Whitefly ndi tizilombo

Kutentha, chilimwe chotentha ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri yopititsa tizilomboto tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi dzina losakhazikika komanso labwino kwa zovala zoyera. Gulugufe wocheperako (0.5-3.0 mm) wamtundu woyera, mapiko ndi thupi lake lomwe laphwanyidwa ndi chinthu chofiyira choyera, limatha kukhudza anthu, ngati sichoncho chifukwa chowononga. Whitefly adayamba kuwoneka ngati chomera cha mbewu zotetezedwa (1870, England), koma pambuyo pake idapeza nthaka yake.

Mitundu yoyera njere za phylogeneis idapanga mitundu yoposa 200, ndipo idakhala imodzi mwazomera zazikulu zamasamba, zamaluwa ndi mabulosi zipatso za malo otseguka komanso otsekeka. Ndiwokhazikika mnyumba zosungiramo zinyumba ndi nyumba, momwe muli nyumba zamkati. Mitundu yoyera ndi tizirombo tokha. Pafupifupi mitundu 150 yazomera 53 m'mabanja 53. Amanyamula matenda a virus, fungal ndi bacteria. Amadzala zinyalala pachomera, pansi pa khungwa la mitengo momwe amapangira mazira, mphutsi, ana.

Whiteflies, kapena Aleirodids (Aleyrodidae). © Brad Buck

Mitundu ya Whiteflies

M'mwezi wa June, kuthawa kwa zovala zoyera kwambiri. Mukuyandikira bedi lokhala ndi mazira, phwetekere, nkhaka ndi funde pang'ono m'manja mwanu, ndipo mtambo woyera ukukwera pamwamba pa kubzala - awa ndi oyera. Mitundu ya Whitefly yomwe ili mwapadera pantchitoyi ndipo imakonda kuyikira mazira ndikuthera gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo pazomera zodyeka.

Odziwika kwambiri komanso odziwika bwino ku malo okhala masamba obiriwira ndipo okhala pachilimwe ndi zovala za Kabichi (Aleyrodes proletella), Fodya wa Gulugufe (Bemisia tabaci), Wowonjezera kutentha, kapena wowonjezera kutentha, mbalamezi (Trialeurode vaporariorum) Nthawi zambiri, mabulosi oyera a sitiroberi (Aleurode fragariae)Dialeurode citri) Yotsirizirayi imawonedwa ngati tizirombo toyambitsa zipatso. Ku Russia, ndizofala kwambiri pagombe la Black Sea ku Caucasus.

Mwa mbewu zamasamba ndi maluwa, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timawononga kwambiri zomera zokhala ndi zotayirira (zazikulu-zazikulu): tomato, nkhaka, zukini, fuchsia, pelargonium, abutilon, nightshade, gloxinia ndi mbewu zina zambiri. Kuti muthane ndi vuto loyesa kuthana ndi vuto loyera, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuzungulira kwazomera, nthawi zovuta kwambiri m'moyo, kuti musaberekenso poizoni wazomera pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.

White kabichi (Aleyrodes proletella). © Amada44

Fodya Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).

Wowonjezera kutentha, kapena wowonjezera kutentha, mwera woyera (Trialeurode vaporariorum). © zapamwamba

Mzere wa chitukuko cha Whitefly

Kukula kwa tizilombo akuluakulu (akulu), kutengera mitundu, kuyambira 0,5-3.0 mm. Pakukhazikika kwake, mbewa yoyera imadutsa magawo atatu - mazira, mphutsi ndi nymphs. Munthu wamkulu amatuluka mu nymph. Imafalikira ndi foci. Pa chomera chimodzi pamatha kukhala nthumwi za magawo onse a chitukuko ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timagwirizana ndi kuyendetsa bwino tizilombo. M'malumikizidwe a mazira ndi nymphs, tizirombo sakhala pachiwopsezo choteteza. Mphutsi za Whitefly zimagwira kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa mbewu. Pakutukuka kwawo, amadutsa magawo 6 a kusasitsa, pomwe atatu amatengedwa ndi molting. Gawo lililonse la zophukira zimatenga masiku awiri mpaka anayi. Mphutsi zokha za m'badwo woyamba (wozembera) zimayenda. Pofika molt wotsiriza, mphutsi ya VI-Instar (Petraria) imasiya kudya, ndikudziphimba ndi chinthu chokhala ngati sera, ndikudutsa gawo la nymph, pomwe maluwa amatuluka pakatha masiku 6. Kutenderera kwatha. Imago amakumana ndi mwamunayo maola 12-20 atachoka. Mating pa moyo wa imago amapezeka kangapo. Kutalika kwa masiku a dzira ndi masiku 9.

