Blueberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), wotchedwanso masamba a mchisu, ndi mtengo wodalirika wokhala ndi zipatso zoyenera kudya. Mtunduwu ndi wa mtundu wa Vaccinium, womwe ndi woimira banja la Heather (osati kale kwambiri kuti mtunduwu ndi wa banja la a Cowberry). Dzinali limachokera ku liwu Lachilatini lotanthauza "ng'ombe", ndiye kuti mitundu ina ya masamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoweta. Ndipo nyamayi inkatchedwa myrtle tsamba lodziwika bwino chifukwa chofanana ndi mtengo wa mchisu. Mtundu waku Russia dzina lake blueberries limalumikizidwa ndi mtundu wa zipatso ndi msuzi wa mbewu iyi, kuchokera kwa iwo manja ndi pakamwa zimapakidwa zakuda kwanthawi yayitali. Ku Russia, mbewuyi ilinso ndi mayina ena, mwachitsanzo: chernega, Blueberry, Blueberry, Blueberry kapena Blueberry. Achibale a mabulosi abuluwa ndi mbewu za mabulosi monga cranberries, lingonberry ndi buluu.
M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, chomera choterechi chimatha kupezeka kumalo ocheperako, kumadera a taiga kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Asia, komanso ku North America. Ma Blueberries amalimidwa ngati zokongoletsera komanso ngati mtengo wochiritsa.
Mawonekedwe a Blueberry
Bilberry ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri, komwe kutalika kwake kumasiyana kuchokera ku 0,5 mpaka 0,5. Nthambi zakuthwa-zopindika, zopaka utoto, zimachoka pachisuwo pamalo oopsa. Pafupipafupi timbale ta masamba tating'ono timene timayalidwa m'mphepete mwa masika ndi chilimwe timakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira, womwe umasinthika kukhala wofiyira m'dzinja. Mphukira yamtunda imalowera mu nthambizo, mizu yaying'ono yaying'ono imachokeramo, yomwe imalowa pansi mwakuya ndi 50-60 mm okha. Drooping maluwa amtundu wa pinki wobiriwira amayikidwa pazovala zazifupi pamunsi pa nthambi zazing'ono. Chipatsocho ndi mabulosi ovoid kapena ozungulira, okhala ndi mainchesi a 0,6-1 cm ndi mtundu wamtambo wakuda, wokutira wabluu ali pamtunda. Tchire limamasika mu Meyi kapena June, pomwe zipatso zimawonedwa kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala.
Kubzala mabuliberieri panthaka
Malo abwino kwambiri obzala mabulosi ang'onoang'ono ndiwomwe amapezeka pamthunzi, pansi pamithunzi ya mitengo yayitali. Dothi ndilabwino acidic, pomwe pansi pamadzi sikuyenera kugona patali kwambiri kuchokera pamalowo. Ngati chitsamba choterechi chimabzalidwe pamalo owala bwino, ndiye kuti adzafunika kupopera madzi nthawi zonse masana. Ngati mabulosi obzalidwa amadzalidwa m'dera lozizira komanso losakhazikika nthawi yozizira, ndiye kuti mu August-Seputembala mwanjira imeneyi amalimbikitsidwa. Pakadutsa pakati komanso kumadera ozizira, kubzala zipatso zotere kuyenera kuchitika kumapeto kwa nthawi ya masika, zikadzabweranso sizidzawonongeka.
Ngati tchire zingapo zibzalidwe nthawi imodzi, ndiye kuti mtunda uyenera kuyang'anitsidwa pakati pa masentimita 150. Ngati pali mipando yolumikizana, ndiye kuti m'lifupi mwake muyenera kukhala osachepera 250. Kukula kwa dzenjelo kuyenera kukhala 0.6x0.6 m, ndipo kuya kwake kuyenera kukhala 0.8 m. Pansi pa dzenje, ndikofunikira kupanga dongo, chifukwa ntchito njerwa yosweka iyi kapena dongo lokulitsa.
Nthawi zambiri, dothi la m'mundamu silikhala acidic kwambiri, chifukwa chodzala mabuliberi mungafunike dothi losakaniza mwapadera. Kuti tichite izi, pakukonzekera dzenje lakufika, dothi lakumtundu wapamwamba limayenera kuponyedwa kumbali. Amaphatikizidwa ndi peat (2: 1), ndi sulufufu wamafuta amathiridwa kuti asungidwe acidization, pomwe theka la supuni imatengedwa pachitsamba 1. Kuti akonze dothi lolemera kwambiri, masamba owola a oak kapena mchenga wamtsinje umalowetsedwamo. Ndi chisakanizo ichi, ndikofunikira kuti mudzaze maziko oyambira kubzala, ndiye kudikirira masiku 7-15, nthawi yomwe dothi lomwe lili m'dzenjemo liyenera kukhala ndi nthawi yokwanira kukhazikika. Motere, kukonzekera kwa dzenje lobzala kuyenera kuyambitsidwa masiku 20-30 asanadzalemo mabulosi.
