Begonia (Begonia) - chomera chapadera cha herbaceous m'chiwerengero cha mitundu ndi mitundu yomwe imasiyana mawonekedwe, mtundu wa maluwa, kukula kwake ndi malo okhala. Banja la Begoniev lili ndi zipatso komanso zipatso, zomwe zimayimiriridwa ndi masamba a herbaceous, zitsamba zosaphimba, ndi zitsamba zokhwima bwino.
Begonia imatha kupezeka m'maiko okhala ndi malo otentha komanso otentha - ku Africa, America ndi Southeast Asia ngakhale pachilumba cha Madagascar. Mitundu ya begonias imakhudza ma saizi ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Chomera chocheperako chimatha kutalika masentimita pang'ono, ndipo chachikulu kwambiri - chimakhala chofika mamita atatu. Begonia adazolowera zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikukula. Itha kumera mu dothi lonyowa, komanso pamizu yamitengo yakale, komanso m'miyala yamiyala yozizira.
Kufotokozera kwamasamba
Dziko la begonia limadziwika kuti la Antilles. Mtengowo udapezeka komweko mu 1687 ndi omwe atenga nawo gawo limodzi mwaulendo wa asayansi wopangidwa ndi Michel Begon. Pambuyo pake, mbewu zomwe sizikudziwika panthawiyi, zomwe zidapezeka ndikufotokozedwa ndi katswiri wazomera zaku France Charles Plumier, yemwenso adachita nawo ulendowu, adatchulidwa pambuyo pake.
M'minda yolima, pali mitundu ya maluwa 75 ndi maluwa ambiri, monga obereketsa agwira ntchito yayikulu kwambiri pantchito zaka zambiri zapitazi. Chiwerengero chonse cha begonias chikuyandikira makopi chikwi. Pakati pa banja lalikulu ili mutha kupeza zokongoletsera zokongoletsera, zonse zamaluwa ndi masamba. Zomera zazikulu za maluwa obiriwira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi hybridization ndizodziwika kwambiri.
Mu theka lachiwiri la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, mitundu yatsopano ya begonias idapezeka m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ku India - achifumu achifumu, ku Peru - Veich begonia, ku Bolivia - Pierce begonia ndi Bolivian, kumapiri aku South America - tuber begonia. Koma okonda maluwa komanso osamalira maluwa amapatsa mitundu yambiri ya ku Belgian.
Mitundu ya begonia
Pa kukula kwamkati, mitundu ya hybrid ya begonia ndiyabwino kwambiri. Mitundu yonse yamaluwa ndi yowola bwino yazomera imakhala ndi zokongoletsera. Mwa mitundu yamaluwa, magulu awiri azomera amapezeka. Zina zimayenderana ndi oimira obiriwira nthawi zonse, pomwe ena amagwirizana ndi masamba oponyera masamba. Nthambi za maluwa obiriwira nthawi zonse sizimaphuka mokongola monga mtundu wina, koma chaka chonse amasangalala ndi masamba obiriwira obiriwira. Zofanizira zomwe masamba amafera zimakhala ndi maluwa okongola komanso osalala, koma kufalitsa bwino tidzafunika kukulitsa maluwa.
Begonia amasamalira kunyumba
Malo ndi kuyatsa
Kuyatsa kwa begonias wopatsa chidwi sikuyenera kukhala kowala kwambiri, penumbra, makamaka nyengo yotentha ndi yotentha, popeza kuwala kwa dzuwa kumasiya kuyaka pokhudzana ndi masamba a begonia. Mitundu yophulika ya begonias imakonda kuyatsa kwambiri nthawi iliyonse pachaka, koma iyenera kutetezedwa ku dzuwa ndi nsalu yoyera kapena pepala loonda, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito khungu.
Kutentha
Mphamvu yotentha ya begonia imasiyanasiyana ndi nyengo. M'miyezi yotentha ndi yotentha, mbewu imafunikira kutentha madigiri 20-25, ndipo m'miyezi yotsala - kuchokera ku 18 mpaka 20 digiri kutentha.
Chinyezi cha mpweya
Chinyezi ndikofunikira kuti chitukuko cha begonias chikhale. Mlingo wake uyenera kukhala pafupi pafupipafupi ndi 60%. Ndikothekanso kusunga chinyontho choterechi mothandizidwa ndi zotengera zowonjezera ndi madzi zomwe zitha kuyimirira pafupi ndi chomera chamkati kapena chipangizo chamagetsi chapadera chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mlengalenga uzungunuka. Madziwo amasinthasintha ndikusunga chinyezi chofunikira.
