Kuyambira ubwana, aliyense amadziwa kukoma kwa zonunkhira, zonunkhira pang'ono za padziko lapansi, zomwe zimawonjezedwa ndi makeke ndi chokoleti, amapanga zokhwasula-khwasula ndi phala lodziwika bwino wa peanut, makamaka ku USA, kutengera iwo. Koma sikuti aliyense amadziwa momwe mtedza umamera.
Masiku ano, nandolo ndi mbewu yofunika kulima; gawo lamkango la mkango kuzungulira kwamayiko ambiri ku Asia ndi ku Africa kwapangidwa. Malo ofunikira kwambiri pankhani yazachuma komanso kumwetsa nzimbe ku United States. Koma ngati m'maiko omwe nandolo zimamera, aliyense amadziwa za chikhalidwe ichi, ndiye kuti ku Russia ndi ku Europe mayiko "chiphuphu" amadziwika ngati chogulitsa. Ndipo ngati nthumwi ya chomera, amafunsa mafunso ambiri.
Makamaka, pali lingaliro kuti mtedza, wofanana ndi hazel kapena walnuts, ucha pa zitsamba kapena mitengo. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi malingaliro olakwika ndi dzina wamba lomwe limapezeka mu XVI-XVII zaka zambiri, "peanut". M'malo mwake, nandolo ali pafupi ndi nandolo wamba, mphodza kapena nyemba.
Walnut kapena nyemba: chipewa chimawoneka bwanji ndikukula?
Chomera chaudzu chotalika 20 mpaka 70 masentimita sichimatchedwa kuti shrub kapena mtengo wazipatso. Ndipo zipatso za mtedza mu nyemba si mtedza, koma mbewu zobisika mkati mwa nyemba.
Mtengowo, womwe udalimidwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi anthu wamba aku South America, nthawi yomwe chitukuko chidayambika ndi anthu aku Europe zidadziwika ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimamuyesa ngati mbewu yolonjeza. Masiku ano, mahekitala mamiliyoni ambiri amakhala m'malo olimidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo malo olimapo akuchulukirachulukira.
Kodi nchifukwa chiyani chiponde chimakondwera ndi chidwi chotere? Zomwe zili mu chakudya chamtunduwu, kuperewera kwake komanso zipatso zake zimapereka msanga.
Chikhalidwe chimakula popanda mavuto pomwe mbewu zina zikuvutika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chakudya komanso chinyezi, siziwopa dzuwa ndipo zingathe kuchita popanda ma pollinators. Kuphatikiza apo, monga mbewu zina zam'madzi zopanga pachaka, nandolo sangangopeza chakudya kuchokera m'nthaka yake, komanso zimamulemeretsa nayitrogeni.
Nthambi zamphamvu zokhala ngati herbaceous kapena mbewu yokhala ndi mizu yolimba, yomwe imakula mpaka mita ndi theka. Zimayambira ndi m'mphepete zowoneka bwino zokutidwa ndi masamba ophatikizika, logawidwa m'magulu angapo owumbika, owongoka pang'ono. Onse mphukira ndi masamba a masamba okutidwa ndi pofewa. Maluwa okhala ndi petals yoyenda m'mbuyo ndi mlomo woonda ndi utoto wachikaso.
Mpaka pomwe mbewuyo imamasula, nkovuta kuzindikira mawonekedwe ake akuluakulu - mawonekedwe ndi chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo sichichitika pamwamba pa nthaka, koma pansi pamtunda.
Nyemba zakucha ndi kugwa zimakhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba, chokhala ngati chipolopolo chomwe chimabisa njere imodzi kapena isanu ndi iwiri. Ichi chinali chifukwa chodziwika bwino cha mtedza wotchedwa "mtedza."
Nthonje ndi chimodzi mwazomera zochepa Padziko lapansi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito maluwa odziyimira okha polimitsa. Pambuyo pakupanga maluwa tsiku lililonse komanso kupangika kwa thumba losunga mazira, mphukira ya gynophore imathamangira m'nthaka, ndikukumba, ndikupanga nyemba mobisa.
Pa chomera chimodzi kuyambira Juni mpaka kumapeto kwa yophukira, nyemba zosankhika zingapo zimapangidwa. Mutha kuwapeza pokhapokha kukumba tchire, ndipo mutha kuwona momwe mtedza umamera kuchokera pamwamba, pokhapokha pakuwonjezeka kwa mphukira zomwe zimasiya nthaka.
Kodi mtedza umamera kuti?
Nthanga zimakonda kutentha, ndipo kuti zipse nyemba zobisika pansi panthaka, zimafunikira nthawi yayitali, yotentha komanso kugwa komweko. Kuchokera pakubzala nyemba mpaka kukolola kumatenga masiku 120-160. Zinthu zoterezi sizipezeka paliponse.
Kukhazikika koyambirira, malo obadwira chikhalidwe amatchedwa South America. Mtsinje waukulu utapezeka ndi azungu, mbewu zambiri zosangalatsa zidatumizidwa ku metropolis ndi kumadera ena aku Spain, Portugal ndi Britain. Anthu aku Spain anali oyamba kuyesa nyemba zachilendo, adazipeza kuti ndizokoma komanso zothandiza kwambiri pamaulendo ataliatali. M'dziko Lakale, mtedza nawonso udalawa. Monga zowonjezera pambale ndi mawonekedwe a nyemba za cocoa, adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika.