Olima dimba amalimbikitsa kugula mbande ziwiri kapena zitatu zakubzala. Onani mosamala zodzala, zoona zake ndikuti mmalo mwa mabulosi abuluu, mabuluni angagulitsidwe kwa inu, chifukwa mbewu izi ndi zofanana kwambiri. Asanabzale mbewu, ndikofunikira kuti dongo lake ladzazidwe ndi madzi. Musanabzale mabulosi, dothi lomwe lili mu dzenjemo liyenera kuthiridwa ndi madzi otumphukira (supuni 1 yaying'ono ya citric acid pa malita 10 amadzi), ndowa imodzi ya osakaniza imatengedwa pa bowo limodzi. Kenako muyenera kumasula nthaka ndi kupanga dzenjelo. M'dzenje ili, muyenera kuyika mizu ya mbewu, yomwe imawongola mosamala, pamene mukufunikira kumasula dothi. Bowo liyenera kudzazidwa ndi zosakanikirana zapadziko lapansi. Zomera zikabzalidwa, dothi lozungulira mozungulira liyenera kukumbukiridwa, ndipo chitsamba chokha chimafunikira kuthirira kwambiri. Madzi akametsedwa m'nthaka, nthaka yake imakutidwa ndi mulch (utuchi kapena masamba akuuluka).
Ngati mbande zomwe zikupitirira zaka zitatu zibzalidwe, ndiye zikafesedwa, nthambi zake zimafupikitsidwa mpaka 20 cm. Izi zimathandizira kuti ma bloeberries akhazikike mwachangu komanso bwino kulowa m'malo atsopano.
Momwe mungasamalire zoperewera
Kuthirira
Kuti ma buluku azikula bwino, amafunika kuthiriridwa madzi mwadongosolo. Pafupifupi, chomera chimathiriridwa kamodzi sabata iliyonse. Ngati pali chilala ndi kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa kuthirira kuyenera kukwera. Kumbukirani kuti dothi pansi pa chitsamba liyenera kukhala lonyowa pang'ono. Kamodzi masabata anayi aliwonse, madzi omwe amafunikira kuthilira ayenera kusakanikirana ndi oxalic, citric kapena acetic acid. Ndikathirira muyenera kusamala kwambiri, ngati madzi akukhazikika aonedwa m'nthaka, ndiye kuti izi zitha kuyambitsa chitukuko cha matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Pamenepa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tisagwiritse ntchito madzi ambiri kuthirira, koma kuti mudzaze pamalowo ndi mainchesi anayi a mulch (masamba, utuchi kapena singano). Izi zithandiza kuchepetsa kuthirira.
Feteleza
Kuphatikiza chitsamba ichi, feteleza ndi michere yonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Monga feteleza wachilengedwe chotere, tikulimbikitsidwa kutenga zinyalala za peat, manyowa kapena manyowa. Zamoyo zimayenera kuyikidwa kamodzi zaka zitatu zilizonse zikagwera, ma kilogalamu atatu mpaka 4 atengedwa pa mita imodzi ya mraba ya chiwembu. Kuthira feteleza ndi michere ya mineral kumachitika chaka chilichonse, pomwe gawo lalikulu la yankho la ammonium sulfate, superphosphate ndi calimagnesia limayambitsidwa m'nthaka. Kumbukirani kuti mbewu yotere imakumana ndi zovuta kwambiri ku chlorine, chifukwa chake siyenera kukhalamo feteleza.
Komanso, shrub yotere imayankha bwino pakuvala kwapamwamba pamazamba opangidwa ndi masamba okhala ndi michere. Pukutira mbewuyo madzulo, nsewuwo sukulanso.
