Chitsamba chosatha chotere monga Hosta kapena ntchito imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi banja la katsitsumzukwa, koma osati kale kwambiri inali nthumwi ya banja la kakombo. Chomera ichi chidatengera dzina la N. Host, yemwe anali dokotala komanso wazachipatala waku Austria. Ndipo ntchito yake adatipatsa ulemu polemekeza botanist wa ku Germany G.H. Funck. Mitundu iyi imagwirizanitsa mitundu 40 ya mbewu. M'malo achilengedwe, makamu amapezeka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Far East, zilumba za Kuril, East Asia (China, Korea, Japan) ndi Sakhalin. Zomera izi zimakonda kukonda chinyezi, chifukwa chake zimakonda kumera m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri, etc. Ku Japan, mbewu yotereyi imawonedwa ngati yopanda chiyero, pomwe Ajapani amasangalala kudya masamba a petioles monga chakudya chabwino . Mnyamatayo atabweretsa ku England, kunalibe chidwi ndi duwa, koma zonse zidasintha zitalowa mu New World. Mtengowu udatchuka kwambiri ndipo posachedwa udabzala kale kumayiko onse.
Zinthu Zosunga
Nyumba zakunyumba zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yake, chifukwa chake, aliyense wosamalira mundawo amatha kusankha mtundu womwe ungakongoletse dimba lake. Chomera choterocho, chokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, chimatha kukula ndikukula lonse m'nthawi yochepa. Akuluakulu amakondanso masamba awo owoneka bwino, omwe ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ndi mitundu. Maluwa oterowo amaonedwa kuti ndi opezeka paliponse komanso osasangalatsa. Imatha kupirira chilala komanso kuzizira, imagwirizira mthunzi, ndipo ikhoza kukhala lingaliro labwino la maluwa ena. Pakupita kwa zaka, wolandirayo amakhala wokongola kwambiri, pomwe mchaka cha 5 cha moyo wake kukongola kwake kumafika pachimake.
Mitundu yonse ndi mitundu ndiyomera komanso yopanda mawonekedwe, ndipo nthangala zazing'ono, zazifupi, zopindika, zimakhala ndi mizu yayikulu ngati chingwe, mothandizidwa ndi duwa lokhazikika pansi. Ma Peduncle, popanda mapepala, ndiwotalika ndipo amatuluka pamwamba pa malo ogulitsira, omwe ali ndi mbale zokongola za masamba. Amakhala ndi maluwa a mtundu wa genemose inflorescence, okhala ndi maluwa awiri kapena osavuta, omwe amatha kujambulidwa ndi zoyera, zofiirira, zamtambo kapena zapinki. Chomerachi chimasiyana ndi china chokonda mthunzi chifukwa chimakhala ndi maluwa okongola kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ali mbali ya gawo limodzi lokhala ndi mtundu wa inflemose inflorescence ndipo amakhala ndi chowongolera ngati belu kapena mawonekedwe amangochita phokoso. Zipatsozo ndi bokosi lam'mlengalenga, lomwe ndi lachikopa. Ili ndi njere zambiri, zomwe zimatha kumera bwino kwa miyezi 12.
Masamba atali oyambira ali ndi mawonekedwe amtima kapena lanceolate okhala ndi mfundo yakuthwa kumtunda. Zitsamba zimasiyanitsidwa momveka bwino pamtunda, pomwe mitundu yamitundu iyi imangokhala yodabwitsa. Mitundu ya masamba masamba imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mtundu ndi mitundu ya mbewu. Chifukwa chake, mutha kuwona mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amtambo ndi obiriwira, omwe amatha kukhala oyera komanso achikaso. Pankhaniyi, monga lamulo, masamba sanali monophonic, ali ndi mawanga osiyanasiyana, mikwingwirima, mikwingwirima, komanso kuphatikiza mitundu ya utoto kumatha kukhala kosayembekezeka. Komanso, ma pepala amasiyana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zimatha kukhala makwinya, zonyezimira, zophwanyika, zopaka, matte, ndizokhala ndi zitsulo zachitsulo ... Kutalika kwapakati pa chitsamba kumayambira 50 mpaka 80 sentimita, koma mutha kukumana ndi zimphona zomwe kutalika kwake kumafikira mamita 1,2, ndipo palinso mitundu yazifupi (kutalika pafupifupi 15 masentimita).
Mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makamu okhala ndi zithunzi
Zomera monga makamu ndizotchuka kwambiri pakupanga mawonekedwe. Pakadali pano, pali mitundu yopitilira 4,000 ya mitundu yosakanizidwa. Komabe, mitundu yayikulu yomwe inali ngati mtundu wa zinthu zopangira mitundu yosiyanayi iyi ndiyochepera. Mitundu yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi obereketsa:
Curly hosta
Tchire limafika kutalika kwa masentimita 60, ndipo masamba ake obiriwira obiriwira amakhala ndi mbali yoyera, mwachitsanzo: Loto Weaver;
Hosta mkulu
Chitsamba chimafikira kutalika kwa 0,9 metres, masamba akulu owala amawonekera mu zobiriwira zakuda, mwachitsanzo: Tom Schmid;
Hosta Fortuna
Chitsamba chofika mpaka masentimita 50 kutalika kwake, masamba obiriwira amakhala ndi mzere wa zonona, mwachitsanzo: albopicta;
Siebold
Chitsamba cha kutalika kwa masentimita 60, mitsempha imawonekera bwino pamasamba masamba, mwachitsanzo: Elegans;
Hosta wavy
Kutalika kuli pafupifupi masentimita 75, m'mphepete mwa masamba masentimita ndi wavy, gawo lapakati ndi loyera ndi malire wobiriwira ndi mikwingwirima, mwachitsanzo: Undulata Mediovariegata;
Kutupa kambiri
Kutalika kuli pafupifupi masentimita 50, timapepala tating'ono totsogola, mwachitsanzo: Thomas Hogg;
Hosta chomera
Kutalika kuli pafupifupi masentimita 50, masamba ofiira ali penti utoto wobiriwira, mwachitsanzo: Royal Standart.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imasankhidwa ndi kukula ndi mtundu
Zomera zoterezi zimagawika m'magulu asanu monga mtundu wamasamba:
- hosta buluu (Blue-V hosta) - utoto wamatsamba amtambo wamtambo wamtambo;
- hosta chikasu (Pitani) - zimaphatikizapo mbewu zonsezi ndi masamba achikasu;
- khala wobiriwira (Gr) - timapepala ta mtundu wobiriwira;
- khalani mosagatgat (V) - mitundu yokhala ndi masamba a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi mitundu yokhala ndi m'mphepete zowala m'mphepete mwa tsamba;
- media media host (MV) - mbale zamtundu wowala zili ndi malire obiriwira ozungulira m'mphepete.
Pali magulu 6 omwe agawana makamu mwakukula:
- Kalulu - ma tchire osaposa masentimita 10, Draft (D): Maso a Blue Mouse (masamba a mtundu wamtambo wabuluu ofanana ndi makutu a mbewa).
- Miniature - kutalika kwake kumasiyana kuyambira masentimita 10 mpaka 15, Miniature (Mini): La Donna (timapepala ta utoto tomwepakale nthawi yayitali, achikasu komanso mtundu wobiriwira).
- Zochepa - kutalika ndi masentimita 16-25, Kaling'onoting'ono (S): Golide wofikira (pamiyala yama masamba obiriwira pali mzere wachikaso kapena zoyera), Headsmen Blue (masamba obiriwira obiriwira).
- Yapakatikati - kutalika masentimita 30-50, Medium (M, Med): Usiku Khrisimasi isanakwane (masamba ali obiriwira, ndipo gawo lapakati ndi loyera), Tsono Wotsekemera (masamba obiriwira ali ndi mzere waz zonona), Nthenga Zoyera (izi chomera chapadera chimakhala ndi tsamba loyera, koma m'kupita kwanthawi chimapeza mtundu wobiriwira).
- Chachikulu ―Height ndi masentimita 55-70, Akuluakulu (L): Alvatine Taylor (Masamba obiriwira obiriwira ali ndi malire achikasu obiriwira), Golden Meadows (mbale zosakanizika zozungulira zimakhala ndi utoto wamtundu wagolide, malire obiriwira bwino komanso mawonekedwe obiriwira obiriwira) .
- Giant - Kutalika kwa masentimita opitilira 70, Giant (G): Blue Vision (masamba amtambo wobiriwira), Sum of All (pakati penipeni pa masamba ndiwobiliwira pamtundu ndipo pali malire agolide a m'lifupi lokwanira).
