Downy mildew

Pachisokonezo, kuli munda wamtchire mdzikomo kutsogolo kwa munda wake wokondedwa. Dzulo, nkhaka, zukini, tomato, anyezi ndi mbewu zina zamasamba "zinawala" ndi thanzi pansi pa dzuwa. Mvula yotentha yomwe nthawi yayitali inkayembekezereka idadutsa usiku ndipo izi zachitika. Masamba a mbewu zotayika, adasuluka. Chifukwa chake, sipadzakhala nkhaka zakunyumba zachilengedwe ndi masamba ena. Zomera zidawonongeka ndi powdery mildew - fungus yowopsa kwambiri pathogenic.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa mbewu kumachitika chifukwa cha bowa zingapo zotsika za banja la peronospore, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mbewu yamoyo. Powdery mildew imagawidwa m'magulu awiri: feyidi yeniyeni ndi yabodza. Njira zopatsira matendawa komanso kuwonetsa kunja kwa matendawa ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwewo thonje ndi njira zoteteza kumatenda.

Werengani nawonso zithu zithu: Njira zoyenera kutsata poyizoni.

Peronosporosis, kapena downy mildew pa tsamba la nkhaka. © Christian Hummert

Njira zothandizira kudzetsa mbewu ndi Downy mildew

Chofunikira pakufalikira kwa phwefwe lotentha ndi malo achinyezi, choncho matendawa amawonekera kwambiri mvula ikamagwa komanso nyengo yonyowa ikayamba. Munthawi yamoyo wa fungus, gawo la mapangidwe a spore limakhalapo, ndikupanga mtundu wapadera wa spore. Amatchedwa zoospores. Awa ndi maselo amtundu umodzi. Mbali yakunja ya zoospore ndi 2 flagella. M'malo otentha, chifukwa cha flagella, malo osungira nyama amasunthira mwachangu ndikulowa mkati mwa chomera chogulitsacho kudzera mu stomata, ming'alu ndi mabala pamitengo yaing'ono ndi makungwa.

Zomwe zimakhala mkati mwa chomera zomwe zili ndi udzu wowuma ndizabwino m'moyo wa zoospores zomwe zimapanga chomera - mycelium kapena mycelium. M mycelium imakula mwachangu kwambiri ndipo pa 2nd - 3 tsiku lake lachiwonetsero limatseka mkati mwonse mwa chodwalacho ndipo kudzera mu messata, kuphulika kwa minofu, mabala amatuluka. Ali ngati mfuti yoyera kapena ya imvi ndipo wolumikizidwayo akuwona pamphepete mwa masamba omwe akhudzidwa. Ili ndiye gawo lomaliza lachitukuko cha pathogen yovomerezeka, pomwe mbewuyo singathe kuchiritsidwa.

Masamba okhudzidwa, poyamba amakhala obiriwira, droop ndi khwinya. Mbali yakumtunda, mawonekedwe achikasu payekhapayekha amawonekera, akufalikira padziko lonse la pepalalo. Opukutira, amapeza mtundu wa bulauni. Masamba amauma ndikuboweka pazinthu zina, zomwe zimatha kupatsira mbewu yabwino. Mycelium yokhala ndi udzu wolimba kwambiri yomwe imapangika ziwalo zoberekera, zomwe kudzera mu galasi lokulitsa pansi pamasamba zimawoneka ngati madontho amdima. Awa ndi matupi opanga zipatso pomwe zoospores (zoospores) zili, okonzeka kulanda ndi kugonjetsa gulu latsopano labwino.

Fodya wabodza wonyenga amakhudza magulu onse azomera zobzalidwa (masamba, mitengo yazipatso, zitsamba, maluwa amkati ndi maluwa). Tizilomboti timapanga mibadwo 20 pachomera chilichonse, ndipo timafalitsa mamiliyoni ambiri a zinyama zam'madzi. Zoospores hibernate m'magawo adagwa, ziwalo zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi mbewu ndikuyamba kutentha (+ 11 ° C) ndi mphepo, mvula, kusefukira kwamadzi othirira kumanyamulidwa, kukhazikika pazomera zathanzi. Mu nyengo yofunda ndi yonyowa, makulidwe amtundu wa pathogen amachepetsedwa kwambiri. Zilonda za Epiphytotic zimatha kuphimba madera akuluakulu azomera m'masiku 2-7 enieni. Chifukwa cha kutentha, kouma, matendawa amazimiririka, koma tizilomboti timakhalabe ndi moyo, chifukwa chake (osanyengedwa ndi mfundo yabodza yoti matendawa asowa), ndikofunikira kupitiriza kuteteza mbewu ku chiongwere chatsopano.

Kufalikira kofikira kwa downy mildew kumathandizidwa kwambiri ndi tizirombo touluka monga nsabwe za m'masamba, zovala zoyera ndi zina. Amakhala ndi zoospores pamtunda wautali, ndikuwonjezera dera la kachilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, kufalikira kwa matendawa kumathanso kudutsa mu mbewu, zomwe mwina zinachitika panthawi yomwe kufalikira kwa powdery mildew kuchokera ku Far East mpaka pakati komanso kotentha kwa USSR m'ma 80s omalizira.

Downy mildew pa nandolo. © boma la Western Australia

Njira Zoteteza Powdery Mildew

Zochitika za Agrotechnical

Njira zotetezera mbewu ku downy mildew ndimalepheretsa (agrotechnical miyeso) ndikuchita (kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala). Kuteteza mbewu ku matenda aliwonse, kuphatikizapo matenda a fungus, kuyenera kuyamba ndi njira zodzitetezera, gawo la mkango lomwe limagwera paukadaulo waulimi wa mbewu zam'munda. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa kunyumba, aliyense wokhala ndi kanyumba kapena chilimwe azilumikizana kuti azikulitsa zinthu zachilengedwe, kutanthauza kuti, osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.

Kusamalira Nthaka Yamasamba

Kuyeretsa kwathunthu malowo kuzomera zomwe zakhudzidwa ndikuwotchedwa kwawo. Izi ndizofunikira, chifukwa ndi kompositi, kutukula kwa pathogen zoospores kumasungidwa.

Kukumba kwapachaka ndi kuphera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a dimba. Kukumba malowa kumachitika ndikuzama masentimita 25-30. Ngati mbewuzo zili ndi vuto lalikulu m'mbuyomu, ndikofunika kubwereza kukumba mu kasupe ndikuthira mankhwala pamalowo ndi njira ya 2-3% ya sulfate yamkuwa kapena 1% yankho la potaziyamu ya potaziyamu yotsatiridwa ndikuchotsa osaya 5 cm. kupewetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mkuwa. Mankhwalawa sikuti ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso microflora yopindulitsa. Ndili ndi dothi lopanda matenda pachaka, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe pokonzekera.

Kuchokera pamndandanda wololedwa wa mankhwala ophera tizilomboti m'nthaka kuchokera ku powdery mildew, biofungicides angagwiritsidwe ntchito: Fitosporin, Alirin-B, Gamair. Kukonza ndikofunikira malinga ndi malingaliro omwe akuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwalawa.

Downy khansa pa chimanga. © linda.francis

Zotsatira zabwino kuchokera ku downy mildew zawonetsedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali kukonzekera kwa Baikal EM-1, komwe kumathandizanso ngati feteleza ndikulepheretsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ambiri, kuphatikizapo downy mildew.

Ndikofunikira kuwona kusinthasintha kwachikhalidwe m'mundamo ndikubwezera zikhalidwe kumalo momwe kale sizinali kuposa zaka 3-5. Pogwiritsa ntchito malowa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi chikhalidwe chomwecho, kudzikundikira kwamatenda kumachitika, komwe kumakulitsa kwambiri zachilengedwe.

Kusamalira mbewu

Onetsetsani kuti mwabzala mbewu ndi kubzala mbande zamasamba munthawi yabwino ndi mitundu yosakanizidwa. Mbewu ziyenera kufesedwa musanabzale pogwiritsa ntchito njira yamafuta (mphindi 15 pa kutentha + 40 ° C) kapena yankho la potaziyamu ya potaziyamu. Viyikani mizu ya mbande kwa maola awiri awiri mu yankho la trichodermin kapena mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo.

Tsatirani zonse zofunika pa ntchito yofesa ndikubzala. Kupirira zovuta za kufesa ndi kubzala mbewu za m'munda.

Nthawi yakula, malo omwe ali pansi pa mbewu azikhala osadetsedwa ndi namsongole. Odwala ndi downy mildew, osagwiritsika ntchito m'munda wamasamba kuchotsa pamalowo ndikuwotcha.

Kutetezedwa kwa ndiwo zamasamba pa nthawi yakukula

Masamba (nkhaka, zukini, maungu, nyemba, tomato, kabichi, anyezi, adyo, tsabola ndi zina) mu gawo la zikamera zambiri, ndipo mbande masabata awiri mutabzala kuti mupewe, ndikofunikira kuwaza ndi yankho la 0.5-1% ya Bordeaux zakumwa.

Ngati chiyambi chikusowa ndipo pali kugunda kwakukulu kwa mbewu zomwe zili ndi downy mildew, ndiye kuti mbewu zamasamba (makamaka dzungu) zitha kuthiridwa ndi yankho la sulufule pamlingo wa madzi 50-80 g / 10 l.

Ndikofunika kwambiri kudyetsa mbewu mwadongosolo feteleza ndi michere, malingana ndi malingaliro pazikhalidwe, zomwe zingathandize kuwonjezera kukana matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo a fungus.

Popeza ndiwo zamasamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano munyengo, ndibwino kuti musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala, koma kudziika nokha pakukonzekera, komwe, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, sizivulaza nyama ndi nyama.

Ngati dzinja lili lozizira komanso lonyowa, ndiye kuti kamodzi pamasabata atatu zilizonse mbewu zamasamba zimathandizidwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: Fitosporin-M, Gliokladin, Alirin, Gamair, Planriz.

Ndi nyengo yadzuwa ndi yotentha, mbewu zimathandizidwa nthawi zambiri, pafupifupi nthawi imodzi pamwezi. Mlingo, njira ndi nthawi yoyambitsa mankhwalawa zimasonyezedwa phukusi kapena pazomwe zikutsatirazi.

Kutetezedwa kwa mitengo yazipatso ndi maudzu ku downy mildew

Mukakolola, yeretsani dothi pansi pa nduwira za mitengo kuchokera pam masamba ndi zipatso. Mukakola nkhuni ndi shrubber, chotsani nthambi zotsalazo ndi zinyalala zina pamalowo ndikuwotcha. M'mundamo, nthambi za shtamb ndi chigoba ziyenera kuyeretsedwa kangapo pachaka ndi chisakanizo cha laimu chatsopano, dongo, sulfate yamkuwa ndi kukonzekera kwa fungicidal.

Mu yophukira, masamba akagwa kwathunthu, nduwira za mitengo zimayenera kuchiritsidwa ndi yankho la 2-3% yamkuwa.

Chapakatikati, masamba asanatseguke (gawo la kutupa) kwa prophylaxis, gwiritsirani ntchito bar, korona wa mitengo ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo ndi yankho la feteleza wa mchere. Kwa korona, 5% imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo nthaka, yankho la 7% la urea kapena 10% yankho la ammonium nitrate, yomwe ingasinthidwe ndi yankho la 15% la ammonium sulfate. Kumbani mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo patatha masiku 3-4 ndi masentimita 10-15.

Ndi kuphukira kwakukulu kwa masamba (gawo la cheni yobiriwira), korona wa mitengo ndi zitsamba zothiliridwa ndi 1% yankho la Bordeaux fluid. Mankhwalawa amabwerezedweratu maluwa asanachitike komanso atadulidwa komanso kumayambiriro kwa zipatso.

Okhala m'minda yamaluwa-chilimwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amateteza mbewu za zipatso kuti asatenge matenda oyamba ndi fungus, poganizira nthawi 1-2 njira yokwanira yamasamba kuti ikhale yokwanira. Koma chiwembu chotere chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala sichimawonjezera kuteteza matenda pakatha nthawi ina pakukula kwa mbewu, ndipo, sichimapereka mbewu zoyera zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, ngati pakufunika kutero, kutetezedwa kwa zipatso za zipatso kuti zisawonongeke ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, kuphatikizapo downy mildew, ndikofunikira kusintha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe.

Maluwa asanafike (nyengo ya pinki) ndipo pafupifupi nyengo yokolola, mitengo ndi zitsamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masabata atatu aliwonse (nyengo yonyowa nthawi zambiri) ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: Fitosporin-M, Gamair, Integral, Mikosan, Gaupsin " Agate 25 "," Planriz ". Kuphatikiza apo, planaris imatha kukonzedwera mbewu tsiku limodzi isanatenge zipatso. Kuchita uku kumalimbikitsa kusungidwa bwino kwazinthu. Mukamakonza mbewu, kusintha mankhwala ndikofunikira kuti musakhale osokoneza. Kusamalira mwadongosolo zomera zomwe zili ndi zinthu zachilengedwe molingana ndi malangizowo kungathandize kukhala ndi mbewu yathanzi komanso yapamwamba kwambiri komanso kudzakhala chitetezo chabwino ku zowonongeka za epiphytotic ndi powdery hlobo.

Pofuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chazomera munthawi ya kukula, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi kusakanikirana kwa tank kungachitike. Kuti muchite izi, padera pa mankhwala aliwonse, konzekerani njira yoyenera, yang'anani kuyanjana, kukhetsa mu chidebe chimodzi, sakanizani bwino ndikusanthula mitengo. Pazosakanikirana zama tank, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala 3-5 kuchokera ku matenda osiyanasiyana ndi tizirombo nthawi imodzi.

Folk mankhwala ochizira matenda a downy

Ikuwonongerani mafunde 10 a ayodini 5% osungunuka mu 1 lita imodzi ya mkaka komanso osakanizidwa ndi malita 9 amadzi. Mkaka uyenera kukonzedwa. Njira yothira mafuta ndi mbewu.

Makapu awiri a phulusa amapangidwa (ngati tiyi) ndi malita awiri amadzi otentha, osasulidwa kudzera mu chopondera tating'ono ta 2-3. "Masamba a tiyi" amasakanikirana ndi malita 10 amadzi ndikuthiridwa mbewu ndi zomera.

Pokana ndi powdery mildew, chithandizo cha mbewu chokhala ndi yofooka njira ya potaziyamu permanganate ndi chothandiza. Ndikokwanira kusungunula 1.0-1.5 g wa potaziyamu permanganate mu 10 l yamadzi ndikumwaza mbewu.

Amachotsa kachilomboka ndi ufa wouma poyambira gawo la kulowetsedwa kwa mankhusu a anyezi. 200-300 g wa mankhusu osapsa amathira madzi 10 l, kubweretsa kwa chithupsa, kusiya kwa masiku 1-2 kuti mudzamwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito yankho la kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Njira yothetsera vutoli iyenera kusefedwa.

Amadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwama microflora ambiri opindulitsa kumayamba manyowa, omwe amawononga fungi wa pathogenic mycelium. Kukonzekera mankhwalawa, gawo limodzi la mullein limaphatikizidwa ndi magawo atatu a madzi, limalimbikitsidwa kwa masiku 3-4, limasefedwa mosamala, madzi amawonjezeredwa mpaka 7-8 l ndipo madzulo kapena nyengo yotentha masamba amasambitsidwa patatha masiku 7- 7.