Nkhaka zimakonda kutentha, chifukwa mabedi ofunda a nkhaka amakhala oyenera kulima. Musanayambe chida chawo, ndibwino kujambula dongosolo la mundawo ndikuwona momwe nkhaka zidzakhalire. Pamalo osanja, mabedi azikhala oyambira kum'mwera kupita kumpoto. Ngati pali malo otsetsereka, muyenera kupanga malo opingasa ndi kukonza mabedi m'mabokosi.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yama bedi ofunda
Mabedi otentha otentha amatha kukhala amitundu itatu:
- wokhala ndi chizindikiro chachikulu;
- padziko lapansi;
- pamwamba pa dziko lapansi.
Kuti mupange bedi lokhala ndi chizindikiro, muyenera kukumba ngalande ziwiri zakuya, kuyiyika kudutsa nthambi ndikuziphimba ndi utuchi. Ikani udzu, dothi lamaluwa, masamba a malimwe, kompositi yopanda masamba kapena manyuzipepala (makatoni) kuchokera 5 mpaka 7 cm wandiweyani pamwamba pa nthambi ndi utuchi.
Bedi lotere la nkhaka limatha kukhala zaka 5 kapena kupitirira. M'chaka chachiwiri, palibe chifukwa chowonjezerera chosanjikiza chapamwamba ndi kompositi - chimapangidwa ndi kama womwe.
Ubwino wamabedi nkhaka okhala ndi chizindikiro:
- yabwino madzi;
- madzi samayenda;
- kukumba sikofunikira mchaka (kumasula kokha);
- nkhaka zibzalidwe kale kuposa m'munda wosavuta.
Momwe mungapangire mabedi ofunda a nkhaka pansi?
Ngakhale zosavuta kuposa kusungidwa. Muyenera kukumba bedi, pochotsa namsongole, yikani chisakanizo cha manyowa, kompositi ndi dothi lamtunda, kuthira madzi ofunda ndikuphimba ndi kanema (makamaka wakuda). Kanemayo amatha kukhazikika ndi miyala kapena njerwa. Kapangidwe kofananako ndikoyenera kubzala mbande zamkaka.
Njira yabwino yopangira mabedi ofunda a nkhaka pamwamba pa nthaka (muli zitsamba zamasamba)?
Izi zimapangidwa zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa zimafuna kuti pakapangidwe kabokosi kamatabwa, masitepe ndi njerwa. Pansi pa chidebe choterocho chimathiridwa, kenako zinyalala zamatanda, zomwe zimakutidwa ndi chosafunikira (masamba, zikopa za zipatso ndi masamba, mazira). Danga lotsatira ndi udzu. Chilichonse mwazigawo ziyenera kuphatikizidwa bwino ndikuthiridwa ndi manyowa amadzimadzi. Zonsezi zimakutidwa ndi chisakanizo cha dothi lamtunda ndi kompositi.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mabedi ofunda a nkhaka pamwamba pa nthaka:
- Mutha kupanga mabedi angapo ofanana;
- kapangidwe kameneka ndi koyenera kuthirira ndi kuzalira;
- kumatenga malo pang'ono;
- osasokoneza kapena uve;
- zokolola zimakhala pafupifupi zowirikiza.
Ziphuphu zimafunika kubzalidwa m'mbali mwa bokosilo m'mizere iwiri, zomwe zimathandizira kuwonjezera kuwunikira kwa mbewu.
Ngati mumabzala nkhaka pamabedi ofunda kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, mutha kuwaphimba ndi nyumba yobiriwira yopangidwa ndi arcs ndi polyethylene. Izi zimawonjezera mphamvu ya mabedi otentha a nkhaka ndipo zimakupatsani mwayi woti mulandire mbewuyi, kutengera nyengo.
Kodi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira mabedi ofunda a nkhaka pamalo ochepa kwambiri ndi iti?
Ngati pali malo ochepa, ndikotheka kupanga mabedi ofukula. Njira yosavuta ndiyo tayara yakale. Choyamba muyenera kukumba bowo la kukula koyenera, kuyika nthambi, udzu, zinyalala za organic, kukhazikitsa tayala ndikudzaza ndi dothi losakanikirana ndi humus. Malo osungira amalola chimbudzi, osalola kuti nkhaka zikule m'lifupi.
Matayala atha kubwezeretsedwanso ndi bwalo wopangidwa ndi zinthu zina zilizonse - ukadaulo womwe ukukula sasintha pamenepa.
Njira ina ndi mbiya yachitsulo kapena pulasitiki yokhala ndi malita a 150-200. M'dzinja kapena koyambirira kwamasika, imadzaza theka ndi nthambi za mitengo, utuchi, udzu wosenda.
