Orchard imafuna nkhawa za chaka chonse, ndipo ndi bwino ngati izikhala yopewera kuposa chithandizo cha matenda ndikuwonongeka kwa tizirombo. Wosamalira mundawo amakwiya makamaka ndi matenda a peyala ndi mtengo wa maapozi. Mahekitala 6 a dziko ndi ana a matenda ambiri. Ndikofunikira kumangiriza masamba pamtengowo ndi oyandikana nawo, mu sabata yonse yolima imafotokoza mavuto. Nkhondo yodziwika kokha yolimbana ndi matenda ndi tizirombo ndi yomwe ingasunge zokolola za mapeyala okoma, omwe ndi madzi.
Mavuto okula a peyala
Mavuto omwe akuyembekezera m'munda wa peyala ndi momwe angathanirane nawo:
- masoka achilengedwe akuchepetsa mtengo;
- matenda a fungal a korona ndi zipatso;
- bacteria ndi fungal matenda a mitengo ikuluikulu ndi mizu;
- matenda opatsirana;
- tizirombo touluka.
Ndi kawirikawiri pamene matenda abwera ndi peyala yokha. Pamtengo wofooka, zovuta zimatsanulira zovuta. Njira zothandizira osamalira mundawo zimatha kuchotsa zinthu zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa.
Chifukwa chiyani mukuyenera kuchotsa zinyalala za mbewu m'dzinja ndi masika? Kotero kuti nyengo yozizira matenda mu masamba ndi tizirombo anawonongedwa. Chifukwa chiyani mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo imayeretsedwa? Kuteteza makungwa kuti asawotchedwe ndi dzuwa. Ming'alu umatsukidwa ndikuphimbidwa ndi varnish ya m'munda kuti fungus zambiri zisalowe mu nkhuni, tizilombo sizichulukitsa pamenepo. Mavalidwe apamwamba pa nthawi yake, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi fungicides - ndipo matendawa sawopseza peyala. Mundawo uzikhala wonunkhira bwino ndi maluwa, owonetsa bwino ndi masamba opatsa thanzi, perekani zipatso za uchi.
Zizindikiro ndi kuchiza matenda ofala kwambiri a peyala
Chodabwitsa chosasangalatsa ndikuwoneka kakala m'munda. Zimakhudza mitengo yambiri yazipatso, koma mmera uliwonse umakhala ndi bowa yake - Fusicladium pirinum imamera pa peyala, zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwathunthu. Ngati matenda a masamba azindikirika pa peyala, monga chithunzi, chithandizo chimayamba nthawi yomweyo. Kutsatira masamba, chipatso chimadziphimba ndi zipsera zosasangalatsa, kusweka ndi zowola.
Chithandizo tichipeza yomweyo kuchotsedwa kwa mphukira. Mtengo wonse umathandizidwa katatu ndi yankho la 1% la fungology yamkuwa. Munthawi yophukira, mutatha maluwa, komanso pakatha masabata awiri. Ngati dimba lodetsedwa kwambiri ndi khungu la peyala, njira zoyendetsera ndikuphatikiza kukonza thunthu. Mu nthawi yophukira, mutakolola ndi kututa zinyalala za mbewu, nthaka yozungulira mtengo wazipatso uyenera kupukutidwa ndi ammonium nitrate ya mphamvu ya 10%. Osapopera pa mbiya!
Matenda enanso oopsa m'minda omwe amapezeka ndi mitengo yomwe ili ndi kachilombo ndi mphepo. Fangayi Erwinia amylovora akungoyembekezera kuti spores igwere pamiyendo ya tizilombo. Chizindikiro ndikuwoneka masamba akuda kapena a bulauni akorona. Uku ndikuwotcha bakiteriya, mankhwalawa amayenera kuyamba pomwepo. Bowa umalowa kwambiri mu cambium ndipo umatha kuwononga mtengowo. Chifukwa chake, choyamba muyenera kudula zotupa zonse ku minofu yathanzi. Poterepa, musaiwale kuti mankhwala opatsirana pa mpeni akatha kudula. Ngati nthambi zambiri zakhudzidwa, ndibwino kuti muchotse mtengo kuti mupulumutse oyandikana nawo ku matenda.
Kumwaza kumachitika ndi fungicides pamatumbo a 1% amkuwa, 0,7% chitsulo sulphate kapena mankhwala a rifampicin, a hamamicin ndi zina zotero.
Zoyenera kuchita ngati masamba a peyala asandulika akuda pansi pa kuyala kwa bowa bowa? Choyamba, bowa amapanga masamba omwe amakhudzidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, pamakoma ake okoma. Koma peyala yomweyo imawoneka yosangalatsa kwa bowa. Sichikudziwitsidwa mu gulu la Cathedral okha. Posachedwa, dera la lesion limagwira korona yonse, ndikuwononga mtengo wa photosynthesis. Ndikofunikira kuchepetsa soapy yankho la 0,5% yamkuwa sulphate kapena chloroxide. Pa chidebe cha yankho muyenera kuchepetsa ndi kubweretsa yunifolomu ya 150 g ya sopo.
Nthawi iliyonse, chifukwa cha matenda, mapeyala amatembenukira masamba ndi zipatso zakuda, muyenera kupeza chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa ndikuthana nawo.
Palibenso zowonongeka m'mundamo zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi dzimbiri, zomwe sizingasokonezeke ndi zotupa zina. Mawonekedwe a lalanje samakhudza masamba okha, komanso zipatso. Mafangayi amapatsira mbewu kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, ndipo pofika nthawi yophukira, spores mu papillae okhwima kumbuyo kwa masamba. Mtengo ukutaya mphamvu. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi mliriwu imachotsedwapo mbali zomwe zakhudzidwa, chithandizo ndi fungicides, kulowetsedwa kwa phulusa, urea. Bowa amabadwa pa conifers, kenako amapita ku zipatso.