Mzere wa chitukuko cha Whitefly

Zolemba Zambiri

Popeza mtundu uliwonse wa mbewa, kutengera mtundu wa chakudya, uli ndi nthawi yake ya magawo a chitukuko ndi moyo wa tizilombo tambiri, timawonetsa zomwe zafotokozedwazo zikuwonetsa kuti ndizovuta kwambiri.

M'magulu okhazikika chifukwa cha kufalikira kwapadera, gawo lalikulu ndi mazira a whitefly (40-50%) ndi mphutsi (mpaka 40%). Wachikulire amaikira mazira pansi pa tsamba mu zidutswa 20-280, zomwe 80-94% zimangokhala ndi kachilombo kakakulu. Kukula kwa akuluakulu kuyambira mazira mpaka kuphukira kwa mphutsi kumatengera chomera chodyetsa ndi kutentha kwambiri. Pafupifupi, zazimuna ndi zazimuna zamitundumitundu zosiyanasiyana zimakhala pamtunda wotentha + 18 ... + 24ºС, kuyambira pa 18 mpaka 24 (ngakhale mpaka masiku 60) kuyambira masiku 12 mpaka 17. Kukweza kutentha kukhala + 24 ... + 30 ° C kumachepetsa moyo wa kachiromboka wamkulu mpaka masiku 4.

Kutalika kwa nthawi yokumira kwa akazi a mbewa mbewa kumatenga masiku 18 mpaka 22. Kukula kwa mphutsi kumatenga masiku 7-15. Kuyambira nymph kupita kutuluka kwa imago - masiku 10-15. Kukula kwa mbadwo umodzi kumalizidwa pafupifupi masiku 26-28. Pazinthu zotere, kuchuluka kwa imago pa m'badwo kumatha kuwonjezeka 30-40. Nthawi yakula, mibadwo 8-15 imakula.

Malinga ndi zomwe asayansi awona, kufa kwakukulu kwa tizilombo kumaonekera pakusintha kwa mphutsi za whitefly za m'badwo woyamba kupita wachiwiri, ndipo zazing'ono kwambiri - nthawi ya dzira kuyika komanso nthawi ya nymph. Koma pokonza mbewu, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana nyengo. Ngati nyengo ndiyabwino, ndiye kuti ngakhale ndi imago yocheperako, kuswana kwakukulu kudzakulitsa (ndipo kwakukulu) kuchuluka kwa tizirombo. Chifukwa chake, zidzakhala zofunikira kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa kuyambira 4 mpaka 6-7.

Mphutsi za mbewa wobiriwira. © Anatoly Mikhaltsov

Njira zotetezera mbewu kwa zovala zoyera

Kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana mankhwala ena sikungadzetse chiyembekezo. Chitetezo chokwanira chikufunika pakuyambitsidwa ndi njuchi, kuphatikiza ntchito yapaunyumba ndi agrotechnical, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Njira zopewera