Njira ina yothira madzi ingakhale chidebe chonyowa kapena nyemba, momwe muyenera kuyikiramo mphika ndi begonia. Koma kuchokera kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kwa maluwa ena, muyenera kukana, chifukwa begonia pamadzi yotereyi imatha kufa. Madontho amadzi akugwera pamasamba a chomeracho amasiya masamba a bulauni ndikupangitsa kugwa kwamasamba.
Kuthirira
Kuthirira begonias ndikofunikira kapena kambiri - kutengera nyengo. M'masiku otentha a chilimwe, chomera chimafuna chinyezi chambiri, ndipo nthawi yozizira ndi chisanu, kuchuluka kwa kuthirira ndi mavoliyidwe awo kumachepetsedwa. Kuchulukana komanso kusowa chinyezi m'nthaka kumatha kubweretsa mavuto. Chifukwa chake, kutsirira kotsatiraku kumalimbikitsidwa pokhapokha dothi litauma ndi masentimita awiri. Madzi sayenera kuyendayenda m'nthaka, chifukwa chake muyenera kusintha kuchuluka kwake pakathirira. Madzi othirira ayenera kutsukidwa kapena kusungunulidwa ndi pafupifupi wofanana ndi kutentha kwa mpweya m'chipindacho.
Dothi
Mulingo woyenera wa dothi wokulira begonias: 2-3 magawo a nthaka yamasamba, gawo limodzi, chernozem ndi peat.
Feteleza ndi feteleza
Mavalidwe apamwamba ovuta amayenera kuyikidwa kawiri pamwezi, kuyambira nthawi yophukira kwa begonium komanso nthawi yonse ya maluwa. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pamitundu yokongoletsera yamtundu wa begonias. Koma kwa oimira kukongoletsa ndi osakhazikika, feteleza wopanda mchere wa nayitrogeni amafunikira, chifukwa michere iyi imathandizira kuti masamba azituluka azikhala osavuta.
Thirani
Mitundu yolimba ya begonia imabzalidwa m'nthaka kumayambiriro kwamasika. Kujambulidwa kwa maluwa a rhizomewo kumachitika pamene chinyengocho chikukula. Osamayikirana ndi dothi louma mumphika kapena litayamba kunyowa. Nthawi yabwino yosinthira tsiku likatha kuthirira.
Ndikofunika kusamalira kuchuluka ndi kuphatikizika kwa dothi losakaniziratu pasadakhale tanki yamaluwa yatsopano. Zomwe zili m'nthaka ziyenera kuphatikizapo: mchenga, peat ndi chernozem pazofanana, komanso magawo awiri a tsamba kapena dothi laminda. Patsiku lokuzika, dothi lomwe lili muchitsamba cha maluwa liyenera kukhala lonyowa pang'ono.
Begonia imayenera kuchotsedwa mumphika ndi mtanda wa dothi komanso mosamala (mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo yaying'ono yopyapyala) kuti mumasule gawo lapansi. Chomera chiyenera kuyima kwakanthawi mu njira yofooka ya manganese (kokha gawo lake), kenako ndikofunikira kuchotsa mbali zowonongeka kapena zowola za muzu ndi mpeni wakuthwa. Mizu yonse yaying'ono, komanso matenda a mizu yayikulu, imadulira. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuwaza malo omwe mabala amaphwanyidwa kapena makala.
Begonia imayikidwa mumphika watsopano wokhala ndi dothi losakanizika ndikuwazidwa ndi nthaka pafupifupi mpaka kumtunda, nthawi yomweyo kuthiriridwa madzi ambiri. Pakupita kwa sabata lotsatira, nthaka idzakhazikika pang'onopang'ono, pamwamba padzakuma pang'ono, kenako mutatha kuwonjezera dothi losowa. M'masiku awa 6-7, kuthilira sikuchitika, amasinthidwa ndi kupopera mbewu tsiku ndi tsiku.
Mukangodzula, ndikofunikira kuti muzidulira mbewuzo. Izi zimathandizira pakupanga fomu ya shrub komanso kuchepa pang'ono kwa chinyontho. Wopemphapemphayo azikhala sabata yoyamba chidebe chatsopano chamkati popanda zokongoletsa komanso zodwala.
Kusamalira begonia popuma
Begonia yamitundu yobiriwira itatha maluwa uyenera kupita pang'onopang'ono. Kuti muchite izi, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka ndi kuthirira mpaka mlengalenga wamaluwa amkati muume. Zigawo zouma zonse za chomera zimachotsedwa kwathunthu, ndipo duwa limayikidwa m'malo abwino ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 10 mpaka 12 Celsius kwa miyezi 2 mpaka 2-3. Nthawi yomweyo, kuthirira kuyenera kupitilizidwa, koma zochuluka kwambiri komanso kawirikawiri.