Musanabzala, thirani dothi losakaniza ndi manyowa owola kapena kompositi, thirani madzi otentha ndikuphimba ndi filimu yakuda (kuti dothi lisunthe). Kuti nkhaka zikule pamwamba, theka-lalitali pafupifupi mita imodzi limayikidwa pansi m'mphepete mwa mbiya. Pakati pachiwiya muyenera kumata msomali wamatabwa pomwe timitengo timangidwa. Nkhaka mbande obzalidwa mabowo kudula filimuyi.
Ngati palibe mbiya, ikhoza kupangidwa ndi matayala angapo mwakuwayika umodzi pamwamba pa imzake.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mabedi ofunda nkhaka mu mbiya:
- malo apulumutsidwa;
- organics pakuwola imawonjezera mizu, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi kuti mulandire mbewu kale;
- chifukwa cha malo pamwamba pa dothi, mbewu sizimawopa chisanu;
- kama suyenera kukumbidwa;
- kudyetsa sikofunikira;
- yabwino kusamalira ndikutola nkhaka;
- nkhaka ndi zoyera.
Zowonongekazo zimaphatikizapo kufunikira kugula migolo (yang'anani matayala) ndikukhala ndi zinyalala zochulukirapo.
Mfundo yofananira ya mabedi ofunda a nkhaka ofunda imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakulima chikhalidwechi m'matumba kapena m'matumba opangidwa ndi polyethylene (voliyumu pafupifupi malita 100-120). Kuphatikiza pa zikwama (matumba), mudzafunika ndodo yamatanda (pafupifupi 2 mita), machubu atatu okhala ndi gawo la 30 mm, chingwe (30 m), mitengo 20.
Kumapeto kwake kwa ndodo muyenera kukhomera misomali ingapo - chingwe chidzalumikizidwa. Kokani mabowo pa machubu kutalika konse. Kenako mutha kudzaza thumba (chikwama) momwemonso mbiya. Ndodo yamatanda imayendetsedwa pakati, mozungulira pali machubu omwe amapanga dongosolo la kuthirira. Mbewu (mbande) zimabzalidwa pamwamba (monga mbiya). Kubzala masamba ambiri, pangani mabowo kumbali. Ubwino wa njirayi ndiwofanana ndi momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito mbiya.
Mabedi ambiri opindika amatha kuwoneka m'chithunzichi pansipa:
Chida chawo chimafunikira maluso ena, komanso chimapulumutsa malo. Mutha kubzala mbewuyo pokhapokha ngati bokosi lililonse lizikulungika ndi pulasitiki wokutira komanso kama kama.
Mabedi okhala ndi makina amathanso kukhala otambalala, popeza amakhalanso ndi mabokosi, koma sikuti amafuna malo - amayikidwa pakhoma. Mosiyana ndi bedi lalikulu lotentha la nkhaka m'mabokosi, nthaka iyenera kusintha chaka chilichonse.
Momwe mungapangire mabedi ofunda a nkhaka ku wowonjezera kutentha
Lamuloli limafanana ndi kukhazikitsa bedi lokhala ndi maziko akulu: kukumba ngalande yotalika masentimita 40-50, kuyala zinyalala, udzu, udzu pansi. Udzu uliwonse umathiridwa ndimchenga wosakanikirana ndi peat ndikuthira ndimadzi ofunda. Malo osanjikiza kwambiri ndi dothi lokhala ndi manyowa kapena humus. Bedi lotere limakutidwa ndi polyethylene kapena lutrapsil. Mutha kubzala nkhaka m'masiku ochepa. Danga lam'munsi la bedi lotentha la nkhaka limatha zaka zingapo, kasupe aliyense amangosakaniza dothi lokha ndi humus kapena manyowa.
Olima ena sagwiritsa ntchito nkhuni zotsalira, ndipo pansi yonseyo ndimapangidwa ndi udzu, udzu ndi masamba. Kuti muchepetse ntchito zowola, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowonongeka.
Mu wowonjezera kutentha, mutha kuchita mabedi omwewo pansi panthaka (osakumba ngalande), koma mudzafunika ndi matabwa. Poterepa, zonse zomwe zili mumtunduwu zimasintha chaka chilichonse.
Kupititsa patsogolo mabedi ofunda, makina otenthetsera amakonzedwa m'malo obiriwira akuluakulu, omwe amalola nkhaka kubzala kumapeto kwa dzinja. Njira yotenthetsera imakhala ndi mapaipi a polypropylene omwe adayikidwa pakati pa zigawo zotsika komanso zapamwamba. Madzi otentha amadutsa kudzera mwa iwo, kuti nthaka isamatenthe. Pazida zamabedi ofunda mu greenhouse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zatsopano zomwe zimayendera magetsi.