Nthawi yakula komanso kumapeto kwa nyengo, chotsani zinyalala zonse za mbewu pazomera ndi namsongole kuti mazira akuluakulu ndi tizirombo tina tisayikire mazira.
Onetsetsani kuti mukuthira tizilombo toyambitsa zobiriwira komanso nthaka pakugwa.
Tsatirani njira za agrotechnical zoperekedwa ndiukadaulo poyera.
Mukukula, musanametse mbewuzo, makamaka ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni, tsatirani bwino ulimi wothirira.
Ngati mukugwira ntchito yanthaka, ndiye kuti muteteze mbewu kuchokera kwa zophulika, mutha kubzalidwe pachikhalidwe cha nsikidzi ndi nthangala za macrolofus nthangala za amblyseusa, makamaka m'malo obiriwira komanso malo obiriwira. Amachepetsa kwambiri zovala zoyera. Mutha kuzigula pamalonda apadera ndikudzipatula malinga ndi zomwe mwalimbikitsa.
Nthawi yakula, nthawi zina zimakhala zokwanira kupanga sopo yochapa bwino (yosafinya) ndikumwaza masamba kapena kumatsuka ndi madzi ozizira.

Kodi kuthana ndi zovala zoyera bwanji?

Mwachilengedwe

Njira zodzitetezera zachilengedwe ndizovomerezeka pamabungwe ang'onoang'ono komanso pazinthu zazing'ono. Kukonzekera kwachilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa chokhala ndi microflora yopindulitsa kumawonongeratu njovu popanda kuvulaza nyama ndi anthu.

Mwa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala zodziwika bwino, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito bioinsecticide, yomwe imawononga (kupatula ma whiteflies) mndandanda wa tizirombo tambiri. Mukukula kwa mbewu zamasamba, mankhwalawa 2 mpaka 4 ndi okwanira. Aversectin C ndi Avertin-N ndi othandiza kuchokera pagulu lomweli. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri kupha tiziromboti tating'ono ndi tizirombo tina tomwe timayamwa. Posachedwa, bicol ndi bitoxibacillin agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ku Russia, a Bio-insecticides Nemabakt ndi Antonym-F adapangidwa, omwe ndi mankhwala abwino kwambiri osagwirizana ndi tizirombo tambiri, koma kumasulidwa kwawo kwayamba kumene ndipo kukugulitsidwanso zochepa.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti bioinsecticides amayamba kugwira ntchito pamtunda wokwezeka komanso chinyezi. Chifukwa chake, kusinthaku kumachitika ndi + 18 ° C ndi pamwamba. Pamaso kukonza, mbewu ziyenera kupukutidwa kapena kuthiridwa mutathirira. Mvula imachotsa njira za bioinsecticides, kotero muyenera kubwereza mankhwalawo. Chithandizo chomaliza ndi bioinsecticides chikuchitika masiku awiri 2-3 asanakolole. Njira zothetsera mankhwalawa zimakonzedwa mosamalitsa malinga ndi malingaliro omwe amapanga. Kuchulukitsa ndende yankho sikudzawonjezera kukonzanso bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito bioinsecticides ndikulimbikitsidwa kwa eni aulimi wokhala ndi organic.

Zithandizo zamtundu wa wowerengetsera wazungu

Njira zothandizira kubereka zimaphatikizanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira tizirombo tina touluka (anyezi husk, decoction wa yarrow, kulowetsedwa kwa adyo). Zodzikongoletsera za chomera zimapopera madzi pang'ono. Kugwiritsa ntchito decoctions kumafuna kubwerezabwereza - patatha masiku 2-3-4 kwa nthawi yayitali.

Whitefly Chemicals

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala popanga mbewu za m'munda momasuka ndipo, makamaka, malo otsekedwa sikulimbikitsidwa. Nthawi zina, pomwe masamba akudya m'dera lalikulu, ndipo chikhungu chafalikira, mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala itha kuchitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yomwe ikukula. Kukonzanso komaliza kumachitika pasanathe masiku 20-25 musanakolole.

Mwa mankhwala omwe amaloledwa pamasamba aziphuphu motsutsana ndi ma whitevlies, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mospilan, int-vir, spark-M ndi ena. Mukamasankha mankhwalawa, muyenera kuyang'anira nthawi yowonongeka, kutalika kwa nthawi, kuchuluka kwa ziwopsezo ndi zizindikiro zina. Mankhwala osankhidwa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamalitsa malinga ndi malangizo omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamunthu (magolovu, chovala chovala, chipewa, magalasi, kupuma kapena kuvala chosanjikiza zingapo).