri. Njirazi ndizofunikira kusintha momwe mungagwiritsire manyowa atsopano kukhala njira yovomerezeka kwa mbewu - humus.

Manyowa Aankhuku

Feteleza Organic Feteleza. Alowetsedwa mwachindunji pansi pa muzu, feteleza amachititsa kuyaka kwa mizu yazomera. Povala pamwamba, mbalame zitosi zimayatsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera mavalidwe apamwamba. Mwanjira yolimba, iyo, ngati manyowa, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba kwa yophukira, kamodzi pa zaka 2-3. Kugwiritsa ntchito kumachokera ku 200-250 kg / mahekitala.

Kompositi

Kompositi ndi feteleza wopangidwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zam'mera ndi nyama ndikuphatikizira dothi komanso (ngati pali) peat. Imafunika makamaka kumayiko opanda ntchito, chifukwa imalimbikitsa kuyambitsa microflora yadothi, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito organus mu humus. Pa dothi lodzala ndi manyowa, kompositi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kungovala pamwamba, komanso pongokonza nthaka ndikuphika. Nthawi zambiri, 3 mpaka 5 kg pa mita imodzi yama mraba amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba. m dera pansi paminda zonse.

Feteleza wobiriwira, kapena manyowa obiriwira

Feteleza wobiriwira, kapena siderates, ndi feteleza wachilengedwe. Siderata yozizira imafesedwa mutakolola mbewu yayikulu yophukira kuti ikumbe kapena kusiya mpaka kukonzekera nthaka yophukira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pama dothi olemera, ophatikizika ndi cholinga chomasula (wogwiriridwa, oats, phacelia, mpiru, kugwiriridwa ndi ena). Manyowa ena obiriwira samangotulutsa nthaka, komanso nthawi yomweyo amakulitsa chonde (mpiru ndi nyemba, vetch-axle osakaniza, melilot, alfalfa, vetch, nandolo, nyemba, etc.).

Siderates amagwira ntchito ngati mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ngati nkhanambo, zowola mizu, ma waya, ndi nematode. Zosakaniza za rapeseed-mpiru-radish-oat ndi kuwonjezera kwa marigold ndi calendula zimabzalidwa. Mutha kubzala radish yamafuta ndi mpiru ndikuphatikizira ndi nasturtium ndi calendula ndi mitundu ina ya mbewu.

Zamoyo zambirimbiri zimakhala m'nthaka, zomwe zimapanga manyowa omwe mbewu zimafunikira, ndikuwapatsa zakudya zofunikira mtengo. M'nyengo yozizira, unyinji wa zinthu "zamoyo" m'nthaka zimazizira, ndipo nyengo yozizira imayimitsa "ntchito" yake, chifukwa chake amakonza dothi kuti limwe kasupe nthawi yotentha.

Werengani nkhani yatsatanetsatane: Kodi ndi siderata uti wofesa mchilala?

Kukonzekera dothi lanyundo

Kukonzekera kwa dothi kwamtunda kumapereka mpweya wabwino ndi chinyezi m'nthaka, zomwe mbewu zimafunikira masika. Kuphatikiza pa boma labwino kwambiri loyendetsera madzi, mabedi otentha, otenthetsedwa amasintha mofulumira padzuwa lamasika.

Ntchito zamtundu uliwonse m'munda zitha kukhala zosavuta. Mukangokolola, kumwaza manyowa, manyowa, kompositi, kusiya udzu ndi kukumba chilichonse kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, ndikuwonjezera feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu. Kaya kukonzekera kapena ayi kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri ndi funso lofunira yankho lolondola. Mutha kulangiza izi:

Ngati mundawo wagawidwa m'mabedi ndipo pali mapu achikhalidwe, ndiye kuti bedi lililonse liyenera kukonzedwa mosiyana. Nthawi zambiri m'matangadza ndi nthaka ya mtundu womwewo komanso yofanana. Nthawi zambiri malo awa ndiotaya, ndipo ngakhale kungokanda, kotero mabedi onse safunika kukonzedwa moyenera pa ntchito ya masika, makamaka kukumba mozama ndikutulutsa kwa mapangidwe.

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito feteleza?

Kukumba kwa yophukira kukumba

Ngati dothi ndi dongo, loamy, loyumbidwa nthawi yachisanu, izi zimayenera kumasulidwa pakugwa ndikuwonjezera manyowa, humus, ndi zinyalala zina zowoneka bwino (kukumba udzu, nsonga, masamba, utuchi, ndi zina).

Pamaso pa feteleza wachilengedwe, pakubalalitsa wogawana pabedi ndikuzikumba mpaka masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Nthaka idzakhala yotsika kwambiri, yosakanikirana ndi zinthu zina zomasuka. Mabakiteriya a Aerobic, ma nyansi, ndi nyama zina za m'nthaka zomwe zimakhala m'nthaka yayitali zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambirizo zisananyamuke kuti zikapume nthawi yozizira.

Zofunika! Simungathe kukumba mpaka 30 cm, ma aerobics ena, kamodzi m'malo opanda pake kwa iwo, adzafa. Panthawi yopumira, anaerobics adzauka kuchokera pansi ndikufa. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri komanso ndicholondola kugwira ntchito ndi dothi lokwanira 15 cm.

