Zochulukitsa za humic zimapezeka kwambiri pamashelefu ogulitsa m'minda, kufunikira kwa iwo kukuchulukira chaka chilichonse, koma si aliyense amene adamva za iwo, komanso anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa za kapangidwe kake ndi kagwiritsidwe kake. Tiyeni tikambirane za mtundu wa feteleza mwatsatanetsatane lero. Chofunikira kwambiri pa fetelezayu ndi chinthu chonyowa, chomwe chimapangidwa chifukwa chakuwombeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe pansi pa mpweya wochepa kwambiri. Kugawidwa kwa humates ndizosavuta komanso zomveka: zimatengera kuthekera kwa chinthu chachikulu kusungunuka mu acid kapena alkali.
Manyowa opangidwa ndi manyowa okha.
Zosiyanasiyana Zosiyanasiyana
Palibe ambiri a iwo: awa ndi ma humine (osakwanira), ma humic acid (osungunuka ndi acidity ya sing'anga mkati mwa magulu awiri) ndi asidi ophatikizika (amasungunuka ndi acidity iliyonse yapakatikati). Zonsezi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko opanga zakudya zofunikira kwambiri pazakudya zonse, ndiye feteleza.
Mwa njira, dzina loti "humates" kapena "manyowa a humic" lidachokera ku zomwe tonsefe timazidziwa - "humus", zomwe pakutanthauzira zimatanthawuza "dziko lapansi". Kuchokera ku dzina limatengera kuti humates ndi koyenera kutanthauza zofunikira zachilengedwe zokha, zomwe, mwapadera, zopanga dothi.
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu za humic zomwe zili mu dothi, nthawi zambiri pamlingo wambiri nthaka yake yachonde, zitha kufikira 94 komanso 96%. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zochuluka za humic zimapezekanso mu peat, kuchokera pa 50 mpaka 73% a iwo.
Ndizodziwikiratu kuti, pokhala chinthu chophatikiza ndi dothi, zinthu zanyontho sizingakhale chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu pakukula kwawoko komanso chomera chilichonse chomera. Zinyontho zimakonza bwino ndikulemeretsa nthaka ndi chakudya, kukonza madzi ndi mpweya, komanso zimathandizira pakuyambitsa komanso kufulumizitsa njira zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kufalitsa kwa microflora yadothi.
Kuchita ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala m'nthaka, feteleza wa manyowa amasintha kukhala ma kompositi omwe amapezeka kuti azilimidwa. Nthawi zambiri, feteleza wa humic amathandizira kukonzedwa ndi mbewu za zinthu monga N, K ndi P, ndiye kuti, ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwazonse komanso kukula kwa chomera chilichonse.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma humated amakhala ndi mawonekedwe, mwapadera, ndi mawonekedwe apadera: amatha kumanga zitsulo zingapo zolemera komanso ngakhale zinthu zama radio, ngati zilipo, m'nthaka, ndikuzisintha kukhala zosagwirizana ndi mizu ya mbewu zobzalidwa, motero, zinthu zoyipa sizilowa zipatso ndi zipatso , ndipo, motsatira thupi lathu.
Mizu yazomera yomwe imadzala ndi humates (kumanzere) ndipo popanda iwo (kumanja).
Kuphatikizidwa kwa mafic manyowa
Mwambiri, mapangidwe a feteleza awa, kuphatikiza pazofunikira kwambiri, zimaphatikizanso potaziyamu humate kapena sodium humate. Kuphatikiza apo, fetelezayu nthawi zonse amakhala "wolimbikitsidwa" ndi zinthu zonse za mchere, zofunika kwambiri makamaka pazomera zoyambira, komanso nthawi yakucha zipatso ndi zipatso. Zinthu izi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku peat, komanso sapropel ndi zina zachilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza pa zabwino zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, feteleza wa humic amatha kuthandizira kumera kwa mbeu ndikuchulukitsa kumera kwake, ndipo mbande, ikhoza kukulitsa chitetezo chokwanira cha mbewu zazing'ono ndipo potero imakulitsa kukana kwawo pamavuto osiyanasiyana pakudzikula komanso pakukula kwambiri kapena mosavutikira. Kutentha kochepa kwa mpweya, komanso kuchepa kapena chinyezi chambiri ndi zina zoyipa zachilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, feteleza wa humic atha kuchita masewera olimbikitsa a ntchito yokula. Mwachitsanzo, zinaonedwa kuti ngati zodulidwa zobiriwira zanyowetsedwa mmalo musanabzalidwe mu ulimi wobiriwira, ndiye kuti mitengo ya mizu imakhala yokwera kwambiri (mpaka 50% mu mbewu zosakhazikika mwachitsanzo, irgi), ndipo mizu imapangika pazodulidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri.