Kuti akwaniritse kuchuluka komwe kukufuna, ogonjetsa ku America adalibe nyemba zochepa za nyemba zochokera kumayiko ena. Chifukwa chake, Apwitikizi, omwe amayamikirira kupangira zakudya zopatsa thanzi ndi zipatso za mtedza, anali ndi chidwi ndi momwe mtedza umakula m'mikhalidwe ya ku Africa.
Nandolo ku Africa
Maiko aku Europe ku kontinenti yakuda ankapereka nkhuni, zonunkhira, mchere, thonje ndi akapolo kudziko la amayi. Komabe, chifukwa cha malo osauka kunali kovuta kwambiri kupanga ulimi pano. Nandolo anathandizira kuthetsa vutoli.
Sanangopereka nyemba zomwe azungu amafuna, komanso kudyetsa nzika, komanso ziweto. M'mayiko ena, chikhalidwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kupeza ndalama.
Ngakhale kwadutsa nthawi yayitali kuchokera pomwe Agiriki adalandidwa komanso kutuluka kwa nthochi ku Africa, sizikudabwitsanso aliyense chifukwa chake Senegal imatchedwa kuti Peanut Republic. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la XVII, pano poyamba Apwitikizi, ndipo kenako eni minda aku France adalima mwachangu malo a peyala. M'zaka zana zapitazi, mukukula nyemba zopitilira miliyoni miliyoni pachaka, dzikolo lakhala msungichuma wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Groundnut ku Asia
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zipatso za mtedza komanso kupezeka kwa mafuta amafuta azamasamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zakudya, chikhalidwechi chimadziwika kumadera ena padziko lapansi.
Minda yayikulu ya mtundu wa nyembayi yasweka ku Asia. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la XVI, chomeracho chimadziwika ku India, mbewu pang'ono pambuyo pake zidawonekera ku Philippines, Macau ndi China. Unali ufumu wakumwamba womwe unachotsa kanjedza ku Senegal, pomwe nzika zambiri zimagwirabe ntchito kukonza, kubzala ndi kututa.
Nkhani ya Bwino ya Peanut yaku America
Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la XIX, minda ya zipatso kapena mtedza idawonekera m'gawo la North America. Kukhala ndi zovuta kudyetsa asitikali a magulu omenyera nkhondo yankhondo yapachiweniweni, zinali zothokoza kwa achichepere kuti atha kuthandiza ankhondo.
Koma nkhondoyi itatha, chikhalidwe cha nyemba izi chifukwa cholimitsa pamanja chidanenedwa kuti sichothandiza, ndipo nyemba zomwezo zidalembedwa ngati chakudya cha anthu osauka.
Ndi machitidwe achimwemwe okha omwe adalola kuti mtedza ku United States ubwerere pa podium yawo yoyenera. Pamba, yemwe chakumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazo alimi amatenga alimi ambiri, ndipo amayamwa madziwo pansi. Kuchuluka kwa malo olimapo kunali kuchepa, alimi adavutika chifukwa cha kulephera kwa mbewu ndi zovuta za tizilombo. Zinali zofunika kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti tisinthe zikhalidwe zina ndikuthandizira paulimi.
Wasayansi wodziwika ku USA, D.V. Carver, ataphunzira kuchuluka kwamapuloteni, mafuta, ma amino acid, ndi zinthu zina zothandiza m'thupi la munthu zomwe zili ndi zipatso zamkati, adapeza lingaliro lotengera chikhalidwe chosangalatsachi. Malinga ndi agrochemist, zinali zosatheka kukana chomera chomwe nyemba zake ndi mafuta 50% komanso gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mapuloteni ofunikira mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha kukula kwa chakudya chamakolo mazana ambiri ndi zopangidwa mwaluso ndi nyemba, kudzipangitsa kukulira komanso kusamalira chonde m'nthaka, mtedza wochokera ku USA wasanduka chomera chachipembedzo.
Gawo lamkango la nyemba zakomweko limapita kukapanga batala la nyemba lomwe limakonda ku America, mafuta aukadaulo ndi edible, komanso ziweto, sopo ndi zosowa zina.
Kodi mtedza umamera kuti ku Russia?
Lero, chidwi chomera sichikuchepa. Mu nthawi za Soviet, ngulu sizinaperekedwe chidwi, ndipo zokulitsa izi zinkachitika kokha kumayiko akumwera. Kodi mtedza umamera kuti ku Russia? Palibe minda yayikulu ya mtunduwu m'minda muno, koma okonda zigawo zakumwera, Chernozemye, Southern Urals ngakhalenso Mzere wapakati amayesetsa bwino kuti atenge mbewu ya nyemba m'minda yawo yachilimwe komanso ziwembu zapanyumba.
Ngakhale iwo, chifukwa cha nyengo yanyengo, sangathe kulowa mgalu m'munda, sayenera kusiya chikhalidwechi. Tchire choyambirira cha peanut ndizosavuta kulima mumphika.
Kanema wonena za momwe nandala amakulira angakuthandizeni kudziwa zambiri zaukadaulo wazachikhalidwe, kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika ndi zosowa zake:
