Ngati mbewuyo itafooka, zofuna zaukadaulo waulimi sizimayang'aniridwa, kuchuluka kwa zakudya ndi kutentha kumasokonekera, tizirombo tiyenera kuonekera. Kuti mundawo usavutike ndi kuwukira kwa alendo osakhudzidwa, muyenera kutsatira malamulo akukula mbewu wamba monga nandolo. Tiyesetsa kupereka chithunzi cha matenda a peyala, tizirombo ndi njira zowongolera pazinthu izi.
Pakati pazifukwa zambiri zakusakula bwino kapena chomera chochepa, munthu ayenera kuyambitsa zomwe zimapangitsa kapena mdani amene akupondereza mbewu. Zinthu zonse zitha kugawidwa:
- tizirombo touluka;
- bacteria ndi fungal matenda;
- matenda a virus.
Tizilombo ta pea
Nthochi ndi gulugufe yemwe amayamba kuuluka pomwe nandayo yatulutsa. Amayikira mazira 24 pamasamba. Amphaka amabata kwa iwo, mizu mu nyemba ndikudya nandolo zazing'ono zobiriwira. Pambuyo pake zimasilira, ndipo mbadwo watsopano wa tizilombo utuluka.
Njira zoyendetsera tizilombo ndizophatikiza tillage, komanso kufesa mbewu zoyambirira kuti maluwa ayambe maluwa. Ngati dziko lapansi limasulidwa nthawi zambiri pansi pa nandolo, mutha kuwononga pupae omwe ali pafupi ndi chitsamba. Kuchepetsa nandolo ndi celandine, phulusa kapena fodya umaperekanso zotsatira zabwino.
Mbewu ya pea ndi mphutsi za kachilomboka ku Bruchus. Mphutsi zimabisala mumtundu wa tirigu, ma pupate kumeneko ndipo chaka chamawa kachilomboka kakatuluka. Njira zodzitetezera zimaphatikizapo kusungira tirigu pamtunda wa zero-zero ndikumavala ndi 3% sodium chloride njira musanafesere. Mbeu za pop-up zimachotsedwa, zimakhala ndi kachilomboka. Kulimbana ndi tizirombo ta nandoloyi ndikubzala mbewu koyambirira.
Ngati nandolo zimasungidwa kuzizira, ndiye kuti kachilomboka kamachoka. Kuyika mazira, omwe amapangika pamtunda wowuma wa nyemba panthawi yolakwika, kumwalira.
Nodule weevil sizibweretsa vuto lililonse kwa nandolo. Ichi ndi cholakwika chaching'ono kukula kwa theka la sentimita. Amadyera mphukira zazing'ono. Amakhazikika pa zinyalala za mbewu. Popeza adadya pamwamba, salola nandolo kuti atukuke, ndikuyika mphutsi zomwe zizidzadya mizu ndi nandolo.
Mbadwo watsopano wa tizirombo utulutsidwa mu mwezi umodzi. Tizilombo timeneti titha kuteteza ku pea ndi zotchinga. Fumbi la fodya, phulusa, fumbi kuchokera kumaluwa a chomera cha marigold lidzakhala chitetezo.
Ma nsabwe Imakhala yowonongeka yambiri. Imawononga kwambiri zipatso za mtola pachaka chouma. Momwe mungasinthire nandolo ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumatengera kuchuluka kwa mbewu. Nsabwe za m'masamba zimafooketsa chomeracho, kuyamwa msuzi wake ndikupanga mabala pansi pomwe zipsera za matenda a fungus zimatha. Sobus fungus imangokhala pa zovuta zake zokhala ndi shuga.
Kulimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba kumalumikizana ndi tizirombo tina. Nthawi zambiri, nandolo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzekera "Iskra", "Fastak". Fitoverm yothandiza kwambiri, yomwe imavomerezedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabwalo amseri.
Pali tizilombo tina tambiri tomwe titha kuvulaza bedi la pea, timafunika kuphatikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kulowetsedwa, komanso kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Koma, koposa zonse, komwe owononga nandolo atasudzulidwa ndi nthendayo imadza pambuyo pake.
