Vodyanik, kapena Shiksha

Vodyanika (Empetrum) - mtundu wamtchire wobiriwira wosakhazikika wa banja la Heather wokhala ndi masamba ofanana ndi singano ndi maluwa osasangalatsa; kufalikira ku North Hemisphere, komwe kumapezekanso ku South America. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika, mankhwala achikhalidwe komanso ngati chomera chokongoletsera.

Dontho lamadzi akuda, bisexual (Empetrum nigrum subsp. Hermaphroditum). © Hörður Kristinsson

M'mbuyomu, ma genera atatu - Vodyanik, Corema, ndi Ceratiola - adagawidwa ku banja lodzilekanitsa la Vodi iyev (Empetraceae), koma malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa jini wopangidwa ndi APG, taxon iyi idachepetsedwa kukhala gulu la Vodiiyev fuko (Empetreae) mu boma la Erica (Ericoideae) wa banja la Heather.

Mutu

Dzinalo Lachilatini la mtunduwu limachokera ku mawu achi Greek omwe amatanthauza "pa" ndi "mwala wa petros" - ndipo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo omwe zimakhala.

Mayiko achi Russia ku mbewuyi ndi Bagnovka, Voronik (malinga ndi mtundu wa mabulosi), chimbalangondo, buze, ssyha (chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa zipatso), mabulosi abwinobwino (makamaka chifukwa cha zamkati komanso madzi ambiri atsopano), udzu wakuda, shiksha , zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Vodyanika ofiira (Empetrum rubrum). © Convallaria majalis

Mayina mu zilankhulo zina: Chingerezi. Crowberry, osayankhula Krahenbeeren, ndalama. Variksenmarja, fr. Camarine Kutanthauzira kochokera ku Chingerezi, Chijeremani ndi Chifinishi ndi mabwangula.

Kugawa

Vodyanika imagawidwa ku North Hemisphere - kuchokera ku malo otentha kwambiri kupita ku gawo laling'ono (Russia, Continental Western Europe kuchokera ku Finland kupita ku Spain, Great Britain, Iceland, Greenland, USA, Canada, Japan, Korea, kumpoto kwa China, Mongolia).

Codderberry imapezekanso kum'mwera chakum'mwera - ku Andes aku Chile, ku Tierra del Fuego, ku zilumba za Falkland Islands (Malvinas), komanso kuzilumba za Tristan da Cunha. Ku Russia, mbewuyi imagawidwa kwambiri kumadera akumpoto, ku Siberia, ku Far East, kuphatikiza Sakhalin, Kamchatka ndi zilumba za Kuril; amapezeka mdera losakhala chernozem. Kwawo vodnikniki - North Hemisphere. Kugawika kwake kwapagulu pano kumalumikizidwa ndi kulowa kwa mtengowo kum'mwera nthawi ya Ice Age.

Zomera zodziwika bwino ndizozungu zam'madzi zotchedwa sphagnum bogs, moss-lichen ndi rocky tundra, nkhalango za coniferous (nthawi zambiri pine), zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobisika. Vodyanika imapezekanso pamchenga wotseguka (ma scythes, ndulu), pamiyala ya granite; M'mapiri amakula zigawo za kumapiri zamchere.

Kufotokozera kwachilengedwe

Vodyanik - shrubbery, zokwawa, zomwe kutalika kwake siziposa 20 cm, ndipo kutalika kwa mphukira kumatha kufika 100 cm.

Vodyanika ndi wakuda, kapena aronia, kapena shiksha (Empetrum nigrum). © Ole Husby

Amakula m'mabala - makatani, iliyonse yomwe imayimira munthu m'modzi. Tsinde ndi lofiirira wakuda, wokutidwa ndi masamba, ali aang'ono kwambiri okutidwa ndi tsitsi loyera; nthambi zochulukira, pomwe nthambi zake zimakhala zazing'ono. Curtina pang'onopang'ono amatenga malo ochulukirachulukira, pomwe pakati pake nthambi zimafa. Nthawi zina, mumakhala tinsomba tambiri ta crowberry - lotchedwa Voronichniki, kapena Shikshevniki.

Monga oimira ena a banja la heather, crowberry sangachite popanda kuwonekera ndi bowa: imalandira zinthu zina za mchere kuchokera kwa iwo, ndikuzipatsanso zinthu za photosynthesis.

Nthambi, zotalika 1 m, zimabisidwa pilojekiti yopukutira, yokutidwa ndi tinthu tating'ono ta utoto woyera kapena wa amber.