Kukula kwa magulu ochulukitsa
Mphika ukukula
Zomera zoterezi zimatha kufesedwa ndi mbewu, kugawanitsa chitsamba, komanso kudula. Ngati mukufuna kubzala maluwa oterewa kuchokera ku mbewu, muyenera kukumbukira kuti momwe zimakhalira bwino zimadalira kuti mumawagwiritsa ntchito bwino mbewu zomwe zimakulitsa (muyenera kumiza muzu, zircon, epin kapena juisi kwa mphindi 30 aloe) kapena ayi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kumera kwa mbewu sikokwanira kwambiri - pafupifupi 70-80 peresenti. Pali alimi omwe amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yobwezeretsa, mwachitsanzo, kuyika mbewu kwa masabata anayi m'malo ozizira. Ndikofunikanso kusankha kusakaniza kwa dothi labwino. Sipayenera kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, bowa, ndi zina zambiri, chifukwa chake, tikulimbikitsidwa kugula gawo lapansi mu sitolo yodziwika yodziwika bwino. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi osakaniza nthaka ziyenera kuphatikizapo peat, perlite, komanso vermiculite.
Kubzala kumachitika kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi. Choyamba muyenera kuthira mphika ndi yankho la potaziyamu permanganate kapena mowa wamankhwala. Pansi muyenera kuyala ngalande, kenako amathira pansi ndikuthira bwino. Zitatha izi, njere zofesedwa, zimangogawidwa panthaka. Kenako amafunikira kuwaza ndi dothi loonda (la mamilimita 5-7), lomwe liyenera kupunthwa pang'ono. Kuchokera pamwambapa, botolo liyenera kuphimbidwa ndi filimu kapena galasi lowonekera. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa kumera kumachokera ku 18 mpaka 25 degrees. Ngati mungakonze zofunikira pakumera kwa mbeu, ndiye kuti mbande zoyambirira zimatha kuwoneka patadutsa masiku 14 mpaka 20 mutabzala. Mbande ziyenera kutetezedwa ku dzuwa, ziyenera kuthiriridwa madzi pang'ono, ndipo masamba ophatikizidwa ayenera kuchotsedwa munyumba munthawi yake. Mbewu, mpaka zitaphukira, sizifunikira kuyatsa kwabwino, pamenepa, mpaka mbande zidzaonekere, chidebechi chiyenera kuyikidwa mumthunzi wocheperako. Komabe, izi zikachitika, mbande zimakonzedwanso m'malo mwake ndikuwunikira bwino.
Viyikani mbande mumiphika umodzi ndikofunikira mukakhala ndi masamba enieni awiri. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kudzaza miphika ndi dothi losakaniza ndikudzaza ndi mchenga kuti ¼ gawo, ndikugulitsa omwe azikhala nawo. Kutsirira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pansi. Kuti muchite izi, thirani madzi muchidebe ndikuyika miphika. Amachotsedwa pokhapokha gawo lalikulu la gawo lapansi litanyowa. Pambuyo pakuziika, makamuwo ayenera kuyamba kupsa mtima. Valani chophimba kwa maola angapo. Pambuyo pa masiku 7, pogona pamayenera kuchotsedwa bwino, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, maluwa amayenera kutengedwera kunja, koma kokha ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kuli pafupifupi madigiri 18. Tizikumbukira kuti mbande za hosta zimakula nthawi yayitali, ndipo ngakhale mbewu zomwe zimamera kuchokera pamimba sizingasungidwe mosiyanasiyana.
Kunja kwakunja
Nthawi yobzala
Choyamba, muyenera kusankha tsamba lomwe lili loyenerera bwino kukula maluwa. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mbewu yotereyi idakulitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali (pafupifupi zaka 20) m'malo amodzi popanda kuyika, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imakhala yokongola chaka ndi chaka. Kwa wolandirayo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti musankhe dera lomwe lili ndi mthunzi pang'ono momwe osungirako palibe. Komabe, muyenera kukumbukila kuti mtundu wa masamba utakulirakulira, zipatso zambiri zikufunika, ndizofanana ndi kukhalapo kwa chikaso komanso masamba oyera pa tsamba. Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, tikulimbikitsidwa kusankha malo omwe angakhale mumthunzi masana, ndipo nthawi ina yonse idzayatsidwa ndi dzuwa. Mitundu yokhala ndi masamba amtambo wabuluu, muyenera kusankha malo osinthika, pomwe amafunikira dzuwa pang'ono (pafupifupi maola 2 tsiku lidzakhala lokwanira). Zikuwoneka kuti mu mthunzi wolimba mwamphamvu sizikula mwachangu, koma masamba awo ndi akulu, ndipo chitsamba ndichokwera pang'ono.