Matenda a Pea ndi Zoyendetsa
Kuti muteteze mbewu ku matenda oyamba ndi bakiteriya, kupewa kudzakhala kofunikira. Cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa zomwe zimawonongeka ndipo ndi:
- kasinthasintha wa mbewu;
- kuyeretsa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu ndi kulima pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito fungicides ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo;
- Chithandizo cha minda ndi nandolo za matenda; fungicide ya nandolo ndi Bordeaux osakaniza, salfa wa colloidal;
- kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya peyala yosenda.
Nandolo zibwereranso komwe zinali kufesa zitatha zaka 4. Monga njira yodzitetezera, tirigu amayenera kupukutidwa kuti 13% chinyezi. Minda ya mbewu imathandizidwanso ndi fungicides pomwe njere zafika kale mkaka. Matenda oyambitsidwa ndi fungus spores amatha kuponderezedwa ndi sulfure ndi kukonzekera kwa mkuwa komwe kumatchedwa fungicides. Kutengera mtundu wa mmera, mutha kudziwa chifukwa chake nandolo m'mundayo zimasanduka chikaso.
Ascochitosis, matenda oyamba ndi fungus omwe amawoneka pachomera chonse ngati mawanga a bulauni okhala ndi malire. Pakati pa malo aliwonse, madontho amawoneka, omwe ali matumba okhala ndi spores. Zomera zikayamba kucha, pycnidia imaphulika ndipo nthendayi yatsopano yazomera imachitika. Kuti spore imere, nyengo zina zimafunikira - nyengo yonyowa, chilonda pamatetezedwe a chomera. Chifukwa cha zovuta za matendawa, mmera umafa, zipatso zimakhala zosayenera kudya. Palibe mitundu yolimbana ndi matendawa. Mycelium amasungidwa mu njere kwa zaka 5.
Downy mildew ndi matenda enanso owopsa a nandolo, omwe amafa. Matendawa amakula m'miyambo yambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndiwodziwika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula. Masamba okha ndi omwe amawoneka, masamba owala amawoneka pamasamba kuchokera kumtunda, ndipo spores amakula kuchokera pansi paz masamba. Ndi chinyezi chachikulu komanso kuzizira, muyenera kuyembekezera kutuluka kwa matendawa. Pachizindikiro choyamba, kufota laimu pa bedi la masamba obiriwira kumathandiza. Zomera zimayimitsa chitukuko, mawonekedwe ake amaponderezedwa, korona amapindika komanso utoto wofiirira.
Dzimbiri - matenda owopsa a fungus a nandolo. Matendawa amafalikira kuchokera ku milkweed ndikuwoneka pamtengowo ngati kusintha kwa tsamba. Malo ochepa achikasu akuwoneka kuchokera kumtunda, kumbuyo kuli mapira owala a lalanje okhala ndi spores. Dzimbiri lili ndi mitundu iwiri ya bowa. Chimodzi chiwononga tsamba, ndipo chinacho chomera chonse. Bowa awiriwa amagwira ntchito awiriawiri.
Zovunda - matenda oopsa. Muzu ukasiya kudyetsa chomeracho, tsamba lotchinga limachepa, chitsamba chija chimatha ndikusakhala ndi moyo. Lingaliro loyamba ndilakuti chitsamba chikutsika chifukwa chosowa chinyontho. M'malo mwake, mizu sigwiritsanso ntchito madzi pansi, ndikuthirira chomera chowonjezeracho kumangowonjezera matenda. Zomera zodwala zimachotsedwa mu nthaka mosavuta.
Chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka kwa mbewuyo chikhoza kukhala chobowola muzu. Zovunda zimatha kuchitika nthawi yotentha komanso yotentha.
Matenda ndi tizirombo ta nandolo sizonse zalembedwa. Koma njira zoyendetsera kukhalabe ndi dimba labwino ndizofanana. Pali fungicides yachilengedwe ndi mankhwala, mankhwala azamba. Ntchito ya wosamalira mundawo ndi njira zothandiza kuti mbeu yabwino yopeza masamba popanda mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