Palibe kuvulaza kochepa komwe kungayambitsidwe kwa mitengo ndi petosporosis ya peyala. Cytosporosis amayamba chifukwa cha causative wothandizila wa matenda Cytospora leucostoma, matenda a mafangasi. Koma tizilomboti timalowerera makungwa owonongeka a mtengowo. Zomwe zimayambitsa zimatha kukhala kutentha kwa dzuwa kapena chisanu. Potere, makungwa amayamba, kutuluka, amakhala ndi bulauni.
Powdery mildew poyamba imapanga pachimake, masamba ali ngati owazidwa ndi ufa. Kenako masamba amasandulika ofiira, pindani pakati pa Mzerewo ndikuuma. Zomera zazing'ono zimayenera kuyang'aniridwa pomwe zimakhala ndi tsamba lowoneka bwino. Mafangayi amathetsedwa ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala a penicillin ndi tetracycline. Kuthira mchere ndi mwatsopano, “pansi pa mchira” mullein, ndi yankho la phulusa la koloko wokhala ndi sopo wamadzi kumathandiza kwambiri.
Matenda a peyala omwe afotokozedwa mu chithunzichi ndi chithandizo chawo ndi osiyanasiyana, koma onsewo amatsogolera kuimfa kapena kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zokolola, zipatso zopanda pake.
Pali mitundu ina ya maonekedwe a fungal matenda. Amayambitsidwa nyengo yofunda, kapena pa nthawi ya kutentha mwadzidzidzi.
Maonekedwe a mame ochulukirapo ndi nthawi yomwe muyenera kukhala atcheru kwambiri. Mu chisoti chakuthwa cha mitengo, pomwe chinyezi chimasungidwa kwanthawi yayitali, mycelium wa bowa akumva bwino. Pofuna kuti musamvetsetse chifukwa chake masamba a peyala amasandulika akuda, momwe muyenera kuchitira, momwe muyenera kuchitira, muyenera kusamalira bwino mundawo.
Koma mtengo wa peyala, makungwa ake, mizu ndi malo okhala ndi matenda a gulu lina.
Khansa ya muzu, matenda obwera ndi mabakiteriya a gerobacterium tumefaciens. Pamalopo pakuwoneka zodetsa zobzala. Yasungidwa mdziko lapansi zaka zingapo. Zoyipa za matendawa zitha kuonedwa mwa kupenda mozama mizu yodzala zinthu. Ndikofunikira kuchotsa malo osakhazikika musanabzike, kupopera mankhwala mu mizu yamkuwa.
Peyala imatha kudwala khansa yakuda pamene thunthuyo limayamba kusweka ndikukula ndi zoyera zofiirira. Pali zifukwa zambiri zoyambitsa makungwa, ngakhale cholimba kwambiri. Koma kuswa kulikonse ndi njira yolowera matenda opatsirana komanso fungus. Ndipo kulimbana kwa mtengo sudziwa kupuma.
Tizilombo ta Peyala
Akasaka ambiri amasangalala ndi masamba ndi zipatso za peyala m'dziko la tizilombo ndi arthropods. Woyang'anira mundawo amakakamizidwa kuchita zomwe angapewe pang'onopang'ono panthawi ya kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Koma mwakachetechete, pang'onopang'ono, mosazindikira, ma arthropod - nkhupakupa - kuwukira chivundikiro chobiriwira. Kwa peyala, tizilombo toyipitsitsa kwambiri timayesedwa kuti ndi peyala, kapena tinthu tating'ono.
Kanyama kakang'ono kwambiri mpaka 1 mm kukula kwake, kokhala ndi miyendo inayi, ndikulowa m'mundamo ndi mphepo, kapena pazovala ndi nsapato, kupanga magulu. Mlimi atha kudzetsa tizilombo tambiri pobzala mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi nthata.
Ngati pali kutupika pa tsamba, ndiye kuti nkhupakupa zayamba kubala. Kutupa kumatchedwa ma galls, amapezeka ndikusintha maselo a masamba motsogozedwa ndi poyizoni. Tizilombo timayamwa timadziti kuchokera m'maselo a tsamba, minofu imafa, tsamba limasanduka lakuda ndikutayidwa.
Njira zoyesera kutsekeka kwanyani pa pezi ndi:
- kukonza mwatsatanetsatane masamba agwa ndi madera a arachnid tizilombo;
- kubzala mitundu yolimbana ndi tizilombo;
- kukumba kwa mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo mu kugwa.
Chithandizo cha mankhwala kuphatikiza ndulu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sulfure ndi phosphate. Mwa mankhwala omalizira, Vertimek ndi yoyenera. Mankhwalawa onse ndi owopsa ku thanzi lanu, ndipo muyenera kuwagwiritsa ntchito pazitetezo.
Simungasiye masamba obiriwira pamitengo nthawi yozizira - uku ndiye kuzizira kwa ana a hawthorn. Gulugufe yemwe amafanana ndi kabichi samangokhala wopanda mitengo ya peyala, koma komanso hawthorn, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, ndi mtengo wa maapozi ndi nyengo yabwino yozizira.
Gulugufe wa peyala, kachilombo kakakulu mpaka 6 mm, ndikudikirira kuti maluwa atsegule kuti ayike dzira limodzi mu duwa lililonse. Khungubwe nthawi yakula imawononga zipatso 4. Njira zoyendetsera - kukumba, kuwononga kangaude wa kangaude komwe ana amtsogolo anali.
Ndikosatheka kuyika tizirombo tonse ta peyala munkhani imodzi. Koma kukhazikitsa njira zodzitetezera kuthandizira kuthana ndi mavuto ambiri.