Kudulira
Blueberries imayamba kudulidwa kuyambira azaka zitatu mpaka zinayi. Kudulira kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira. Zomera zam'mphepete zomwe zidawonekera, komanso nthambi zodwala komanso zofowoka, ziyenera kuchotsedwa pachitsamba. Moyenera, chitsamba chimodzi chimayenera kukhala ndi masamba 7 mpaka 9 omwe ali athanzi komanso opangidwa bwino. Kuti nthambi zamitengo yamtunduwu zikhale zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu, zikafika zaka zinayi, zimayenera kudulidwa mpaka 20 cm. Muyeneranso kudula mbali mphukira ndi masamba, omwe amakula kwambiri, chifukwa amapatsa zipatso zazing'ono komanso mochedwa. Kudulira kwa ukalamba kwa mankhwala amtundu wocheperako kudzafunika atakwanitsa zaka 15. Kuti muchite izi, nthambi zonse za chitsamba zimayenera kudulidwa mpaka 20 cm kuchokera pansi. Ngati mumadulira mbewu moyenera komanso pafupipafupi, ndiye kuti mumapatsidwa zipatso zabwino.
Ngati shrub imalimidwa m'mundamo ngati zokongoletsera, ndiye kudula chomeracho, mutha kuchipatsa mawonekedwe aliwonse ofunikira.
Zisanu
Ma buluu osagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu samafunika kuphimbidwa nthawi yachisanu, chifukwa samawopa chisanu chambiri. Komabe, muyenera kukhala osamala kubwerera mu chisanu, chifukwa amatha kuwononga maluwa. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kukhala ndi zofunda zomwe zithandizire kuteteza tchire ku vuto la chisanu.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Chomera chimakonda kukana tizirombo ndi matenda, koma nthawi zina chimadwalanso. Ma Scabies ndi ma aphid nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtchire. Tizilombo tomwe timayamwa timayamwa madzi am'madzi kuchokera pamitengo ndi masamba a mbewu. Kuwononga tizirombo tomwe, tizirombo tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo: Aktaru, Actellik ndi Inta-Vir. Pofuna kupewa m'dzinja, masamba onse atagwa, pamwamba pa malowo pomwe mabulosiwo amakula amasulidwa ku zinyalala za mbewu zomwe zikufunika kuwonongeka. Kumayambiriro koyambirira, pofuna kupewa, tchire limasefedwa ndi karate.
Ma Blueberries amathanso kukhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus monga miscellaneous spherosis, dzimbiri, ndi imvi. Ngati mawanga akuda ndi ofiira awonekera pamtunda wa masamba, ndiye kuti chitsamba chimakhudzidwa ndi miscosphereliosis. Zomera zotere zimawoneka ngati zidaphulika ndi matope. Ngati mabulosi amtundu wakhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri, ndiye kuti mawanga amtundu wa bulauni wakuda pamasamba, ndipo chifukwa cha imvi, zipatsozo zimapukutidwa. Pofuna kuchiritsa chitsamba, gwiritsani ntchito fungicides monga: Fundazol, Topsin-M kapena Bordeaux. Matendawa poyambira chitukuko amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi chithandizo chimodzi. Ngati matendawa ayambika, ndiye kuti kupopera mafayilidwe angapo kungafunike.
Zowopsa kwambiri kwa matenda obisika: matenda owoneka bwino, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, nthambi zoyipa. Mpaka pano, matenda oterewa sanaphunzirepo chithandizo, pokhudzana ndi izi, tchire zoyambukirazi zikuyenera kuchotsedwa m'nthaka ndikuwotchedwa posachedwa.
Kutakataka ndi kusungunulira Blueberry
Momwe mungasonkhanire pamanja
Ma Blueberries amakololedwa pachimake pa kufunikira kwawo, ndipo nthawi ino kugwera pakati pa Julayi. M'nkhalango, zitsamba zotere zimamera malo opanda nthaka ndi dothi louma. Komabe, zipatso zoyambirira zimakhwima pamtchire zomwe zimamera m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi masamba.
Mutha kututa zipatso kuchokera ku tchire lokha lomwe silinathe zaka 15. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mu zipatso zamtchire zoterezi mumapezeka kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, ndipo mwa iwowa kufunikira kwa chikhalidwe chotere kumachitika. Zaka za shrub zomwe zikukula mwachilengedwe zitha kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mphukira zam'mbali pa icho. Muyenera kusankhira mabulosi munyengo yachisanu, ndipo m'mawa kapena madzulo. Zipatso zokhazokha zopanda thanzi, zokhwima ndipo sizovulazidwa ziyenera kudulidwa, mtundu wake womwe uyenera kukhala wabuluu wakuda, pafupifupi wakuda. Zipatso ziyenera kuyikidwa mumbale zamapulasitiki kapena mabasiketi opukutira.