Nthaka yoyenera iyenera kukhala yonyowa, yolemeretsedwa ndi humus, yoyesedwa bwino, acidic yochepa kapena yosalowerera. Zomera zotere sizimakonda dothi lamchenga, komanso katundu wolemera. Ngati mukubzala mbande panthaka yophukira, ndiye kuti muyenera kuyamba kukonza malowa. Kuti muchite izi, pamalopo pamalopo pamafunika utoto wokwanira masentimita khumi wa feteleza wachilengedwe. Zitachitika izi, dothi liyenera kukumbidwa mpaka pakuya kwa fosholo. Pakatikati, masanjidwe amatha kukhazikika pamalowa. Kubzala mbewu zotere panthaka kungachitike pokhapokha ngati chisanu sichikuyembekezeredwa. M'matope apakati, nthawi ino, monga lamulo, imagwera pa Epulo womaliza komanso masiku oyamba a Meyi.
Momwe mungakhazikitsire omwe akuchitirako
Pakati pa mabowo muyenera kuchoka pa masentimita 30 mpaka 60 aulere, pomwe mitunduyo imakhudza kukula kwa mipata. Ngati omwe akukhala ndi mitundu yayikulu, ndiye kuti pakati pawo pazikhala osachepera 0,8-1 metres. Magulu okhala ndi mphika ayenera kuthiriridwa madzi maola angapo asanabzalidwe. Zikakhala kuti mukuthana ndi anthu omwe nthawi yomweyo ndikugawana chitsamba, muyenera kuchotsa mizu yomwe idafota, yowonongeka kapena yowola. Mmera wokhala ndi dothi lapansi umadutsitsidwa mu dzenje kapena gawolo limatsitsidwa 2-3 masentimita pansi pa nthaka. Kenako muyenera kufalitsa mizu mosamala ndikudzaza dzenje ndi dothi, lomwe liyenera kuphatikizidwa (osati kwambiri). Wogulitsayo amamwe madzi ambiri. Pambuyo pake, dothi pafupi ndi muzu liyenera kuwaza ndi mulch (wosanjikiza khungwa laling'ono).
Zolemba Zosamalira
Zikachitika kuti hosta ibzalidwe m'nthaka yathanzi, ndiye kuti safunikira zakudya zowonjezera kwa zaka 3-4. Mu yophukira, dothi lapansi limakonkhedwa ndi kompositi ndi humus, mulching ndipo nthawi yomweyo kudyera mbewuyo. Chomera sichifunikira feteleza wochulukirapo, koma ngati pangafunike, gawani feteleza wopunthira panthaka pafupi ndi chitsamba. Izi zichitike ponyowa (pakagwa mvula kapena kuthirira). Mavalidwe apamwamba ogwiritsa ntchito feteleza amadzimadzi (mwa njira ya muzu komanso malinga ndi tsamba) ziyenera kuchitika kawiri pamwezi mpaka pakati pa nthawi yachilimwe, ngati izi zichitidwa motalikirapo, ndiye kuti duwa lomwe limakula mwachangu silingakonzekere bwino nyengo yachisanu. Dera lozungulira mbewu liyenera kukhala lonyowa nthawi zonse, makamaka kwa achinyamata okhala nawo. Pankhaniyi, kuthirira kuyenera kukhala kwakanthawi ndipo kuyenera kuchitika m'mawa. Nthawi yomweyo, madzi amayenera kuthiridwa mosamala pansi pa chitsamba, chifukwa madzi omwe agwera pamasamba amawachotsa kwambiri. Thirani madzi mosamala kuti madziwo azitha kuyamwa bwino. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mtsinje wamphamvu wamadzi umagwirira nthaka. Ngati duwa lilibe madzi, ndiye kuti mutha kumvetsetsa izi ndi malingaliro omwe achita mdima a masamba.
Zikatero, ngati mukufuna kukhalabe wokongola chitsamba kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti muyenera kuchotsa masamba osuwa, ndikuwatulutsa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chitsamba chosazirala chimayamba kugwa. Kumasulira ndi kuchotsa udzu kuyenera kuchitika kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwaulimi, chowonadi ndichakuti patapita nthawi chitsamba chidzakula ndikuchotsa udzu udzu. Pambuyo pazaka 3-4, duwa limakula mwachangu ndipo lifunika kugawidwa. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kukumba chitsamba ndikulekanitsa achinyamata odulidwa ku mainchesi. Ngati wolandirayo ali wathanzi, njirayi singamuvulaze.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Zomera zoterezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukana kwawo matenda, koma akatswiri aku America akutsimikizira kuti ngati zosonkhanirazo zili ndi kuchuluka kokwanira, ndiye kuti mwina pakati pawo pali wodwala. Zimachitika kuti tchire lofooka kapena kukhudzidwa ndi chisanu limadwala phylosticosis. Matendawa amatha kuzindikirika ndi masamba akakhala bulauni omwe amapangika pama masamba, omwe amaphatikizana nthawi yayitali. Phyllosticta aspidistrae Oud, yomwe imakhudza maununolo, imagwiritsanso ntchito mbeu. Zomwe zimakhudzidwazo ziyenera kukumbidwa ndikuwonongedwa, pambuyo pake ndikofunikira kupanga mankhwala m'nthaka.