Pofikira feteleza wa humic ngati mavalidwe apamwamba a foliar, i.e., kupopera mbewu zam'munda, kuwonjezeka kwa zipatso zake, kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito zamaluwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kukongoletsa kwa mbewu, komanso kuchepetsedwa kambiri pachiwopsezo cha kudziunjikira kwa nitrate ndi zinthu zina zovulaza mu zipatso, zipatso ndi mizu.
Manyowa ambiri okhala ndi manyowa ndi madzi osungunuka omwe amakhala ndi imvi ndipo nthawi zina amakhala akuda. Madziwo akatha, ndiye kuti, popanga njira yogwiritsira ntchito pothira mbewu kapena kuigwiritsa ntchito m'nthaka, nthawi zambiri imayamba kukhala yofiirira.
Pakadali pano, kuwonjezera pa zakumwa, ma humate amapangidwa mwanjira ya phala kapena ufa (granules). Muyenera kudziwa kuti zinthu za zinthu zotere ndi zofanana, ndipo musaganize kuti feteleza zouma za humic ndizothandiza kwambiri kuposa madzi. M'malo mwake, ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kugula feteleza wamadzimadzi amadzimadzi, chifukwa kukonzekera njira yogwirira ntchito pamenepa kumangotenga mphindi zochepa. Ngati ikuyenera kupanga, ndipo, kugula, komanso kuyendetsa magulu akulu azakunyumba zama feteleza, zimakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri kuzigula mu mawonekedwe owuma (ufa kapena granules).
Musaiwale kuti feteleza wa humic angagwiritsidwe ntchito, m'malo mwake, monga chovala chapamwamba chowonjezera, chomwe chiri chofunikira kuphatikiza ndi kuvala kwapamwamba kwapamwamba. Pokhapokha ngati izi ndizotheka kukwaniritsa kwathunthu ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana komanso kukula kwathunthu. Popeza kuyambitsa feteleza wa humic, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa feteleza wamkulu.
Ubwino wosakayikira wa feteleza wa humic ndikugwirizana kwawo kwathunthu ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya feteleza, komanso herbicides ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Manyowa ochulukitsa amathandizira kukula kwa mbewu.
Ntchito yamaluwa ndi mbewu zamalonda
Monga tafotokozera kale, chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa humic, ndizotheka kukulitsa kumera kwa mbeu ndikuwonjezera zokolola zamitundu yambiri.
Feteleza zachilengedwe ndizabwino kupangira dothi lamtundu uliwonse ndikuthira mbewu zochuluka, makamaka zomwe zimamera panthaka zadothi. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa humic kumalimbikitsidwa makamaka pozula mbande, pomwe kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mvula kumachitika pakulima, komanso kumapeto kwa nyengo yachisanu komanso m'zinyumba za chilimwe kumene kuthirira sikumakhala nthawi yake kapena yokwanira.
Nthawi zambiri, yankho la 0,1% la feteleza wa humic limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zovala zapamwamba, ndipo yankho la peresenti ya 0,2% la zinthuzi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito nthaka. Chinthu chachikulu - pakutha kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa humic, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kutentha, osakhala otsika kuposa +15, koma osaposa madigiri 40. Feteleza wa humic (wopanda sediment) amasungunuka bwino m'madzi ofewa, ndiko kuti, mvula, yoletsedwa kapena yokhazikika.
Pazomera zamasamba (makamaka munyengo zamvula), feteleza wa humic amatha kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda monga zowola, choipitsitsa, nkhanambo, komanso gulu lonse la matenda ena oyamba ndi bakiteriya.
Zambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa humic pazomera zofala kwambiri, werengani.
Nkhaka, squash, zukini
Ponena za mbewu zamasamba izi, ndizovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wonyowa pansi pawo nyengo yonse, moteronso, pamagawo aliwonse a kukula kwa mbewu izi. Zotsatira zazikulu zimawonekera ngati feteleza wa humic akagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yochepa yozizira kapena nthawi yonyowa kwambiri, ndiye kuti, panthawi yosavomerezeka yomwe ingayambitse kuchepa kwa zokolola.