Kututa mabuliberi ndi wokolola wophatikiza
Kuti mukolole mwachangu katatu kapena kanayi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito wokololayo, wotchedwa wokolola zipatso, yemwe akuwoneka ngati scoop. Mtengo wake ndi wotsika, polumikizana ndi chipangizochi chikufunikira madera omwe ntchito yosonkhanitsa ndi bizinesi yayikulu siyabwino kwakanthawi. Chipangizochi chimakhala ndi bokosi lomwe "chisa" chimamangiriridwa kukhoma pansi, chokhala ndi mano okwanira okwanira, mtunda pakati pa 0,5 mpaka 0.6. Pakati pa mano amapitilira mosavuta, masamba ndi nthambi za chomera, pomwe zipatso zimawonetsedwa mchidebe. Zipangizo zoterezi zimatha kukhala pulasitiki, zitsulo kapena matabwa, ndipo mano amapangidwa ndi waya. Ngati mungafune, mutha kupanga izi kuphatikiza nokha.
Kusungidwa kwa Blueberry
Ma buluku omwe anasonkhanitsidwa ayenera kusanjidwa, ndikuchotsa masamba, zipatso zosapsa, mapesi, nthambi ndi zinyalala zina. Kuti muchite izi, zipatsozo zimafunikira kuthiridwa mumtsuko womwe umadzazidwa ndi madzi. Zipatso zakupsa zimagwa, koma zinyalala zija zimatuluka. Koma njirayi imakulolani kuti muchotse zinyalala zonse, chifukwa zipatso zimayenerabe kusanjidwa ndi dzanja. Kupanikizana kumatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku ma buleberries, ndipo ngakhale zipatso zouma kapena zouma.
Kuti ziume, zipatsozo zimayenera kugawidwa mu wosanjikiza woonda papepala, womwe umayikidwa mu uvuni kapena uvuni. Zipatso zouma ndi kutentha 40 mpaka 50 madigiri, mpaka ziume kwathunthu, pomwe zimayenera kusakanizidwa. Kusunga mabuliberiyopu, zovala kapena makatoni okhala ndi makatoni kapena matabwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito, amayikidwa m'malo owuma komanso amdima.
Sambani ndikuwuma mabulosi, kenako ndikugawa mu 1 wosanjikiza pamatayala ndikuyiyika mufiriji. Ngati thireyi limapangidwa ndi chitsulo, liyenera kuphimbidwa ndi chopukutira mapepala khitchini, chowonadi ndichakuti sikulimbikitsidwa kuti mabuliberi amakumana ndi chitsulo. Pambuyo maola awiri ndi atatu, zipatso zimayenera kuzirala. Sulani zipatso zouma ndikuziyika m'thumba ndi zipper, tsekani zipper mwamphamvu ndikuyika mabuliberiya mufiriji kuti isungidwe. Ziphuphu zoterezi zimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakatha miyezi 12.
Kuti mbewuyo ikhale kosatha kwa chaka 1, iyenera kutsukidwa ndikuwuma. Kenako zipatsozo zimathiridwa m'mitsuko yagalasi, yomwe kale inali yoyesedwa mu uvuni kwa maola angapo. Kenako, amaphimba zitini ndi zoletsa, zomwe ziyenera kudzazidwa ndi sera. Kuti zisungidwe, zitini zimatsukidwa m'malo amdima komanso ozizira.
Mitundu ndi mitundu yamagulu amtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi chithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe
Wamaluwa amalima mitundu yaying'ono yokha. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chitsamba ichi chiribe mitundu umodzi. Kwa buliberries, ogulitsa nthawi zambiri amapereka blueberries, koma awa ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana, zogwirizana. Kusokonezeka kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa choti mbewu zonse ziwirizi m'Chingerezi zimatchedwa ndi mawu amodzi - mabulosi abulu.
Wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amakulitsa mitundu iyi yamabulosi:
Blueberry Hairy (Vaccinium hirtum)
Malo omwe mitunduyi imabadwira ndi Japan ndi Sakhalin; imakonda kumera m'mphepete mwa madambo, komanso m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanikirana. Kutalika kwa zitsamba zowola ngati izi kumatha kufika masentimita 100. Masamba obiriwira obala-ovate, otchulidwa pamwamba. Mu nthawi yophukira, mtundu wa masamba umasinthidwa ndi carmine. Danga lamipatso yakuda bii buluu pafupifupi 0.5-0.7 cm.