Komanso maluwa amenewa amawopseza imvi zowola (Botrys cinerea) ndi sclerotinia (Sclerotinia). Monga lamulo, masamba mbale amawola. Pofuna kuthana ndi zowola, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito othandizira fungicidal, omwe maziko ake ndi oterera. Mafangayi monga sclerotinia ndi nkhungu yoyera ya thonje yomwe imawononga khosi la chomera. Amalimbana ndi dichlorane.
Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa wolandirayo ndi aulesi. Mutha kuphunzirapo za maonekedwe awo ndi mabowo akulu pazipepala. Kuwachotsa ndikosavuta. Kuti muchite izi, pafupi ndi mbewu kuti muike makapu odzazidwa ndi mowa. Pambuyo pa tsiku, muyenera kungotenga slugs zomwe zalowa kununkhira kwa chakumwa ichi.
Tsinde nematode amathanso kukhazikika. Mutha kuphunzira za matendawo ndi ma neodotic achikasu omwe amatambalala pakati pamitsempha ya masamba.Kuti mukhale otsimikiza kwathunthu kuti nematode akhazikika pamtengowo, muyenera kutenga mbale imodzi, ndikuyang'amba zidutswa zazing'onoting'ono ndikutsanulira chilichonse mugalasi loonda komanso lopindika. Madzi oyera ayenera kuthiramo. Pambuyo pa mphindi 30, muyenera kupenda mosamala zomwe zili mugalasi. Ngati pali nematode, ndiye kuti muyenera kuwona nyongolotsi zazing'ono m'madzi. Ndizosatheka kuchotsa tizilombo, chifukwa palibe mankhwala omwe angawononge mazira ake. Ndikofunikira kukumba ndikuwononga kwathunthu mbewu zonse zomwe zili pafupi ndi zomwe zakhudzidwa mu mzere wa masentimita 200.
Ngati mbozi zikhazikika pamalowo, ndiye usiku umodzi wokha iwo amawononga tchire lonse. Ming'alu ndi ziwala zimapanga mabowo ambiri masamba. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kuthana ndi tizirombo.
Pambuyo maluwa
Maluwa akamazirala, amayenera kudulidwa. M'dzinja loyambilira, wolandirayo ayenera kuyamba kukonzekera nthawi yozizira, nthawi yomweyo mutha kuwabzala ngati pakufunika. Mphindi 30 asanabzalire, chitsamba chizithiriridwa madzi ambiri. Kenako iyenera kukumbidwa ndikugawidwa, nthawi yomweyo, tsamba limodzi liyenera kupezeka pagawo lililonse. Mtunda pakati pa ogawikawo ndi 25-35 masentimita, pomwe iwo amabzalidwa pamtunda womwewo momwe iwo amakulira. Dzenje lakufikira limafunikira kukulira, popeza mizu yake imakula molowera. Poyamba, wogulitsayo amafunika kuthiriridwa madzi ochuluka. Kubzala ndi kugawa zimachitika mochedwa kuposa pakati pa Seputembala, kuti mbewuzo zitha kulimba asanafike chisanu. Monga lamulo, achinyamata okhala nawo mizu amamera mizu patatha mwezi umodzi atera. Ndi isanayambike masika, Delenki imayamba kukula mwachangu, ndipo m'zaka ziwiri zokha zokha ndizomera zomwe ndizomera komanso zothandiza kwambiri.
Kwa nthawi yozizira makamu amayenera kukhala otetezedwa. Kuti tichite izi, nthawi yophukira, dothi liyenera kuwazidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa mulch (tsamba lamasamba). Mu mulch chotere, maluwa omwe amabzalidwa pansi pa mitengo ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa amalandila michere yosowa m'nthaka. Ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mulching, msika wamaluwa wamaluwa umakwezedwa, ndipo kutulutsa kwa nthaka kumakhala bwino.