Kupanga chithandizo ndi feteleza wa humic ndi njere, mwachitsanzo, kuwira mu yankho la 0.05% masana, ndizovomerezeka. Pambuyo pa kuwuluka, monga lamulo, kuthamanga kwa kumera kwa mbewu kumachuluka, ntchito za mmera zimagwira, mbande zimakula bwino ndikuwonjezera chitetezo chokwanira cha matenda osiyanasiyana. Luso popereka chithandizo cha mbewu za mbewuzi zimayenera kuphatikizira kuyanika mutadzaza ndi kumera mwanjira zachikhalidwe.
Pa nthawi ya kukula ndi kukula kwa mbande za mbewu izi, ndizovomerezeka kuyambitsa yankho la 0,1% la feteleza wa humic m'nthaka muyezo wa 250-300 g pa mita imodzi. Chifukwa cha umuna wa dothi, mwanjira imeneyi, chiwerengero chokwanira cha “undercatch” (mbande zazing'ono, zofooka) chimachepetsedwa, komanso kukana kwa mbande kumtunda wakuda, ndipo zolakwika zomwe zimachitika posamalira mmera zimachepetsedwa.
Kuvala kwapamwamba munthaka kumatha kusinthidwa ndi kuvala kwapamwamba pamwamba, mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza dothi kamodzi pa sabata, komanso nthawi ina, sabata yamawa, komanso kamodzi, kumwaza mbewu ndi feteleza munthawi yomweyo, koma kumawononga pafupifupi 25-30 g yankho ku chomera chilichonse .
Zithandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa "maluwa opanda kanthu" ndi yankho la 0,1% la feteleza wa humic mwa mbewuzi pa nthawi yophukira. Pambuyo pokonza mbewuzo ndi manyowa ojambulidwa, monga lamulo, zipatso zowongoka zimapangidwa, ndipo zipatso, zomwe ndizofanana ndi mitundu, sizipezeka konse, kapena kuchuluka kwake ndizosafunikira kwenikweni (osapitirira 1%).
Mukamakonza nkhaka zaka zolemera kwambiri, mvula yocheperako yomwe ndi yolumikizika ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa pokonzekera, motero njira zochiritsira motsutsana ndi powdery mildew zitha kuchitika.
Tomato, biringanya, tsabola, mbatata
Izi mbewu zimayankha bwino kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa humic. Popeza mbewu zikufunikira kwambiri pakakhala potaziyamu yambiri ndi nayitrogeni m'nthaka, feteleza wa humic amathandizira kukulitsa kukhudzika kwa zinthuzi ndi mizu. Pamodzi ndi feteleza wa humic pazomera izi, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera feteleza wina wa potashi, chifukwa amafunikira potaziyamu makamaka tomato.
Poganizira zovuta za feteleza wa humic, mukamagwiritsa ntchito, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse feteleza woyambira ndi theka, makamaka feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous.
Ndikothekanso kuyamba kuthira feteleza wa humic poletsa mbewu izi pofesa mbewu. Mbewu zimanyowa mu solution ya 0,55% ya manyowa kwa maola 24, pambuyo pake ndizovomerezeka kuti zimere popanda kumera. Kuthira nthangala za mbewu izi mu njira yothira feteleza wa manyowa kumakuthandizani kuti mupangitse kumera mwa masiku awiri ndi atatu, kuonjezera ntchito ya kumera ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbewu zomwe zimapanga mizu yofooka.
Musanabzale mbande, mutha kuthira feteleza wa 0,1% wambiri, ndikugwiritsa ntchito 3540 g yothetsera mbewu iliyonse. Mbewu zotere, monga lamulo, sizimadwala pambuyo pakuzunguliridwa ndikuyenda mofulumira kuti zikule.
Mtsogolomo, kumayambiriro kwa "kunenepa" kwa mphukira, ndikofunikira kuti tiletse kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa humic pansi pa muzu ndikungopanga mavalidwe apamwamba okha, ndiye kuti, utsiwitsani zomerazo.
Pakadali pano, kuwonjezera pa zakumwa, ma humates amapangidwa mwanjira ya phala kapena ufa (granules).
Chimanga, Mpendadzuwa, Nyemba
Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa humic pazomerazi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta kuwononga. Zitha kuonekera mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wonyowetsa ndikuwathandizira mbewu zofooka, komanso zilowetsani nthangala musanafesere (0,1% feteleza kwa maola 24).
Mitengo
Pokhudzana ndi mbewu zamitengo, ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito osati kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza pansi pa mizu, koma mavalidwe apamwamba apamwamba, ndiko kuti, kukonza kwa masamba ambiri azomera. Poterepa, ndende yothetsera vutoli ikhoza kuwonjezeka mpaka 1%. Mitengo imayankha bwino kuvala kwapamwamba pamtundu wokhala ndi feteleza wa humat-humic.