Masamba ndi osiyana, ang'ono, okhala ndi petioles lalifupi kwambiri, ochepa elliptic, 3-10 mm kutalika. Mphepete mwa tsamba limawerama ndipo pafupifupi limatsekedwa, chifukwa cha izi masamba amawoneka ngati singano, ndipo chomeracho chimakhala ngati mtengo wamtali wa Khrisimasi. Tsamba lililonse limakhala pa nthambi mpaka zaka zisanu.

Zomera ndizosiyanasiyana kapena zopatsa chidwi. Maluwa ndi axillary, osawoneka bwino; ndi pawirianth ya actinomorphic perianth, yokhala ndi ma pinki atatu, ofiira kapena ofiirira ndi manda atatu; imodzi kapena gulu la zidutswa ziwiri kapena zitatu. Zithunzithunzi zitatu zamaluwa. Mchitidwewu umakhala wowala, thumba losunga mazira limaposa, limakhala ndi zisa 6 mpaka 12. M'madera a ku Europe ku Russia, masamba a crowberry amatuluka mu Epulo-Meyi, ku Siberia mu Meyi-Juni. Kusintha kwa zinthu - mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo: maluwa a crowberry amayenderedwa ndi agulugufe, ntchentche ndi njuchi.

Vodyanika ndi wakuda, wabili. © Epp

Chipatsochi ndi chakuda (chokhala ndi duwa lolira) kapena mabulosi ofiira okhala ndi mulifupi mwake mpaka 5 mm ndi khungu lolimba ndi njere zolimba, ofanana ndi mabulosi. Zikupita mu Ogasiti. Madziwo ali ndi utoto wofiirira. Zipatsozo zimakhalabe pa mphukira mpaka masika.

Kupanga kwamankhwala

Vodyanik muli triterpene saponins, flavopoids (quercetin, kempferol, rutin), tannins (mpaka 4.5%), mafuta ofunika, ma resins, coumarins, benzoic ndi acetic acids, anthocyanins, vitamini C, carotene, zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo manganese , mashuga, mafuta ofunikira.

Gwiritsani ntchito

Gawo lofewa la zipatso limatha kudyedwa, amathetsa ludzu bwino, koma zovuta zomwe zimakhala ndi shuga komanso ma acid zimapangitsa kuti azilawa zatsopano.

Vodyanika imaphatikizidwa muzakudya zachikhalidwe za anthu wamba - mwachitsanzo, Sami ndi Inuit. Mitundu ina ya Native American adakolola zipatso nthawi yachisanu ndikuyidya ndi mafuta kapena mafuta; Kuphatikiza apo, adakonza ma decoctions kapena ma infusions ochokera pamasamba ndi mphukira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda am'mimba ndi matenda ena am'mimba, ankathandizira matenda a impso ndi madzi a zipatso (zipatso zimakhala ndi diuretic athari), ndipo matenda amaso ankachiritsidwa ndi decoction kuchokera ku mizu.

Mankhwala achi Russian, decoction ndi vodka tincture wa masamba ndi zimayambira za vodnika amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khunyu, kupuwala, kusowa kwa metabolic, komanso kupweteka mutu, kugwira ntchito molimbika komanso ngati anti-zingotic. A decoction wamasamba amawona ngati chida cholimbikitsira tsitsi.

Mankhwala a ku Tibet, crowberry amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu, pochiza matenda a chiwindi ndi impso.

Pazifukwa zochizira, mphukira zazing'ono zamasamba (udzu) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimadulidwa nthawi yamaluwa. Amatsukidwa ndi zosayera ndikuwuma mumthunzi kapena m'malo opatsa mpweya wabwino, atagona pang'onopang'ono.

Zipatso zimadyedwanso ndi mkaka komanso zophatikiza mkaka. Amapanga kupanikizana, kupanikizana, mafuta akumwa, zotchinga ma pie; panga vinyo. Gwiritsani ntchito monga zokometsera za nsomba ndi nyama. Mu Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language lolemba V.I. Dahl, Cyril amatchulidwa - chakudya cha ku Siberia chopangidwa kuchokera ku vodiniki ndi nsomba ndi blubber (mafuta osindikiza). Kutsogololi, khungubwi amatuta mu ayisikilimu kapena mwamafuta. Popeza zipatso zake zimakhala ndi benzoic acid, sizipatsidwa mphamvu yothandiza kupopera ndipo zimatha kusungidwa popanda zofunikira pokonza galasi.

Dontho lamadzi akuda. © Sergey Yeliseev

Popeza zipatso zam'madzi zimakhala ndi utoto wambiri wa anthocyanin, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati utoto wachilengedwe. Makamaka, utoto wa chitumbuwa udapangidwa kuchokera ku khungubwi wopaka ubweya.