Amapanga pafupifupi (ngati palibe lingaliro lina la chikhalidwe china) zidebe za 2-4 za humus, zidebe ziwiri mpaka zitatu pa 1 sq. M ndizokwanira. m lalikulu. Potere, mukakhala kouma, mutha kuthirira malowo musanakumbe. Mukamachoka pansi pa chipale chofewa, pangani feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu, pafupifupi, 3040 g ndi 20-25 g, motsatana, wa superphosphate ndi potaziyamu sulfate, pansi pokhazikika.

Kukumba siderata wachinyamata.

Ngati palibe feteleza wachilengedwe, atha kusinthidwa mankhwala azitsamba. Ndiye kuti, namsongole amene wadulidwa amaduladulidwa / kuduladula tinthu ting'onoting'ono ndikuyika m'manda pamtunda. Kuyambanso kukumba, mzere woyamba umapangidwa ngati mzere wofikira mpaka 20 cm. Danga lokonzeka kukonzedwa, nsonga zomwe zatsala kuchokera kukololedwa zimayikidwa pansi mpaka masentimita 5-7 ndipo zimaponyedwa pamwamba, osatembenuza, koma kusuntha dothi. Mzere wopangidwawu umadzalanso ndi gawo ndipo wokutidwa ndi dothi. Mukakumba, mutha kuwonjezera feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu muyezo wolimbikitsira chikhalidwecho. Pafupifupi, kuyambira nthawi yophukira 40-60 g / sq. mamita a superphosphate ndi 25-30 g ya potaziyamu mchere kapena potaziyamu sulfate. Ndi njira iyi yokonzekera nthaka, kuchuluka kwa nthaka pakama kumachulukitsa kawiri.

Zotsatira zabwino zimaperekedwa ndi siderates yophukira. Zitha kufesedwa ndikukula m'mene mbewu zocheperako zimafikira 10cm kutalika, kapena gawo lakumapeto limadulidwa ndikusiyidwa mpaka mutamera wobzala manyowa obiriwira kapena ikamatera zisa zosiyanasiyana zobiriwira.

Kumasula feteleza ntchito

Mwakuwonekera pakapangidwe, dothi lotayirira kapena lamchenga, kukumba mosalekeza sikofunikira. Mutha kukumba magawo amodzi ndi nthula, udzu wa tirigu ndikusankha ma rhizomes. Kusanja dothi ndikumasulira kale lodzaza ndi 10-15 cm.

Ngati dothi lamtunduwu lili ndi ma humus ambiri, ndiye kuti amawonjezeramo feteleza wazaka 1-2-3, zidebe ziwiri za mbewu zomwe zikufunika kwambiri pakukula.

Pokhala ndi zotsika za humus, mpaka ndowa zisanu zokhala ndi hafu yakhwima kapena yokhwima, kompositi imayambitsidwa m'dzinja ndikuphatikizidwa kumtunda. Zamoyo zimathandiza kusunga chinyezi pamtunda wapamwamba, kupereka michere ku microflora ya dothi, ndikusunga nthaka.

Udzu wopanda mbewu umapatsa mbewu yambiri yophukira. Pamadothi opepuka, amayenera kuwonongedwa nthawi 1-2 mwa kumasula bwino, nthawi zina ngakhale kuthirira koyambirira kuti ayambe kuphukira mwachangu komanso kosavuta. Kumapeto kwa Seputembala, kumwera, komanso pakati pakati pa Russia, feteleza wachilengedwe ndi zina zonse zitha kubalalika musanakonzekere komaliza, feteleza wa michere amawonjezeredwa ndikukula.

Bedi lokonzekera kubzala mu kugwa.

Yodzala ndi dothi

Dothi lomwe kwa nthawi yayitali limangolandira mchere wambiri, monga tawonera kale, acidize pakapita nthawi. Kuphatikiza kumaonekera makamaka pa beets. Ngati kulibe mbewu kapena kuchepa, ngakhale pakukwaniritsa zonse zofunika paulimi, kuyimitsa ndikofunikira.

Poleketsa, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito ufa wa dolomite kapena laimu. Imagwira makamaka pa magnesium yatha, mchenga ndi dothi lamchenga lokhala ndi humus yochepa. Pakakhala popanda dolomite ufa, laimu itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimitsa. Dothi nthawi zambiri limakhala laka itatha zaka 3-5. Feteleza wa laimu umayikidwa mu Ogasiti-Okutobala. Kutsatira ndi mlingo woyenera ndikofunikira.

Pamtunda wapakati komanso wolemera loamy

• ndi pH = 4.5 pa 1 sq. m amapereka 500-600 g ufa wa dolomite,
• pama dothi apakatikati acid wokhala ndi pH = 4.5-5.2, kuchuluka kwake kumatsikira mpaka 450-500 g / sq. m
• pa acidic pang'ono omwe ali ndi pH = 5.2-5.6, kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi 350-450 g / sq. m

Pamchenga wamchenga komanso wopepuka

• pa pH = 4.5-4.6, kuchuluka kwa maphunzirowo ndi 400-350 g / sq. m
• ndi kuchuluka kwa pH = 4.8-5.0, kuchuluka kwa feteleza ndi 300-250 g / sq. m
• pa pH = 5.2, kutsitsa sikuchitika.