Begonia kuswana
Chiyambiriro cha masika ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri yabwinobwino.
Kufalitsa mbewu
Kufesa mbewu ndikulimbikitsidwa sabata yatha yozizira kapena kumayambiriro kwa masika. Mbewu zazing'ono zimabalalika padziko lapansi m'bokosi, osaziphwanya ndi dothi, zophimba ndi galasi ndikuyika chipinda chofunda (pafupifupi madigiri 25 Celsius) m'malo abwino. Kuthirira nthaka kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito utsi. Pakubzala, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zomwe zangokolola kumene, ngakhale amasungabe zaka zitatu mutakolola.
Kukutula mbande zazing'ono kumachitika kawiri. Nthawi yoyamba - atapangidwa tsamba lachitatu lathunthu, ndipo kachiwiri - miyezi 1.5-2 kuchokera kuoneka mbande. Zomera zing'onozing'ono zimaziika m'miphika yaying'ono.
Kuyambira pomwe mbande zimawonekera mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, ndikofunikira kuwunikira mbewu ndi nyali za fluorescent chifukwa cha nthawi yochepa masana ndikuchepa kwa kuwala kwachilengedwe. Awa ndi pafupifupi maola 4-5 patsiku.
Kubzala mbewu zoyambirira (pafupifupi sabata yoyamba ya Januwale) kumathandizira kuti mapangidwe akuluakulu a maluwa ndi maluwa akhazikika nthawi yoyamba yotentha. Pofesa mochedwa, timiyala ting'onoting'ono timapangidwa (pafupifupi mainchesi 1), ndipo maluwa samachitika mchaka chomwecho.
Kufalitsa kwa Tuber
Mizu ya chomera chokhwima imayenera kudulidwa m'magawo angapo, ndikuwaza ndi makala odulidwa kuti azidula mbali, kumanzere kuti iwume, kenako ndikumera m'mabokosi ambewu kapena m'miphika zamaluwa.
Kufalikira ndi kudula
Masamba atatu akhalebe odulidwa. Malo omwe amadulira amayenera kuwazidwa ndi makina oyambitsa (ufa). Zomera zimamera mkati mwa mwezi umodzi pakumatha kutentha madigiri 20 komanso chinyezi chabwino m'nthaka komanso m'mlengalenga. Pomwe duwa liyenera kukhala lopindika.
Kubalana mwa kugawa chitsamba
Mwa njira iyi, mitundu yamtchire ya begonias ndiyabwino. Chitsamba chimagawika limodzi ndi muzu ndikukabzala mumiphika yosiyana. Panthawi yozika mizu, begonia iyenera kukhala m'chipinda chowala komanso chotentha.
Kufalitsa kwa Rhizome
Njira yofalitsira imeneyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphukira kwa mbewu ya masika. Pambuyo polekanitsa, gawo lililonse la chomera liyenera kukhala ndi mphukira ndi kapena yopanda impso ndi muzu. Makala amafunikira kuti ufeze mabala pamizu kuti tipewe kuwola kwa mizu. Magawo onse a begonia amabzalidwa m'mbale zofunikira ndikutsatira malamulo onse posamalira maluwa.
Matenda ndi Tizilombo
Kuvulala kwakukulu kwa begonias amayamba chifukwa cha: akangaude, ma nematode ndi ma aphid. Kuola kwa imvi kumatha kupezeka chifukwa cha kuoneka kwa bowa. Njira zoyendetsera tizilombo - kudulira kwa magawo omwe akhudzidwa, mankhwalawa ndi fungicides.
Chomera chimadwala chifukwa chophwanya malamulo oti azisamalira. Matenda ofala kwambiri:
- Kuuma ndi kuponyera masamba ndi masamba - chifukwa chosowa chinyezi komanso nthaka.
- Kuuma kwa nsonga za masamba - kuthirira kosayenera.
- Kuwala kwa tsamba lamasamba ndikusowa kwa kuwala.
- Kupindika ndi kuyanika masamba, mawonekedwe oyera oyera (Zizindikiro za fungal matenda - powdery mildew) - chifukwa chowonjezera chinyezi mchipindacho komanso madzi obwezeretsa masamba.
Njira zowongolera - kuwongolera pafupipafupi m'chipindacho, kuyatsa pang'ono, kuphatikiza nthawi yake.