Kulima

Vodyanika amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira miyala ya alpine ndi nyimbo ndi miyala, komanso malo oyenera (popeza mphukira zokwawa zimapanga mthunzi wowonda, pafupifupi maudzu onse amaponderezedwa ndi izo), koma mwina simungazipeze pachikhalidwe.

Ukadaulo waulimi

Zomera zimabzalidwa patali 30 cm 50 kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Kubzala mozama masentimita 40. Khosi la muzu limayikiridwa m'nthaka ndi masentimita awiri: Kusakaniza kwa dothi kumakonzedwa kuchokera ku dothi lonyowa, peat, mchenga wofanana. Kukhetsa ku mwala wosweka ndi mchenga wokhala ndi masentimita 10.

Zomera zimadyetsedwa kamodzi pa nyengo, kufalikira pa 1 m² 50 g nitroammophoski. Ikani nthambi zocheperako ndi peat, wosanjikiza masentimita 5-6. Ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri, ndipo pogona pena sikofunikira, chifukwa chimazizira chisanu. Kudulira ndikusamala, kopanda tanthauzo, kuphatikiza makamaka pakachotsa mphukira zowuma.

Zomera zimangomalira kokha zaka zoyambirira za moyo. Kenako imachepetsa pafupifupi maudzu onse pawokha. Ndi maudzu ochepa okha omwe amapita pansi pa mthunzi wowonda womwe umapangidwa ndi mphukira zokwawa za phula, kupita m'kuwala, koma sizovuta kusankha. Muyenera kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa shiksha, komwe kungalowe m'malo mwa mbewu zapafupi.

Pouma, shiksha imafunikira kuthirira. Koma safunika kusambira. Zitsamba kuchokera ku dongosolo la Heather zimamera pamatumba a peat osati chifukwa zimafuna chinyezi - sizipirira mpikisano malo ena.

Kufalikira ndi mbewu ndi magawo.

Dontho lamadzi akuda. © Zojambula ❀

Zosiyanasiyana

Mitundu ingapo yokongoletsera imakhala yotulutsa:

• `Bernstein` - ndi masamba achikasu;
• 'Irland' - yokhala ndi masamba obiriwira obiriwira komanso nthambi zazokwawa;
• 'Lucia' - wokhala ndi masamba achikasu;
• `Smaragd` - ndi masamba obiriwira obiriwira obiriwira komanso nthambi zowuluka.
• `Zitronella` - wokhala ndi masamba owala a mandimu achikasu ndi masamba owala.

Mitundu:

Palibe njira imodzi yophatikizira mtundu.

Malinga ndi buku lina, mtundu ndi monotypic; mitundu yokhayo ndi Blackweed, kapena Aronia (Empetrum nigrum). Mawonedwe awa ali ndi mitundu iwiri:

• Empetrum nigrum var. asiaticum - asian
• Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum - japanese

Malinga ndi zolembedwa zina, mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo:

• Vodyanik bisexual (Empetrum hermaphroditum). Chomera chowoneka bwino chokhala ndi masamba obiriwira ndi zipatso zakuda.
  • Mgwirizano: Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaphroditum
• Vodyanika ofiira (Empetrum rubrum). Mitundu yaku South America yokhala ndi zipatso zofiira. Pa tchire nthawi zina pamakhala zipatso zakuda, kuwonetsera ubale wapachibale, Vodyanika wakuda.
  • Mgwirizano: Wokhala ndi madzi amaso ofiira (Empetrum atropurpureum); Empetrum erythrocarpum; Empetrum eamesiisubsp. atropurpureum.
• Vodyanika ndi wakuda (Empetrum nigrum). Chomera chokhala ndi masamba achikasu obiriwira ndi zipatso zakuda.
• Vodyanik pafupifupi Holarctic (Empetrum subholarcticum). Chomera chowoneka bwino ndi zipatso zakuda.

Vodyanika ndi wofiyira. © Serge Ouachee

Malinga ndi database ya The Plant List, mtunduwo umakhala ndi mitundu inayi, pomwe mitundu 9 yapezedwa mwa mitundu ya Empetrum nigrum:

• Empetrum asiaticum.
• Empetrum eamesii.
  • Empetrum eamesii subsp. atropurpureum
  • Empetrum eamesii subsp. eamesii
• Empetrum nigrum.
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. albidum
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. androgynum
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. asaticum
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. caucasicum
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaphroditum
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. kardakovii
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. nigrum
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. sibiricum
  • Empetrum nigrum subsp. subholarcticum
• Empetrum rubrum.