Blueberry Caucasian (Vaccinium arctostaphylos)
Chomera chimawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo la nthawi yayikulu. Mwachilengedwe, imapezeka kumapezeka kumpoto kwa Asia Minor, ku Caucasus, kumpoto kwa Iran komanso kumadera ena a Bulgaria. Mtunduwu umayimiriridwa ndi chitsamba chachikulu kapena mtengo wabwino, womwe kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi 200-300 cm. Zipatso ndi zomwe zimadya, ndizotchuka ngati zipatso za buliberries. Mtunduwu ulibe kuthana kwambiri ndi chisanu.
Bilberry yopapatiza (Vaccinium angustifolium)
Kapenanso maluwa okhala ndi michere pensana, chomera chakum'mawa kwa North America. Kutalika kwa tchire lalifupi chonchi sikupita masentimita 50. Mtundu wa masamba ndiwobiliwira. Imakhala ndi kukana kwambiri chisanu. Simalimidwa nthawi zambiri.
Blueberry ovalifolia (Vaccinium ovalifolium)
Mwachilengedwe, mtunduwu umatha kupezeka pa Aleutian, Commander and Kuril Islands, ku Sakhalin, ku Japan ndi North America. Chomera chomwe chimakula pang'onopang'ono chimatalika mpaka 3 mpaka 4 mita. Chimakhala pachimake ndipo sichitha kutentha.
Pancake blueberry (Vaccinium scoparium)
Mtundu wamtunduwu umatha kupezeka m'maiko otsatirawa a North America: California, Carolina, Alabama ndi Colado. Kutalika kwa chitsamba chotere sikokwanira kupitirira 0,2 m, sikumasiyana pakukaniza kwambiri chisanu. Kucha zipatso pamtunduwu sikuwonedwa chaka chilichonse.
Katundu wa Blueberry: Zowopsa ndi Zopindulitsa
Zothandiza pazoyerekeza za buliberries
Zipatsozi zimakhala ndi ma antioxidants, ndipo iyi ndiye phindu lalikulu la ma blueberries. Komanso, zinthu zofunikirazi ndi gawo la mabulosi akuda, maapulo, kabichi wofiira, radishi ndi mphesa zakuda, koma zimakhala ndi zochulukirapo kuposa izi.Ndipo masamba ndi zipatso za chomera chotere chimakhala ndi magnesium, phosphorous, potaziyamu, selenium, zinc, calcium, sulfure, chlorine, sodium, chitsulo, mkuwa, zidulo zachilengedwe, mavitamini C, B1, B2, B4, B5, B6, PP, A , pectins, saponins, glycosides ndi zinthu zina zothandiza.
Zipatso zimasiyanasiyana mu anthelmintic, antimicrobial ndi kukonza. Ma carotenoids omwe amapezeka m'mazipawo amathandizira kuti masomphenya ausiku akhale bwino, ndichifukwa chake oyendetsa ndege ku England anadya zipatso zambiri zophatikiza ndi zipatso pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Blueberries imaphatikizidwanso m'zakudya za ozungu.
Zakhala zikudziwika kuti zipatsozi zimathandizira kuwona, kuwonjezera munda wake, komanso zimathandizira kuchepetsa kutopa kwamaso. Osati kale kwambiri, asayansi adapeza kuti zipatsozi zimathandizira kupititsa patsogolo kukonzanso kwa retinal, komanso kukonza magazi ake. Kuti abwezeretse m'maso, timalimbikitsidwa m'mawa m'mimba yopanda theka la ola limodzi tisanadye kuti tidye supuni 1 yayikulu ya zipatso zatsopano kapena zouma (amafunika kuyikidwira madzulo m'chidebe chodzazidwa ndi madzi ozizira otupa).
Madzi atsopano omwe amafinyidwa kuchokera ku zipatso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka mafuta eczema, zotupa pakhungu ndi schen ndere. Kuchokera pa msuziwu, compress imatha kupangidwira mabala a purulent, kulira kwa eczema, kuwotcha kapena zilonda, kuyenera m'malo mwake katatu kapena kanayi pa tsiku. M'malo mwatsopano madzi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka ma buliberries, pokonzekera muyenera kuphatikiza 500 ml ya madzi otentha ndi magalamu 100 a zipatso zouma. Osakaniza ayenera kuwira mpaka voliyumu yake itachepera ndi ½ gawo.
Zowopsa
Kudya ma buleberries ndizoletsedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a kapamba komanso kwa omwe ntchito yawo ya duodenum imalephera. Komabe ndizosatheka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi vuto lililonse payekha, komanso oxalaturia. Zipatso zouma sizilimbikitsidwa kudzimbidwa.