Chifukwa cha kuvala kwapamwamba pamwamba ndi feteleza wa humic, kuchuluka kwa thumba losunga mazira mu mbewu zamatabwa kumachuluka, nthawi zambiri ndi 25-30%, kumachepa pang'ono. Sikoyenera kuchita chithandizo chimodzi, chifukwa chachikulu, ndikofunikira kuchita kukonzekera mpaka nthawi yokolola, kuchiza mbewu kamodzi pakatha masiku 20-25, kuyambira gawo lodzala.
Ndizovomerezeka kwambiri, ndipo ngati mbande yofowoka, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti feteleza wonyowa azigwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala mutabzala mbande mu nthawi yoyambilira komanso yophukira. Apa mukufunika kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wowonjezera (5-10%) ndikuthira malita awiri kapena atatu a yankho mu bowo lililonse. Kenako, mbande zikangopanga masamba, masamba ovala bwino (0,1,2,2% yankho) atha kumera nthawi yonse yomwe akukula.
Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa humic panthaka zodetsedwa ndi zitsulo zolemera ndi mankhwala ena kuli koyenera. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumathandizira kuti athe kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovulaza mu zipatsozo komanso kusintha momwe akumvera.
Zitsamba
Kuchuluka kwa feteleza wa humic poyerekeza ndi zitsamba kumatheka chifukwa chakugwiritsa ntchito monga kuwonjezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kufikira kumapeto kwa mvula masika. Mphamvu ya kuvala kwapamwamba pamwambapa ndi yankho la 0.5% la feteleza wa humic pa currants, gooseberries, ndikuchepetsa pang'ono pazitsamba zina kumatsimikiziridwa.
Njira yoyamba ndiyoyenera kumayambiriro kasupe, masamba atayamba kuphuka. Munthawi imeneyi, feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pansi pa mizu, kugawa malita pafupifupi 6,6 a yankho la 0.1% m'malo oyandikira. Mukathira feteleza, ndikofunikira kuthirira dothi, ndipo ngati mukufuna kuti chilichonse chikhale changwiro, musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza, kumasula dothi, kenako madzi, kenako mulch ndi humus - masentimita imodzi.
Ndi mawonekedwe abwinobwino zitsamba, feteleza sangathe kuyika maluwa musanayambe maluwa, koma panthawiyi ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito chimodzimodzi. Kenako mutha kudyetsa zitsamba nthawi yopanga thumba losunga mazira ndi nthawi yomaliza - m'dzinja, masamba asanagwe.
Maluwa
Feteleza wa humic amamugwiritsa ntchito maluwa kuti maluwa awonjezere kukongoletsa kwa zomera, kuonjezera nthawi ya maluwa ndikupanga masamba ambiri. Zomera zamaluwa m'miphika zimathiriridwa ndi feteleza wa 0,05% kuti zithe kukula kwambiri ndipo zimatha kupirira mayendedwe atatenga nthawi yayitali kubzala pamalowo.
Kuphatikiza apo, feteleza uyu atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa mbewu zamaluwa (mwachitsanzo, maluwa) ndi masamba obiriwira. Kuti izi zitheke, musanadzalemo zadula mu wowonjezera kutentha wokutidwa ndi kanema, ndikofunikira kuziyika mutadula mu 0,5% feteleza njira, kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatuwo limalowetsedwe. Zodula zokhazikika zimatha kukhala maola 12 mpaka 24, nthawi zambiri zotenthetsera m'chipinda chomwe zodulirazo zimanyowa, nthawi yovundikira iyenera kukhala yocheperako, chifukwa, + 30 ° C maola 12 ndi okwanira, pa + 15 ° C kumatenga maola 24.
Kuphatikiza apo, mu yankho la feteleza wa 0,25% wa humic, mutha kuthira mababu ndi ma tubers musanabza, izi zimathandizira kukula kwa mbewu zambiri komanso maluwa ake oyambirira (kuyambira masiku 3-4 mpaka sabata ndi theka). Kuphatikiza apo, kuyambitsa tubers kwa ola limodzi mu yankho lotere kumachepetsa mwayi wowola ndi 70%.Ngati mukufuna kuchepetsa mwayi wowola ndi 95%, onjezerani fungosis yololedwa yankho.
Ndizo zonse zomwe timafuna kuti tifotokozere za feteleza wa humic, ngati china sichikumveka kwa inu kapena muli ndi mafunso, alembeni mu ndemanga, tidzayankha mosangalala.
